Differntial calculus

Prerequisites:
Trigonometry

Pythagorean identities Reciprocal ratios

sin2 𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃 = 1 1
cosec 𝜃 =
sin 𝜃
sec 2 𝜃 − tan2 𝜃 = 1 1
sec 𝜃 =
cos 𝜃
𝑐𝑜sec 2 𝜃 − cot 2 𝜃 = 1 1
cot 𝜃 =
tan 𝜃

Sum formulas Difference formulas

sin(𝑥 + 𝑦) = sin 𝑥 cos 𝑦 + cos 𝑥 sin 𝑦 sin(𝑥 − 𝑦) = sin 𝑥 cos 𝑦 − cos 𝑥 sin 𝑦
cos(𝑥 + 𝑦) = cos 𝑥 cos 𝑦 − cos 𝑥 cos 𝑦 cos(𝑥 − 𝑦) = cos 𝑥 cos 𝑦 + cos 𝑥 cos 𝑦
tan 𝑥 + tan 𝑦 tan 𝑥 − tan 𝑦
tan(𝑥 + 𝑦) = tan(𝑥 − 𝑦) =
1 − tan 𝑥 tan 𝑦 1 + tan 𝑥 tan 𝑦
Double angle formulas Triple angle formulas
sin 2𝑥 = 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 sin 3𝑥 = 3 sin 𝑥 − 4 sin3 𝑥
cos 2𝑥 = cos 2 𝑥 − sin2 𝑥 cos 3𝑥 = 4 cos 3 𝑥 − 3 cos 𝑥
2 tan 𝑥 3 tan 𝑥 − tan3 𝑥
tan 2𝑥 = tan 3𝑥 =
1 − tan2 𝑥 1 − 3 tan2 𝑥
Half angle formulas Tangent formulas
1 2 tan 𝑥
sin2 𝑥 = (1 − cos 2𝑥) sin 2𝑥 =
2 1 + tan2 𝑥
1 1 − tan2 𝑥
cos2 𝑥 = (1 + cos 2𝑥) cos 2𝑥 =
2 1 + tan2 𝑥
1 − cos 2𝑥 2 tan 𝑥
tan2 𝑥 = tan 2𝑥 =
1 + cos 2𝑥 1 − tan2 𝑥

Standard angle formulas ASTC Rule

𝜃 𝑜° 30° 45° 60° 90°
sin 𝜃 0 1 1 √3 90°
1
2 √2 2 (−, +) (+, +)
√3 1 1
cos 𝜃 1 0 S A
2 √2 2
180° 0°
1
tan 𝜃 0 1 √3 ∞ T C
√3
(−, −) (+, −)
270°

1
𝐍𝐨𝐭𝐞:
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 2 𝜋 1 + tan 𝑥
2 sin2 = 1 − cos 𝑥 (cos + sin ) = 1 + sin 𝑥 tan ( + 𝑥) =
2 2 2 4 1 − tan 𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 2 𝜋 1 − tan 𝑥
2 cos2 = 1 + cos 𝑥 (cos − sin ) = 1 − sin 𝑥 tan ( − 𝑥) =
2 2 2 4 1 + tan 𝑥

Same ratio formulas:

sin(−𝜃) = − sin 𝜃 sin(2𝜋 − 𝜃) = −sin 𝜃 sin(𝜋 − 𝜃) = sin 𝜃 sin(𝜋 + 𝜃) = − sin 𝜃

cos(−𝜃) = cos 𝜃 cos(2𝜋 − 𝜃) = cos 𝜃 cos(𝜋 − 𝜃) = − cos 𝜃 cos(𝜋 + 𝜃) = − cos 𝜃

tan(−𝜃) = − tan 𝜃 tan(2𝜋 − 𝜃) = − tan 𝜃 tan(𝜋 − 𝜃) = − tan 𝜃 tan(𝜋 + 𝜃) = tan 𝜃

cot(−𝜃) = − cot 𝜃 cot(2𝜋 − 𝜃) = − cot 𝜃 cot(𝜋 − 𝜃) = − cot 𝜃 cot(𝜋 + 𝜃) = cot 𝜃

sec(−𝜃) = sec 𝜃 sec(2𝜋 − 𝜃) = sec 𝜃 sec(𝜋 − 𝜃) = − sec 𝜃 sec(𝜋 + 𝜃) = − sec 𝜃

cosec(−𝜃) = − cosec 𝜃 cosec(2𝜋 − 𝜃) = − cosec 𝜃 cosec(𝜋 − 𝜃) = cosec 𝜃 cosec(𝜋 + 𝜃) = − cosec 𝜃

(IV quadrant) Cos +ve (IV quadrant) Cos +ve (II quadrant) Sin +ve (III quadrant) Tan +ve

Co ratio formulas:
𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋
sin ( − 𝜃) = cos 𝜃 sin ( + 𝜃) = cos 𝜃 sin ( − 𝜃) = − cos 𝜃 sin ( + 𝜃) = −cos 𝜃
2 2 2 2
𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋
cos ( − 𝜃) = sin 𝜃 cos ( + 𝜃) = − sin 𝜃 cos ( − 𝜃) = − sin 𝜃 cos ( + 𝜃) = sin 𝜃
2 2 2 2
𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋
tan ( − 𝜃) = cot 𝜃 tan ( + 𝜃) = − cot 𝜃 tan ( − 𝜃) = cot 𝜃 tan ( + 𝜃) = − cot 𝜃
2 2 2 2
3𝜋 3𝜋
𝜋 𝜋 cot ( − 𝜃) = tan 𝜃 cot ( + 𝜃) = −tan 𝜃
cot ( − 𝜃) = tan 𝜃 cot ( + 𝜃) = − tan 𝜃 2 2
2 2
3𝜋 3𝜋
𝜋 𝜋 sec ( − 𝜃) = − cosec 𝜃 sec ( + 𝜃) = 𝑐𝑜 sec 𝜃
sec ( − 𝜃) = cosec 𝜃 sec ( + 𝜃) = −𝑐𝑜 sec 𝜃 2 2
2 2
𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋
cosec ( − 𝜃) = sec 𝜃 cosec ( + 𝜃) = sec 𝜃 cosec ( − 𝜃) = − sec 𝜃 cosec ( + 𝜃) = − sec 𝜃
2 2 2 2
(I quadrant) All +ve (II quadrant) Sin +ve (III quadrant) Tan +ve (IV quadrant) Cos +ve
 Differentiation of some standard functions

Non Trigonometric Trigonometric Hyperbolic functions Inverse functions

functions functions

(𝒌)′ = 𝟎 (𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙)′ = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 (𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉 𝒙)′ = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉 𝒙 𝟏

(𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 𝒙)′ =
√𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐

(𝒙𝒏 )′ = 𝒏 𝒙𝒏−𝟏 (𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙)′ = −𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉 𝒙)′ = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉 𝒙 𝟏

(𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 𝒙)′ = −
√𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐

𝟏 (𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙)′ = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙 (𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒉 𝒙)′ = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒉𝟐 𝒙 𝟏

(√𝒙)′ = (𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒙)′ =
𝟐√𝒙 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐

𝟏 (𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒙)′ = − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙 (𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒉 𝒙)′ = − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒉𝟐 𝒙 𝟏

(𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙)′ = (𝒄𝒐𝒕−𝟏 𝒙)′ = −
𝒙 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐

(𝒆𝒙 )′ = 𝒆𝒙 (𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙)′ = 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙. 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 (𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒉 𝒙)′ = −𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒉 𝒙. 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒉 𝒙 𝟏

(𝒔𝒆𝒄−𝟏 𝒙)′ =
𝒙√𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏

(𝒂𝒙 )′ = 𝒂𝒙 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒂 (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙)′ (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒉 𝒙)′ 𝟏

(𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄−𝟏 𝒙)′ = −
= −𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙. 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒙 = −𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒉 𝒙. 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒉 𝒙 𝒙√𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏

Rules of differentiation

1. (𝒌𝒖)′ = 𝒌𝒖′ 3. (𝒖𝒗)′ = 𝒖𝒗′ + 𝒗𝒖′

𝒖 ′ 𝒗𝒖′ −𝒖𝒗′
2. (𝒖 ± 𝒗)′ = 𝒖′ ± 𝒗′ 4. (𝒗) = 𝒗𝟐
 SEMESTER – I
LINEAR ALGEBRA AND CALCULUS
Course Title:
Course Code: BTMA111 CIE MARKS 50
END SEM EXAM MARKS
L:T 3:1 50
Credits: EXAM HOURS 3

Module 3: DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

SYLLABUS: Polar coordinates, Polar curves, angle between the radius vector and
the tangent, angle between two curves. Pedal equations. Curvature and Radius of
curvature - Cartesian, Parametric, Polar and Pedal forms. Problems.

1.1 Polar curves

Introduction:

❖ Polar coordinates are (𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑟 cos 𝜃, 𝑟 sin 𝜃) where r - radial distance,𝜃- polar angle.

❖ Polar form of the equation of the curve 𝑟 = 𝑓(𝜃) is called polar curve.

𝜃 𝜃 𝜃 𝜃
❖ 1 + cos 𝜃 = 2 cos 2 2, 1 − cos 𝜃 = 2 sin2 2 , sin 𝜃 = 2 sin 2 cos 2

𝜋 1+tan 𝜃 𝜋 1−tan 𝜃
❖ tan (4 + 𝜃) = 1−tan 𝜃 , tan (4 − 𝜃) = 1+tan 𝜃

𝑑𝜃
❖ Angle between radius vector and tangent is 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜙 = 𝑟 𝑑𝑟
1. Derive angle between radius vector and tangent.

Let 𝑃(𝑟, 𝜃) be any point on the polar curve 𝑟 = 𝑓(𝜃) .

Let 𝜒 be the angle from the 𝑋 axis to the tangent.

Let 𝑝 be the perpendicular distance from the origin to the tangent.

By diagram, 𝜒 = 𝜃 + 𝜙

tan 𝜒 = tan(𝜃 + 𝜙)

tan 𝜃+tan 𝜙
tan 𝜒 = 1−tan 𝜃.tan 𝜙 ------- (1)

But
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝑦 (𝑟 sin 𝜃) sin 𝜃+𝑟 cos 𝜃
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃
tan 𝜒 = 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑 = 𝑑𝑟
(𝑟 cos 𝜃) cos 𝜃−𝑟 sin 𝜃
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃

𝑑𝑟
Divide by 𝑑𝜃 cos 𝜃 in numerator and denominator,

𝑑𝜃
tan 𝜃+𝑟
𝑑𝑟
tan 𝜒 = 𝑑𝜃 -------- (2)
1−𝑟 tan 𝜃
𝑑𝑟

Equating components of (1) and (2),

𝑑𝜃
tan 𝜙 = 𝑟 𝑑𝑟
2. Find the angle between radius vector and tangent to the following:
(i) 𝒓𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝜽 = 𝒂𝟐 (ii) 𝒓 = 𝒂(𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽)

(i) 𝑟 2 cos 2𝜃 = 𝑎2 (ii) 𝑟 = 𝑎(1 + cos 𝜃)

Take log on both sides, Take log on both sides,

log(𝑟 2 cos 2𝜃) = log 𝑎2 log 𝑟 = log 𝑎(1 + cos 𝜃)

log 𝑟 2 + log cos 2𝜃 = 0 log 𝑟 = log 𝑎 + log(1 + cos 𝜃)

2 log 𝑟 + log cos 2𝜃 = 0 Differentiate with respect to 𝜃,

2 log 𝑟 = − log cos 2𝜃 1 𝑑𝑟 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃

= 0 + (1+𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃)
𝑟 𝑑𝜃

Differentiate with respect to 𝜃, 𝜃 𝜃

1 𝑑𝑟 −2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 .𝑐𝑜𝑠
2 2
= 𝜃
2 𝑑𝑟 2 sin 2𝜃 𝑟 𝑑𝜃 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2
= 2
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 cos 2𝜃
1 𝑑𝑟 𝜃
1 𝑑𝑟 = − tan 2
= tan 2𝜃 𝑟 𝑑𝜃
𝑟 𝑑𝜃
𝜋 𝜃
𝜋 cot 𝜙 = cot ( 2 + 2)
cot 𝜙 = cot (2 − 2𝜃)
𝜋 𝜃
𝜋
𝜙 = 2 − 2𝜃 𝜙=2+2

This is the required angle between This is the required angle between

radius vector and tangent. radius vector and tangent.

3. Find the angle between radius vector and tangent to the following:
(i) 𝒓𝒏 = 𝒂𝒏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒏𝜽 (ii) 𝒓𝒎 = 𝒂𝒎 (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒎𝜽 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒎𝜽)

(iii) 𝑟 𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑛𝜃 (iv) 𝑟 𝑚 = 𝑎𝑚 (cos 𝑚𝜃 + sin 𝑚𝜃)

Take log on both sides, Take log on both sides,

log 𝑟 𝑛 = log 𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑛𝜃 Log 𝑟 𝑚 = log 𝑎𝑚 (cos 𝑚𝜃 + sin 𝑚𝜃)

log 𝑟 𝑛 = log 𝑎𝑛 + log cos 𝑛𝜃 𝑚 log 𝑟 = 𝑚 log 𝑎𝑚 + log(cos 𝑚𝜃 + sin 𝑚𝜃)

𝑛 log 𝑟 = 𝑛 log 𝑎 + log cos 𝑛𝜃 Differentiate with respect to 𝜃,

Differentiate with respect to 𝜃, 𝑚 𝑑𝑟 𝑚 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑚𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝜃)

=
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑚𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝜃)
𝑛 𝑑𝑟 sin 𝑛𝜃
=0−𝑛
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 cos 𝑛𝜃 Divide by cos 𝑚𝜃 in Nr. And Dr.

cot 𝜙 = − tan 𝑛𝜃 1 𝑑𝑟 1 − tan 𝑚𝜃

=
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 1 + tan 𝑚𝜃
𝜋
cot 𝜙 = cot ( 2 + 𝑛𝜃)
𝜋
cot 𝜙 = tan ( 4 − 𝑚𝜃)
Angle between the radius vector and the
𝜋 𝜋
𝜋 cot 𝜙 = cot (2 − (4 − 𝑚𝜃))
tangent is 𝜙 = 2 + 𝑛𝜃

Angle between the radius vector and the

𝜋
tangent is 𝜙 = 4 + 𝑚𝜃
4. Find the angle between radius vector and tangent to the following:
𝒍
= 𝟏 + 𝒆 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 .
𝒓
𝑙
= 1 + 𝑒 cos 𝜃
𝑟

Take log on both sides,

log 𝑙 − log 𝑟 = log(1 + 𝑒 cos 𝜃)

Differentiate with respect to 𝜃,

1 𝑑𝑟 −𝑒 sin 𝜃
− =
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 1 + 𝑒 cos 𝜃
𝑒 sin 𝜃
cot 𝜙 =
1 + 𝑒 cos 𝜃
1 + 𝑒 cos 𝜃
tan 𝜙 =
𝑒 sin 𝜃
1+𝑒 cos 𝜃
𝜙 = tan−1 ( )
𝑒 sin 𝜃

5. Find the angle between radius vector and tangent to the curve 𝒓 = 𝒂(𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽). Also
𝝅
determine the slope at 𝜽 = 𝟔 .

𝑟 = 𝑎(1 − cos 𝜃)
Take log on both sides,

log 𝑟 = log 𝑎 (1 − cos 𝜃)

log 𝑟 = log 𝑎 + log(1 − cos 𝜃)

Differentiate w. r. to 𝜃
1 𝑑𝑟 sin 𝜃
=
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 1 − cos 𝜃
𝜃 𝜃
1 𝑑𝑟 2 sin 2 cos 2
= 𝜃
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 2 sin2 2
𝜃
cot 𝜙 = cot 2
𝜃
Therefore, 𝜙 = 2 .
𝜃 3𝜃
Slope= tan 𝜒 = tan(𝜃 + 𝜙) = tan (𝜃 + 2) = tan 2
𝜋 3 𝜋 𝜋
At 𝜃 = 6 , Slope = tan 2 ( 6 ) = tan ( 4 ) = 1.
6. Find the angle between radius vector and tangent to the curve 𝒓 = 𝒂(𝟏 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽). Also
𝝅
determine the slope at 𝜽 = 𝟐 .

𝑟 = 𝑎(1 + sin 𝜃)

Take log on both sides,

log 𝑟 = log 𝑎 (1 + sin 𝜃)
log 𝑟 = log 𝑎 + log(1 + sin 𝜃)

Differentiate w. r. to 𝜃
1 𝑑𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
=
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 1+𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝜋 𝜃
Cot 𝜙 = tan ( 4 − 2)
𝜋 𝜋 𝜃
= cot ( 2 − 4 + 2)
𝜋 𝜃
= cot ( 2 + 2 )
𝜋 𝜃
Therefore, 𝜙 = 2 + 2 .

Slope= tan 𝜒
= tan(𝜃 + 𝜙)
𝜋 𝜃
= tan (𝜃 + + )
2 2
𝜋 3𝜃
= tan ( + )
2 2
𝜋
At 𝜃 = 2 ,
𝜋 3 𝜋
Slope = tan [ 2 + 2 ( 2 )]
3 𝜋
= tan [(1 + ) ( )]
2 2
5𝜋
= tan ( )
4
𝜋
= tan
4
=1
 𝝅
7. Show that the tangent to the cardioid 𝒓 = 𝒂(𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽) at the point 𝜽 = and 𝜽 =
𝟑
𝟐𝝅
are parallel and perpendicular to the initial line.
𝟑

𝑟 = 𝑎(1 + cos 𝜃) 𝜋 𝜃
cot 𝜙 = cot ( + )
Take log on both sides, 2 2
𝜋 𝜃
log 𝑟 = log 𝑎 (1 + cos 𝜃) 𝜙= +
2 2
𝜋
log 𝑟 = log 𝑎 + log(1 + cos 𝜃) At 𝜃 = 3 ,
Differentiate w. r. to 𝜃 𝜋 𝜃
𝜒 =𝜃+𝜙 =𝜃+ +
2 2
1 𝑑𝑟 − sin 𝜃 𝜋 3𝜃
= = + =𝜋
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 1 + cos 𝜃 2 2
𝜃 𝜃 2𝜋
1 𝑑𝑟 −2 sin 2 cos 2 At 𝜃 = 3 ,
= 𝜃 𝜋 𝜃
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 2 cos 2 𝜒 =𝜃+𝜙 =𝜃+ +
2
2 2
cot 𝜙 = − tan 2
𝜃 𝜋 3𝜃 3𝜋
= + =
2 2 2
𝜋
At 𝜃 = 3 , 𝜒 = 𝜋. Tangent is parallel to the initial line.
2𝜋 3𝜋
At 𝜃 = ,𝜒 = . Tangent is perpendicular to the initial line.
3 2

8. Show that at any point, the tangent to the polar curve 𝒓𝒏 = 𝒂𝒏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒏𝜽 makes an
angle (𝒏 + 𝟏)𝜽 with the initial line.
𝑟 𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 sin 𝑛𝜃
Take log on both sides,
log 𝑟 𝑛 = log 𝑎𝑛 sin 𝑛𝜃
log 𝑟 𝑛 = log 𝑎𝑛 + log sin 𝑛𝜃
𝑛 log 𝑟 = 𝑛 log 𝑎 + log sin 𝑛𝜃
Differentiate with respect to 𝜃,
𝑛 𝑑𝑟 cos 𝑛𝜃
=0+𝑛
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 sin 𝑛𝜃
cot 𝜙 = cot 𝑛𝜃

𝜙 = 𝑛𝜃
𝜒 = 𝜃 + 𝜙 = 𝜃 + 𝑛𝜃 = (𝑛 + 1)𝜃
Therefore, at any point, the tangent make an angle (𝑛 + 1)𝜃 with the initial line.
9. Show that at any point, the normal to the polar curve 𝒓𝒏 = 𝒂𝒏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒏𝜽 makes an
angle (𝒏 + 𝟏)𝜽 with the initial line.
𝑟 𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑛𝜃
Take log on both sides,
log 𝑟 𝑛 = log 𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑛𝜃
log 𝑟 𝑛 = log 𝑎𝑛 + log cos 𝑛𝜃
𝑛 log 𝑟 = 𝑛 log 𝑎 + log cos 𝑛𝜃
Differentiate with respect to 𝜃,
𝑛 𝑑𝑟 sin 𝑛𝜃
=0−𝑛
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 cos 𝑛𝜃
cot 𝜙 = − tan 𝑛𝜃
𝜋
cot 𝜙 = cot ( + 𝑛𝜃)
2
𝜋
𝜙 = 2 + 𝑛𝜃
𝜋 𝜋
𝜒=𝜃+𝜙 =𝜃+ + 𝑛𝜃 = + (𝑛 + 1)𝜃
2 2
𝜋
Therefore, at any point, the tangent makes an angle 2 + (𝑛 + 1)𝜃 with the initial line.
𝜋 𝜋
At any point, the normal makes an angle 2 + (𝑛 + 1)𝜃 − 2 = (𝑛 + 1)𝜃 with the initial

line.
10. Show that the following pair of curves intersect orthogonally:
𝒓 = 𝒂(𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽) , 𝒓 = 𝒃(𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽)

𝑟 = 𝑎(1 + cos 𝜃) 𝑟 = 𝑏(1 − cos 𝜃)

Take log on both sides, Take log on both sides,

log 𝑟 = log 𝑎 (1 + cos 𝜃) log 𝑟 = log 𝑏 (1 − cos 𝜃)

log 𝑟 = log 𝑎 + log(1 + cos 𝜃) log 𝑟 = log 𝑏 + log(1 − cos 𝜃)

Differentiate w. r. to 𝜃 Differentiate w. r. to 𝜃

1 𝑑𝑟 − sin 𝜃 1 𝑑𝑟 sin 𝜃
= =
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 1 + cos 𝜃 𝑟 𝑑𝜃 1 − cos 𝜃
𝜃 𝜃 𝜃 𝜃
1 𝑑𝑟 −2 sin 2 cos 2 1 𝑑𝑟 2 sin 2 cos 2
= 𝜃
= 𝜃
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 2 cos 2 𝑟 𝑑𝜃 2 sin2
2 2
𝜃 𝜃
cot 𝜙1 = − tan 2 cot 𝜙2 = cot 2

Since cot 𝜙1 . cot 𝜙2 = −1 , both intersect orthogonally.

11. Show that the following pair of curves intersect orthogonally:

𝒓𝒏 = 𝒂𝒏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒏𝜽 and 𝒓𝒏 = 𝒃𝒏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒏𝜽

𝑟 𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑛𝜃 𝑟 𝑛 = 𝑏 𝑛 sin 𝑛𝜃
Take log on both sides, Take log on both sides,
log 𝑟 𝑛 = log 𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑛𝜃 log 𝑟 𝑛 = log 𝑏 𝑛 cos 𝑛𝜃
n log 𝑟 = log 𝑎𝑛 + log cos 𝑛𝜃 𝑛 log 𝑟 = log 𝑏 𝑛 + log sin 𝑛𝜃
Differentiate w. r. to 𝜃 Differentiate w. r. to 𝜃
𝑛 𝑑𝑟 −𝑛 sin 𝑛𝜃 𝑛 𝑑𝑟 𝑛 cos 𝑛𝜃
=0+ =0+
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 cos 𝑛𝜃 𝑟 𝑑𝜃 sin 𝑛𝜃
1 𝑑𝑟 1 𝑑𝑟
𝑛 = −𝑛 tan 𝑛𝜃 𝑛 = −𝑛 cot 𝑛𝜃
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝑟 𝑑𝜃
1 𝑑𝑟 1 𝑑𝑟
= − tan 𝑛𝜃 = cot 𝑛𝜃
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝑟 𝑑𝜃
cot 𝜙1 = − tan 𝑛𝜃 cot 𝜙2 = cot 𝑛𝜃

Since cot 𝜙1 . cot 𝜙2 = −1 , both intersect orthogonally.

12. Show that the following pair of curves intersect orthogonally:

𝒂 𝒃
𝒓 = 𝟏+𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 and 𝒓 = 𝟏−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 .

𝑎 𝑏
𝑟= 𝑟=
1 + cos 𝜃 1 − cos 𝜃
Take log on both sides, Take log on both sides,
𝑎 𝑏
log 𝑟 = log log 𝑟 = log
1 + cos 𝜃 1 − cos 𝜃
log 𝑟 = log 𝑎 − log(1 + cos 𝜃) log 𝑟 = log 𝑏 − log(1 − cos 𝜃)
Differentiate w. r. to 𝜃 Differentiate w. r. to 𝜃
1 𝑑𝑟 sin 𝜃 1 𝑑𝑟 sin 𝜃
= =−
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 1 + cos 𝜃 𝑟 𝑑𝜃 1 − cos 𝜃
𝜃 𝜃
1 𝑑𝑟 2 sin 2 cos 2 1 𝑑𝑟
𝜃
2 sin 2 cos 2
𝜃
= 𝜃 =−
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 2 cos 2 𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝜃
2 2 sin2 2

1 𝑑𝑟 𝜃 1 𝑑𝑟 𝜃
= tan = − cot
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 2 𝑟 𝑑𝜃 2
𝜃 𝜃
cot 𝜙1 = tan cot 𝜙2 = − cot
2 2

Since cot 𝜙1 . cot 𝜙2 = −1 , both intersect orthogonally

 𝜽 𝜽
13. Show that the pair of curves 𝒓 = 𝒂 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝟐 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒓 = 𝒃 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝟐 cut orthogonally.

𝜃 𝜃
𝑟 = 𝑎 sec 2 2 𝑟 = 𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 2

Take log on both sides, Take log on both sides,

𝜃 𝜃
log 𝑟 = log (𝑎 sec 2 ) log 𝑟 = log (𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 )
2 2
𝜃 𝜃
log 𝑟 = log 𝑎 + 2 log sec 2 log 𝑟 = log 𝑏 + 2 log 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2

Differentiate with respect to 𝜃 Differentiate with respect to 𝜃

1 𝑑𝑟 2 𝜃 𝜃 1 𝑑𝑟 2 𝜃 𝜃
=0+ 𝜃
sec tan =− 𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 cot
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 sec 2 2 𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 2
2 2

𝜃 𝜃
cot 𝜙1 = 2 tan 2 cot 𝜙2 = −2 cot 2

Since cot 𝜙1 . cot 𝜙2 = −1 , both intersect orthogonally.

 𝒂
14. Show that the pair of curves 𝒓 = 𝒂𝜽 and 𝒓 = 𝜽 intersect orthogonally.

𝑟 = 𝑎𝜃 𝑎
𝑟=
𝜃
Take log on both sides,
Take log on both sides,
log 𝑟 = log 𝑎𝜃 𝑎
log 𝑟 = log 𝜃
log 𝑟 = log 𝑎 + log 𝜃
log 𝑟 = log 𝑎 − log 𝜃
Differentiate with respect to 𝜃
Differentiate with respect to 𝜃
1 𝑑𝑟 1
= 0+
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝜃 1 𝑑𝑟 1
= 0−
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝜃
1
cot 𝜙1 =
𝜃 1
cot 𝜙2 = −
𝜃

𝑎
By data, 𝑎𝜃 = 𝜃

Therefore, 𝜃 2 = 1.

1 1
cot 𝜙1 . cot 𝜙2 = ( ) (− )
𝜃 𝜃
1
= − 𝜃2

= −1

Therefore, both intersect orthogonally.

15. Show that the pair of curves 𝒓 = 𝒂𝒆𝜽 and 𝒓𝒆𝜽 = 𝒃 intersect orthogonally.

𝑟 = 𝑎𝑒 𝜃 𝑟𝑒 𝜃 = 𝑎
Take log on both sides, Take log on both sides,

log 𝑟 = log 𝑎𝜃 log 𝑟𝑒 𝜃 = log 𝑎

log 𝑟 = log 𝑎 + 𝜃 log 𝑟 + 𝜃 = log 𝑎

Differentiate with respect to 𝜃 Differentiate with respect to 𝜃
1 𝑑𝑟 1 𝑑𝑟
=0+1 +1=0
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝑟 𝑑𝜃

cot 𝜙1 = 1 cot 𝜙2 = −1

Since cot 𝜙1 . cot 𝜙2 = −1 , both intersect orthogonally.

16. Find the angle of intersection of the pair of curves 𝒓 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 and 𝒓 = 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽.

𝑟 = sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃 𝑟 = 2 sin 𝜃

Take log on both sides Take log on both sides

log 𝑟 = log (sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃) log 𝑟 = log(2 sin 𝜃)

Differentiate w. r. to 𝜃 Differentiate w. r. to 𝜃

1 𝑑𝑟 cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 1 𝑑𝑟 2 cos 𝜃

= =
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃 𝑟 𝑑𝜃 2 sin 𝜃
𝜋 cot 𝜙2 = cot 𝜃
cot 𝜙1 = tan ( 4 − 𝜃)

𝜙2 = 𝜃
𝜋 𝜋
cot 𝜙1 = cot ( 2 − ( 4 − 𝜃))

𝜋
cot 𝜙1 = cot ( + 𝜃)
4
𝜋
𝜙1 = +𝜃
4

𝜋
Therefore, |𝜙1 − 𝜙2 | = 4
17. Find the angle of intersection of the curves 𝒓 = 𝒂(𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽) and 𝒓 = 𝟐𝒂 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽.

𝑟 = 𝑎(1 − cos 𝜃) 𝑟 = 2𝑎 cos 𝜃

Take log on both sides Take log on both sides

log 𝑟 = log 𝑎(1 − cos 𝜃) log 𝑟 = log (2𝑎 cos 𝜃)

log 𝑟 = log 𝑎 + log (1 − cos 𝜃) log 𝑟 = log 2𝑎 + log cos 𝜃

Differentiate w. r. to 𝜃 Differentiate w. r. to 𝜃

1 𝑑𝑟 sin 𝜃 1 𝑑𝑟 sin 𝜃
= = 0−
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 1 − cos 𝜃 𝑟 𝑑𝜃 cos 𝜃
𝜃 𝜃 = − tan 𝜃
1 𝑑𝑟 2 sin 2 cos 2
= 𝜃
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 2 sin2 𝜋
2 cot 𝜙2 = cot (2 + 𝜃)
𝜃 𝜋
cot 𝜙1 = cot 2 𝜙2 = 2 + 𝜃
𝜃
𝜙1 = 2

By data, 1 − cos 𝜃 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

1 = 3 cos 𝜃
1
𝜃 = cos −1 3

Angle of intersection of the given pair of curves is given by

𝜋 𝜃
|𝜙1 − 𝜙2 | = +
2 2

𝝅 𝟏 1
= 𝟐 + 𝟐 cos −1 (3)
 𝒂
18. Find the angle of intersection of the pair of curves 𝒓 = 𝒂 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝜽 and 𝒓 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝜽 .

𝑎
𝑟 = 𝑎 log 𝜃 𝑟 = log 𝜃

Take log on both sides Take log on both sides

log 𝑟 = log 𝑎 + log (log 𝜃) log 𝑟 = log 𝑎 − log (log 𝜃)

Differentiate w. r. to 𝜃 Differentiate w. r. to 𝜃
1 𝑑𝑟 1 1 𝑑𝑟 1
= =−
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝜃 log 𝜃 𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝜃 log 𝜃
1 1
cot 𝜙1 = cot 𝜙2 = −
𝜃 log 𝜃 𝜃 log 𝜃

tan 𝜙1 = 𝜃 log 𝜃 tan 𝜙2 = −𝜃 log 𝜃

𝑎
By data, 𝑎 log 𝜃 = log 𝜃 ⇒ (log 𝜃)2 = 1

⇒𝜃=𝑒

tan 𝜙1 = 𝜃 log 𝜃 = 𝑒 log 𝑒 = 𝑒

𝜙1 = tan−1 𝑒

tan 𝜙2 = −𝜃 log 𝜃 = −𝑒 log 𝑒 = −𝑒

𝜙2 = tan−1(−𝑒) = − tan−1 𝑒

Angle of intersection of the given pair of curves is given by

|𝜙1 − 𝜙2 | = tan−1 𝑒 + tan−1 𝑒 = 2 tan−1 𝑒

 𝒂𝜽 𝒂
19. Find the angle of intersection of the pair of curves 𝒓 = 𝟏+𝜽 and 𝒓 = 𝟏+𝜽𝟐 .

𝑎𝜃 𝑎
𝑟 = 1+𝜃 𝑟 = 1+𝜃2

Take log on both sides Take log on both sides

𝑎
𝑎𝜃 log 𝑟 = log
log 𝑟 = log 1 + 𝜃2
1+𝜃
log 𝑟 = log 𝑎 − log (1 + 𝜃 2 )
log 𝑟 = log 𝑎𝜃 − log (1 + 𝜃)
Differentiate w. r. to 𝜃
Differentiate w. r. to 𝜃
1 𝑑𝑟 2𝜃
1 𝑑𝑟 1 1 = − 1+𝜃2
𝑟 𝑑𝜃
= (𝑎) −
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝑎𝜃 1+𝜃
2𝜃
cot 𝜙2 = − 1+𝜃2
1 1 1
cot 𝜙1 = 𝜃 − 1+𝜃 = 𝜃(1+𝜃)
1+𝜃2
tan 𝜙2 = −
tan 𝜙1 = 𝜃(1 + 𝜃) 2𝜃

𝑎𝜃 𝑎
By data, 1+𝜃 = 1+𝜃2 , 𝜃 + 𝜃 3 = 1 + 𝜃 , Therefore, 𝜃 = 1.

1+1
tan 𝜙1 = 1(1 + 1) = 2, tan 𝜙2 = − = −1
2

tan 𝜙 +tan 𝜙2 2+1

tan(𝜙1 − 𝜙2 ) = 1−tan1𝜙 = 1−2 = −3
1 .tan 𝜙2

𝜙1 − 𝜙2 = tan−1(−3) = − tan−1 3

Angle of intersection of the given pair of curves is given by

|𝜙1 − 𝜙2 | = tan−1 3
 1.2 Pedal equations

Introduction:

If 𝑝 is the perpendicular distance from the pole to the tangent of the polar curve, then the

equation of the curve in terms of 𝑝 and 𝑟 is called pedal equation or 𝑝 − 𝑟 equation.

1 1 1 𝑑𝑟 2
𝑝 − 𝑟 equation is 𝑝 = 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙 or = 𝑟 2 + 𝑟 4 (𝑑𝜃 ) .
𝑝2

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒅𝒓 𝟐
1. With usual notations, prove that 𝒑𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐 + 𝒓𝟒 (𝒅𝜽) and hence deduce that
𝟏 𝒅𝒖 𝟐 𝟏
= 𝒖𝟐 + ( ) , where 𝒖 = .
𝒑𝟐 𝒅𝜽 𝒓

𝑃(𝑟, 𝜃) − Any point on the polar curve 𝑟 = 𝑓(𝜃) .

𝑟 – Radius vector

𝑝 − perpendicular distance from the origin

By diagram,

By diagram, Therefore,
𝑝 1 1 1 𝑑𝑟 2
= sin 𝜙 = + ( )
𝑟 𝑝2 𝑟 2 𝑟 4 𝑑𝜃
𝑝 = 𝑟 sin 𝜙
Put
1 1
= 1 𝑑𝑢 1 𝑑𝑟
𝑝2 𝑟 2 sin2 𝜃 𝑢= , = − 2( ).
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝑟 𝑑𝜃
1 1
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜙 We ge
𝑝2 𝑟 2
1 2
𝑑𝑢 2
1 =𝑢 +( )
= 2 (1 + cot 2 𝜙) 𝑝2 𝑑𝜃
𝑟

1 1 𝑑𝑟 2
= 2 (1 + 2 ( ) )
𝑟 𝑟 𝑑𝜃
2. Find the pedal equation of the curve 𝒓𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝜽

To find: 𝜙 To find: Pedal equation

𝑟 2 = 𝑎2 sin2 𝜃 𝑝 = 𝑟 sin 𝜙

Take log on both sides, 𝑝 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃

2 log 𝑟 = 2 log 𝑎 + 2 log sin 𝜃 𝑝2 = 𝑟 2 sin2 𝜃

log 𝑟 = log 𝑎 + log sin 𝜃 𝑟2

𝑝2 = 𝑟 2 ( 2 )
𝑎
1 𝑑𝑟 cos 𝜃
=
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 sin 𝜃
𝑎2 𝑝2 = 𝑟 4
cot 𝜙 = cot 𝜃
𝑎𝑝 = 𝑟 2
𝜙=𝜃

3. Find the pedal equation of the curve 𝒓𝒏 = 𝒂𝒏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒏𝜽

To find: 𝜙 To find: Pedal equation

𝑟 𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑛𝜃 𝑝 = 𝑟 sin 𝜙

Take log on both sides, 𝜋

𝑝 = 𝑟 sin (2 + 𝑛𝜃)

𝑛 log 𝑟 = 𝑛 log 𝑎 + log cos 𝑛𝜃

𝑝 = 𝑟 cos 𝑛𝜃
Differentiate w. r. to 𝜃 𝑟𝑛
𝑝 = 𝑟 ( 𝑛)
𝑎
𝑛 𝑑𝑟 −𝑛 sin 𝑛𝜃
= 0+
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 cos 𝑛𝜃
𝑎𝑛 𝑝 = 𝑟 𝑛+1
1 𝑑𝑟
= − tan 𝑛𝜃
𝑟 𝑑𝜃

𝜋
cot 𝜙 = cot ( 2 + 𝑛𝜃)

𝜋
𝜙 = 2 + 𝑛𝜃
4. Find the pedal equation of the curve 𝒓𝒎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒎𝜽 = 𝒂𝒎

To find: 𝜙 To find: Pedal equation

𝑟 𝑚 cos 𝑚𝜃 = 𝑎𝑚 𝑝 = 𝑟 sin 𝜙

Take log on both sides, 𝜋

𝑝 = 𝑟 sin ( 2 − 𝑚𝜃)

𝑚 log 𝑟 + log cos 𝑚𝜃 = 𝑚 log 𝑎

𝑝 = 𝑟 cos 𝑚𝜃
Differentiate w. r. to 𝜃 𝑎𝑚
𝑝 = 𝑟 (𝑟𝑚 )
𝑚 𝑑𝑟 −𝑚 sin 𝑚𝜃
+ =0
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 cos 𝑚𝜃
𝑟 𝑚−1 𝑝 = 𝑎𝑚
1 𝑑𝑟
= tan 𝑚𝜃
𝑟 𝑑𝜃

𝜋
cot 𝜙 = cot ( 2 − 𝑚𝜃)

𝜋
𝜙 = 2 − 𝑚𝜃

5. Find the pedal equation of the curve 𝒓𝒎 = 𝒂𝒎 (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒎𝜽 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒎𝜽)

To find: 𝜙 To find: Pedal equation

𝑟 𝑚 = 𝑎𝑚 (cos 𝑚𝜃 + sin 𝑚𝜃) 𝑝 = 𝑟 sin 𝜙

Take log on both sides, 𝜋

𝑝 = 𝑟 sin (4 + 𝑚𝜃)

𝑚 log 𝑟 = log 𝑎𝑚 + log(cos 𝑚𝜃 + sin 𝑚𝜃) 𝑟

𝑝= (cos 𝑚𝜃 + sin 𝑚𝜃)
√2
Differentiate w. r. to 𝜃
𝑟 𝑟𝑚
𝑝= (𝑎𝑚 )
𝑚 𝑑𝑟 −𝑚 sin 𝑚𝜃+𝑚 cos 𝑚𝜃 √2
=0+
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 cos 𝑚𝜃+sin 𝑚𝜃
√2𝑎𝑚 𝑝 = 𝑟 𝑚+1
1 𝑑𝑟 𝜋
= tan ( 4 − 𝑚𝜃)
𝑟 𝑑𝜃

𝜋 𝜋
cot 𝜙 = cot ( 2 − 4 + 𝑚𝜃)

𝜋
𝜙 = 4 + 𝑚𝜃
 𝟐𝒂
6. Find the Pedal equation of the curve = 𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
𝒓

To find: 𝜙 To find: Pedal equation

2𝑎 𝑝 = 𝑟 sin 𝜙
= 1 − cos 𝜃
𝑟
𝜃 𝜃
Take log on both sides, 𝑝 = 𝑟 sin (𝜋 − 2) = 𝑟 sin 2

log 2𝑎 − log 𝑟 = log(1 − cos 𝜃) 𝑝2 𝜃 𝑎

= sin2 2 =
𝑟2 𝑟
Differentiate w. r. to 𝜃
𝑝2 = 𝑎𝑟
𝜃 𝜃
1 𝑑𝑟 sin 𝜃 2 sin cos
2 2
0 − 𝑟 𝑑𝜃 = 1−cos 𝜃 = 𝜃
2 sin2
2

𝜃 𝜃
cot 𝜙 = − cot 2 = cot (𝜋 − 2)

𝜃
𝜙=𝜋−2

𝜽
7. Find the Pedal equation of the curve 𝒓 = 𝒂 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟑 𝟑

To find: 𝜙 𝜃
cot 𝜙 = cot 3
𝜃
𝑟 = 𝑎 sin3 3 𝜃
Therefore, 𝜙 = 3

Take log on both sides,

To find: Pedal equation
𝜃
log 𝑟 = log (𝑎 sin3 3) 𝑝 = 𝑟 sin 𝜙

𝜃 𝜃 𝜃
Log 𝑟 = log 𝑎 + log (sin3 3) 𝑝 = 𝑟 sin ( 3) = 𝑟 sin 3

𝜃 𝑝 𝜃
log 𝑟 = log 𝑎 + 3 log (sin 3) = sin 3
𝑟

Differentiate w. r. to 𝜃 𝑝3 𝜃 𝑟
= sin3 3 = 𝑎
𝑟3

1 𝑑𝑟 1 𝜃 1
=0+3 𝜃
cos ( ) 𝑎𝑝3 = 𝑟 4
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 sin 3 3
3

Department of Mathematics. RNSIT 24

 1.3 Radius of curvature

Introduction:

❖ Derivative of an arc length:

Cartesian form Polar form

𝑑𝑠
𝑑𝑠 𝒅𝒚 𝟐 = √𝒓𝟐 + 𝒓𝟐𝟏
√
= 𝟏+( ) 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑥 𝒅𝒙

❖ The rate of change of bending of a curve at p is called the curvature at p.

dχ
It is denoted by k = .
ds

❖ The reciprocal of the curvature of a curve at p is called the radius of curvature at p.

𝑑𝑠
It is defined by 𝜌 = 𝑑𝜓.

Cartesian form Polar form

(1 + 𝑦12 )3⁄2 (𝑟 2 + 𝑟12 )3⁄2

𝜌= 𝜌=
𝑦2 𝑟 2 + 2𝑟12 − 𝑟 𝑟2

Parametric form Pedal form

3
𝑑𝑟
(𝑥̇ 2 + 𝑦 2̇ )2 𝜌=𝑟
𝜌= 𝑑𝑝
𝑥̇ 𝑦̈ − 𝑦̇ 𝑥̈

Note:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
In Cartesian form, 𝑦1 = 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑦2 = 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑟 𝑑2 𝑟
In Polar form, 𝑟1 = 𝑑𝜃 , 𝑟2 = 𝑑𝜃2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
In Parametric form, 𝑥̇ = , 𝑦̇ =
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
1. Derive radius of curvature for the Cartesian curve 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙).
𝑑𝑦
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜓 =
𝑑𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜓 = 𝑦1
𝜓 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑦1 )
Differentiating w. r. to 𝑥,
𝑑𝜓 1
= .𝑦
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑦12 2
Therefore, radius of curvature is given by
𝑑𝑠
𝜌=
𝑑𝜓
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑥
= .
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝜓
1 + 𝑦12
= √1 + 𝑦12 .
𝑦2
3
(1 + 𝑦12 )2
=
𝑦2
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒,
3/2
𝑑𝑦 2
[1 + (𝑑𝑥 ) ]
𝜌= 𝑑2 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 2
2. Derive radius of curvature for the polar curve 𝒓 = 𝒇(𝜽).

By diagram, 𝜒 = 𝜃 + 𝜙
𝑑𝜒 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜙
= +
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠

𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜙 𝑑𝜃
= + .
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑠

𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜙
= (1 + )
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝜃

𝑑𝜙
1 + 𝑑𝜃
= 𝑑𝑠
𝑑𝜃

But
𝑑𝜃 The radius of curvature is given by
tan 𝜙 = 𝑟
𝑑𝑟 1 𝑑𝜒
𝑟 =
𝜙 = tan−1 ( ) 𝜌 𝑑𝑠
𝑟1 𝑑𝜙
1 + 𝑑𝜃
Differentiate with respect to 𝜃, = 𝑑𝑠
𝑑𝜙 1 𝑟1 . 𝑟1 − 𝑟𝑟2 𝑑𝜃
= .
𝑑𝜃 𝑟 2 𝑟12 1 𝑟 2 + 2𝑟12 − 𝑟𝑟2
1 + (𝑟 ) = .
1
√𝑟 2 + 𝑟12 𝑟 2 + 𝑟12
𝑟12 − 𝑟𝑟2
= Therefore,
𝑟 2 + 𝑟12
3
𝑑𝜙 𝑟12 − 𝑟𝑟2 (𝑟 2 + 𝑟12 )2
1+ = 1+ 2 𝜌= 2
𝑑𝜃 𝑟 + 𝑟12 𝑟 + 2𝑟12 − 𝑟𝑟2
𝑟 2 + 2𝑟12 − 𝑟𝑟2
=
𝑟 2 + 𝑟12

𝑑𝑠
= √𝑟 2 + 𝑟12
𝑑𝜃
3. Find the radius of curvature for 𝒙𝟒 + 𝒚𝟒 = 𝟐 at (𝟏, 𝟏)
𝑥4 + 𝑦4 = 2
Differentiate w. r. to 𝑥,
4𝑥 3 + 4𝑦 3 𝑦′ = 0
𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 𝑦′ = 0 -------- (1)
Differentiate again w. r. to 𝑥,
3𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 (𝑦′)2 + 𝑦 3 𝑦" = 0 -------- (2)
At (1, 1),
(1) ⟹ 1 + 𝑦′ = 0 ⟹ 𝑦′ = −1
(2) ⟹ 3 + 3 − 𝑦" = 0 ⟹ 𝑦" = −6.
The radius of curvature is given by,
(1 + 𝑦 ′2 )3⁄2
𝜌=
𝑦"
3
(1 + 1)2
=
−6
2√2
=
−6
√2
=−
3
Here, negative sign indicates the direction of bending of the curve.
By ignoring sign,
√𝟐
𝝆=
𝟑
4. Find the radius of curvature of the Folium 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒚𝟑 = 𝟑𝒂𝒙𝒚 at the point
(𝟑𝒂⁄𝟐, 𝟑𝒂⁄𝟐) .
𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 = 3𝑎𝑥𝑦
Differentiate with respect to 𝑥
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑦 ′ = 𝑎(𝑥𝑦 ′ + 𝑦) ------ (1)
Differentiate again with respect to 𝑥
2𝑥 + 2𝑦(𝑦 ′ )2 + 𝑦 2 𝑦" = 𝑎 (𝑥𝑦" + 2𝑦′) ------- (2)
3𝑎 3𝑎
At ( 2 , ),
2
9𝑎2 9𝑎2 3𝑎 3𝑎
(1) ⇒ + 𝑦′ = 𝑎 ( 2 𝑦′ + )
4 4 2
9𝑎2 3𝑎2 3𝑎2 9𝑎2
( − ) y′ = −
4 2 2 4
′
𝒚 = −𝟏
3𝑎 3𝑎 3𝑎 2 3𝑎
(2) ⇒ 2 ( 2 ) + 2 ( 2 ) + ( 2 ) 𝑦" = 𝑎 ( 2 𝑦" − 2)
9𝑎2 3𝑎2
3𝑎 + 3𝑎 + 𝑦 ′′ − 𝑦 ′′ = −2𝑎
4 2
3𝑎2
𝑦 ′′ = −8𝑎
4
−𝟑𝟐
𝒚′′ =
𝟑𝒂
The radius of curvature is given by,
(1 + 𝑦 ′2 )3⁄2
𝜌=
𝑦′′
3
22
=( ) 3𝑎
−32

3𝑎√2
=−
16
Here, negative sign indicates the direction of bending of the curve.
By ignoring sign,
𝟑𝒂√𝟐
𝝆=
𝟏𝟔
 𝒙
5. Find the radius of curvature of the catenary 𝒚 = 𝒄 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉 𝒄 at (𝒄, 𝟎).
𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑐

Differentiate with respect to 𝑥,

𝑥
𝑦′ = sinh 𝑐 -------- (1)

Differentiate again with respect to 𝑥,

1 𝑥
𝑦′′ = 𝑐 cosh 𝑐 ------- (2)

𝐴𝑡 (𝑐, 0),
(1) ⟹ 𝑦′ = sinh 1
1
(2) ⟹ 𝑦′′ = cosh 1
𝑐
The radius of curvature is given by,
(1 + 𝑦 ′2 )3⁄2
𝜌=
𝑦′′
(1 + sinh2 1)3⁄2
= 1
cosh 1
𝑐

= 𝑐 cosh2 1
𝑦2
=
𝑐

Note:
𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑 cosh2 𝑥 − sinh2 𝑥 = 1
sinh 𝑥 = (sinh 𝑥) = cosh 𝑥
2 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑥 𝑑 cosh2 𝑥 = 1 + sinh2 𝑥
cosh 𝑥 = (cosh 𝑥) = sinh 𝑥
2 𝑑𝑥
6. Find the radius of curvature of the curve 𝒂𝒚𝟐 = 𝒙𝟑 .
𝑎𝑦 2 = 𝑥 3
Differentiate w. r. to x,
2𝑎𝑦𝑦′ = 3𝑥 2
3𝑥 2
𝑦′ =
2𝑎𝑦

′2
9𝑥 4
𝑦 = 2 2
4𝑎 𝑦
9𝑥 4 9𝑥
= = [∵ 𝑎𝑦 2 = 𝑥 3 ]
4𝑎𝑥 3 4𝑎
4𝑎𝑦 ′2 = 9𝑥
Differentiate again with respect to 𝑥,
4𝑎𝑦′𝑦" = 9
16𝑎2 𝑦 ′2 = 81
16𝑎(9𝑥)(𝑦")2 = 81
9
(𝑦")2 =
16𝑎𝑥
3
𝑦" =
4√𝑎𝑥
The radius of curvature is given by,
(1 + 𝑦 ′2 )3⁄2
𝜌=
𝑦′′
9𝑥 3⁄2
(1 + 4𝑎)
= 3
(4 )
√𝑎𝑥

4𝑎 + 9𝑥 3⁄2 4√𝑎𝑥
=( ) ( )
4𝑎 3

√𝑥
= (4𝑎 + 9𝑥)3/2
6𝑎
 𝝅
7. Find the radius of curvature of the curve 𝒚 = 𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙 at 𝒙 = 𝟐 .

𝑦 = 4 sin 𝑥 − sin 2𝑥
Differentiate w. r. to x,
𝑦 ′ = 4 cos 𝑥 − 2 cos 2𝑥 ---------- (1)
Differentiate again w. r. to x,
𝑦" = −4 sin 𝑥 + 4 sin 2𝑥 ---------- (2)
𝜋
𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 2 ,
𝜋
𝑦 ′ = 4 cos − 2 cos 𝜋 = 0 − 2(−1) = 2
2
𝜋
𝑦" = −4 sin + 4 sin 𝜋 = −4 + 0 = −4
2
The radius of curvature is given by,
(1 + 𝑦 ′2 )3⁄2
𝜌=
𝑦′′
(1 + 4)3⁄2
=
−4
5
= − √5
4
5
Therefore, 𝜌 = 4 √5 , numerically.

Note: Negative sign indicates the direction of the bending of the curve.
 𝒂𝟐 (𝒂−𝒙)
8. Find the radius of curvature for 𝒚𝟐 = where the curve meets the x-axis.
𝒙

2
𝑎2 (𝑎 − 𝑥)
𝑦 =
𝑥
𝑥𝑦 2 = 𝑎3 − 𝑎2 𝑥
Differentiate [Link] 𝑥 ,
2𝑥𝑦𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 2 = −𝑎2
𝑎3
2𝑥𝑦𝑦 ′ = −
𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑎3
=−
𝑑𝑥 2𝑦𝑥 2
Does not exist at 𝑦 = 0.
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 2 𝑦
∴ =− 3
𝑑𝑦 𝑎
Differentiate [Link] y,
𝑑2𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
2
= − 3 (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 )
𝑑𝑦 𝑎 𝑑𝑦
If 𝑦 = 0 then 𝑥 = 𝑎.
𝑑𝑥
(1) ⟹ =0
𝑑𝑦
𝑑2𝑥 2
(2) ⟹ 2
=−
𝑑𝑦 𝑎
Therefore, radius of curvature is given by
3⁄2
𝑑𝑥
(1 + (𝑑𝑦))
𝜌= 𝑑2 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2
𝑎
=−
2
By ignoring the sign,
𝒂
𝝆=
𝟐

.
9. Show that the radius of curvature at any point of the cycloid
𝜽
𝒙 = 𝒂(𝜽 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽), 𝒚 = 𝒂(𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽) 𝒊𝒔 𝟒𝒂 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝟐)

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= 𝑎(1 − cos 𝜃), = 𝑎 sin 𝜃
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃

𝑑𝑦 𝑎 sin 𝜃 𝑑2 𝑦 1 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
= = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 ( ) ×
𝑑𝑥 𝑎(1 − cos 𝜃) 𝑑𝑥 2 2 2 𝑑𝑥
𝜃 𝜃 1 𝜃 1
2 sin 2 cos 2 = − 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (2) × 𝑎(1−cos 𝜃) ℎ
= 𝜃
2 sin2 2 1 𝜃
= − 4𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 4 (2)
𝜃
= cot
2

Therefore, radius of curvature is given by,

3
𝑑𝑦 2 2
(1 + ( ) )
𝑑𝑥
𝜌= 𝑑2 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 2
3
𝜃 2
(1 + cot 2 2)
= 1 4 𝜃
− 4𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 ( 2)

𝜃
= −4𝑎 sin
2
By ignoring sign,

𝜽
𝝆 = 𝟒𝒂 𝐬𝐢𝐧
𝟐
10. Show that the radius of curvature at any point of the cycloid
𝝅
𝒙 = 𝒂 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑 𝒕, 𝒚 = 𝒂 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑 𝒕 at 𝒕 = 𝟒 .

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= −3𝑎 cos 2 𝑡 sin 𝑡 , = 3𝑎 sin2 𝑡 cos 𝑡
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃

𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
𝑦′ = 𝑦 ′′ =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡
= 𝑑𝑡 = − sec 2 𝑡 ×
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡 sec 2 𝑡
3𝑎 sin2 𝑡 cos 𝑡 =
3𝑎 cos 2 𝑡 sin 𝑡
=
−3𝑎 cos 2 𝑡 sin 𝑡 1 sec 4 𝑡
= − tan 𝑡 =
3𝑎 sin 𝑡

𝜋
At 𝑡 = 4 ,

𝜋
𝑦 ′ = − tan 4 = −1

4 𝜋
1 sec 4 1
𝑦′′ = 3𝑎 𝜋 = 3𝑎 4√2
sin
4

The radius of curvature is given by,

3
(1 + 𝑦12 )2
𝜌=
𝑦2
3
(1 + 1)2
= 1
4√2
3𝑎

3𝑎
=
2
11. For the curve 𝒓(𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽) = 𝟐𝒂 , find the radius of curvature.

Step 1: Find 𝝓 Step 3: Find radius of curvature.

𝑟(1 − cos 𝜃) = 2𝑎 𝑎𝑟 = 𝑝2
Take log on both sides, Differentiate [Link] 𝑝,
log 𝑟 + log(1 − cos 𝜃) = log 𝑎 𝑑𝑟
𝑎 = 2𝑝
Differentiate w. r. to 𝜃 𝑑𝑝

1 𝑑𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝑟
+ =0 𝑎𝑟 = 2𝑝𝑟
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 1 − cos 𝜃 𝑑𝑝
𝜃 𝜃 𝑎𝜌 = 2𝑝𝑟
2 sin cos
2 2
cot 𝜙 = − 𝜃 2𝑝𝑟
2 sin2 2 𝜌=
𝑎
𝜃 .
cot 𝜙 = − cot
2
𝜃
cot 𝜙 = cot (− )
2
𝜃
𝜙=−
2
Step 2: Find 𝒑 − 𝒓 equation.
𝜃
𝑝 = 𝑟 sin 𝜙 = 𝑟 sin (− )
2
𝜃
𝑝2 = 𝑟 2 sin2
2
𝑎
𝑝2 = 𝑟 2 ( )
𝑟
𝑝2 = 𝑎𝑟
12. For the curve 𝒓 = 𝒂𝜽 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝜶 , find the radius of curvature.

Step 1: Find 𝝓 Step 3: Find radius of curvature.

𝑟 = 𝑎𝑒 𝜃 cot 𝛼 𝑝
𝑟=
sin 𝛼
Take log on both sides,
Differentiate with respect to 𝑝,
log 𝑟 = log(𝑎𝑒 𝜃 cot 𝛼 )
𝑑𝑟 1
log 𝑟 = log 𝑎 + 𝜃 cot 𝛼 =
𝑑𝑝 sin 𝛼
Differentiate w. r. to 𝜃, 𝑑𝑟 𝑟
𝑟 =
1 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑝 sin 𝛼
= cot 𝛼
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝜌 = 𝑟 cosec 𝛼
cot 𝜙 = cot 𝛼
𝜙=𝛼 .
Step 2: Find 𝒑 − 𝒓 equation.
𝑝 = 𝑟 sin 𝜙
𝑝 = 𝑟 sin 𝛼
13. Find the radius of curvature of the curve 𝒓𝟐 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝟐𝜽 = 𝒂𝟐 .

Step 1: Find 𝝓 Step 2: Find 𝒑 − 𝒓 equation.

𝑟 2 sec 2𝜃 = 𝑎2 𝑝 = 𝑟 sin 𝜙
Take log on both sides, 𝜋
𝑝 = 𝑟 sin ( + 2𝜃)
2
log 𝑟 2 sec 2𝜃 = 𝑎2
𝑝 = 𝑟 cos 2𝜃
log 𝑟 2 + log sec 2𝜃 = log 𝑎2
𝑟 = 𝑝 sec 2𝜃
2 log 𝑟 + log sec 2𝜃 = 2 log 𝑎
𝑎2
Differentiate w. r. to 𝜃, = 𝑝 ( 2)
𝑟
2 𝑑𝑟 sec 2𝜃 . tan 2𝜃 . 2
+ =0 𝑟 3 = 𝑝𝑎2
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 sec 2𝜃
cot 𝜙 = − tan 2𝜃 Step 3: Find radius of curvature.
𝜋 𝑟 3 = 𝑝𝑎2
cot 𝜙 = cot ( + 2𝜃)
2 Differentiate [Link] 𝑝,
𝜋
𝜙 = + 2𝜃 𝑑𝑟
2 3𝑟 2 = 𝑎2
𝑑𝑝
𝑑𝑟 𝑎2
𝑟 =
𝑑𝑝 3𝑟
𝑎2
𝜌=
3𝑟
.