MODULE 7 – BUILDING EQUIPMENT
BT 412/411D BUILDING TECHNOLOGY V
Dr. Dennis L. Estacio
🟩 INTRODUCTION depends on the strength of the rock or soil,
magnitude of structural loads, and depth of
Heavy construction equipment is used for various
groundwater level.
purposes in large projects.
1. Spread Foundation
Selection of different types of heavy equipment 2. Mat Foundation
depends on the size of the work and economy of the
3. Pile Foundation
project. These make construction process easier and
4. Caisson Foundation
faster.
Soil and geologic analyses are necessary to
determine whether a proposed building can be 🟩 SPREAD FOUNDATION
supported adequately and what would be the most The most economical and most common
effective and economical method of support. foundation type. It is used for building areas where the
subsurface conditions present no unusual difficulties.
If there is a sound bedrock short distance below The foundation consists of concrete slabs located
the surface of the construction site, the area over under each structural column and a continuous slab
which the building loads are distributed can be quite under load-bearing walls. Isolated/individual
small because of the strength of the rock. As foundation or combined foundation.
progressively weaker rock and soils are encountered,
however the area over which the loads are distributed ISOLATED/ INDIVIDUAL FOUNDATION
must be increased. ➢ They are usually square, sometimes rectangular, in
plan with reinforcement consisting of two sets of
bars at right angles to each other known as two-
🟩 WHAT IS FOUNDATION? way reinforcement, and represent the simplest
It is the portion of the structural elements that carry or and most economical type.
support the superstructure of the building. Also, called ➢ Block or square foundation
SUBSTRUCTURE refers to that portion of the structure ➢ Stepped foundation
below the surface of the ground that transmits the ➢ Sloped or pyramidal foundation
load of the building to the underlying soil or rock.
COMBINED FOUNDATION
➢ This is employed when two or more columns are
🟩 PARTS OF A FOUNDATION spaced closely to each other that their footing will
almost or completely merge
➢ UPRIGHT SUPPORT - also called foundation
wall ➢ Combined foundation - it supports two columns.
➢ FOOTING - flat part of the foundation which It is used when the two columns are very close to
directly transmits the column load to the each other. It may be rectangular or trapezoidal in
underlying soil or rock. plan
➢ FOUNDATION BED - refers to the soil or rock ➢ Cantilevered foundation - consists of two
beneath the footing isolated footings connected with a structural strap.
A strap footing connects two footings in such a
way that they behave as one unit. It is designed as
🟩 TYPES OF FOUNDATION a rigid beam.
Building foundation is designed to provide buildings ➢ Continuous foundation - consists of reinforced
with support and stability. Foundations are the first concrete slab extending continuously under three
structural components installed in most construction or more columns. They tend to reduce the
projects. differential settlement between columns.
The most common types of foundation systems are
classified as shallow and deep foundations:
🟩 MAT FOUNDATION
➢ Shallow foundation systems are several feet
below the bottom most construction projects of the A mat is a flat concrete slab and a shallow foundation,
building: examples are spread footings and mats. heavily reinforced with steel, which carries the
downward loads of the individual columns or walls.
➢ Deep foundations extend several dozen feet below
the building; examples are piles and caissons. The A large continuous rectangular or circular concrete
foundation chosen for any particular building slab that carries the entire load of the superstructure
and spreads it over the whole area beneath the used. H-piles are driven through to bedrock, often
building. as far as 30m(100 ft) below the surface; can be
driven so great depths more easily than piles
FUNCTIONS: made of wood or concrete; mostly expensive,
➢ typically used when the building loads are so usually justified for large buildings, which
extensive to bear by a soil with low bearing represent a substantial financial investment
capacity
➢ minimize differential settlement
➢ For large mats supporting heavy buildings, the 🟩 CAISSON FOUNDATION
loads are distributed evenly by using
Also known as pier foundations, which is a
supplementary foundations and cross walls,
prefabricated hollow box or cylinder sunk into the
which stiffen the mat
ground to some desired depth and then filled with
➢ Transfer superstructure loads and spreads it over
concrete thus forming a foundation
the entire area of the building footprint
A watertight structure which is generally made up of
TYPES OF MAT FOUNDATION timber, steel, and reinforced concrete
➢ FLAT PLATE TYPE
The word caisson means a box-type structure; a large
o In this type of mat foundation, a mat of uniform
diameter foundation which is generally adopted in the
thickness is provided.
underwater construction.
o used for fairly small and uniform column
spacing and relatively light loads
FUNCTIONS:
o suitable when the soil is not too compressible
➢ it is used for deep foundation, constructed in
➢ FLAT PLATE THICKENED UNDER COLUMNS connection with the excavation for the foundation
o for columns subjected to very heavy loads of piers, bridges, dock structures, and access to
usually the flat plate is thickened under tunnel.
columns to guard against diagonal shear and ➢ are used when soil of adequate bearing strength
negative moments is found below surface layers of weak materials
o outer - column such as fill or peat
o inner - thickening under the column ➢ main function is: (1) soil or water retention and (2)
transfer of vertical and horizontal loads into the
➢ BEAM AND SLAB CONSTRUCTION
subsoil strata.
o The beams run in two perpendicular direction
and a slab is provided between the beams
TYPES OF CAISSONS
o columns are located in the intersection of
➢ OPEN CAISSON
beams
o are small cofferdams that are placed and
o this type of mat is particularly suitable when
then pumped dry and filled with concrete
underlying soil is too compressible or when the
o these are generally used in the formation of
bending stresses are high
a pier
➢ BOX CAISSON
🟩 PILE FOUNDATION o similar to open caisson but box caisson has
its bottom side closed
Defined as a series of columns constructed or inserted
o watertight boxes that are constructed of
into the ground to transmit loads to a lower level of
heavy timbers and open at the top
subsoil located in clusters.
o generally floated to the appropriate location
The piles are driven down to strong soil or rock at a and then sunk into place with a masonry pier
predetermined depth, and each cluster is then within it
covered by a cap of reinforced concrete. A foundation
➢ PNEUMATIC CAISSON
is described as 'piled' when its depth is more than three
o are closed at the top and open at the bottom
times its breadth.
o suitable where the depth water is more than
The number of piles in its cluster is determined by the 12m deep
structural load and the average load-carrying o has a similar construction method like open
capacity of each pile in the cluster. caissons but only the difference is the
TYPES working chamber is kept airtight
➢ A timber pile is simply the trunk of a tree stripped
of its branches and is thus limited in height.
➢ A concrete pile, on the other hand, may be of
reasonable length and may extend below
groundwater level as well
➢ For extremely heavy or tall buildings, steel piles,
known as H-piles because of their shape, are
🟩 CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT 🟩 BULLDOZERS
Heavy construction equipment is used for various ➢ Used to remove the topsoil layer up to
purposes in large projects. Selection of different types particular depth
of heavy equipment depends on the size of the work ➢ The removal of soil is done by the sharp edged
and economy of the project. These make construction wide metal plate provided at its front.
process easier and faster ➢ This plate can be lowered and raised using
hydraulic pistons
It also refers to heavy-duty vehicles, specially
➢ Widely used for the removal of weak soil or
designed for executing construction tasks most
rock strata, lifting of soil etc.
frequently ones involving earthwork operations or
other large construction tasks
Different types of heavy equipment commonly used 🟩 GRADERS
in the construction are as follows:
➢ It is also called as motor graders and it is
Excavators Tower Cranes another type of equipment used in
Backhoe Pavers construction especially for the construction of
Dragline Excavator Compactors roads. It is mainly used to level the soil surface.
Bulldozers Telehandlers It contains a horizontal blade in between front
Graders Feller Bunchers and rear wheels and this blade is lowered in to
Wheel Tractor Scraper Dump Trucks the ground while working. Operating cabin is
Trenchers Pile Boring Machine provided on the top of rear axle arrangement.
Loaders Pile Driving Machine ➢ Motor Graders are also used to remove snow
or dirt from the roads, to flatten the surface of
soil before laying asphalt layer, to remove
🟩 EXCAVATORS unnecessary soil layer from the ground etc.
➢ Contains a long arm and a cabinet.
➢ At the end of long arm digging bucket is
provided and cabinet is the place provided for
🟩 WHEEL TRACTOR SCRAPERS
machine operator ➢ Wheel Tractor Scrapers are earth moving
➢ Important and widely used equipment in equipment used to provide flatten soil surface
construction industry through scrapping. Front part contains
➢ They are also used for many purposes like wheeled tractor vehicle and rear part contain
heavy lifting, demolition, river dredging, cutting a scrapping arrangement such as horizontal
of trees etc. front blade conveyor belt and soil collecting
➢ Available in both wheeled and tracked forms hopper
of vehicles. ➢ When the front blade is lowered onto the
ground and vehicle is moved, the blade starts
digging the soil above the blade level and the
🟩 BACKHOE soil excavated is collected in hopper through
conveyor belt. When the hopper is full, the rear
➢ Another widely used equipment which is
part is raised from the ground and hopper is
suitable for multiple purposes
unloaded at soil dump yard.
➢ The hoe arrangement is provided on the back
side of vehicle while loading bucket is provided
in the front
➢ This is well useful for excavating trenches
🟩 TRENCHERS
below the machine level and using front Trenchers or trenching machines are used to excavate
bucket loading, unloading and lifting of trenches in soil. These trenches are generally used for
materials can be done. pipeline laying, cable laying, drainage purposes etc.
TWO TYPES OF TRENCHING MACHINES
➢ Chain Trenchers
🟩 DRAGLINE EXCAVATOR o It contains a fixed long arm around which
➢ Used in construction which is generally used digging chain is provided. Chain trenchers are
for larger depth excavations used when the ground is too hard for an
➢ consists a long length boom and digging excavator to cut through it. With the adjustable
bucket is suspended from the top of the boom boom, chain trenchers are used for cutting
using cable wider trenches.
➢ For the construction of ports for excavation
➢ Wheeled Trenchers
under water, sediment removal in water
o It contains a metal wheel with digging tooth
bodies etc. can be done by dragline excavator.
around it. To excavate hard soil available in
tracked as well as wheeled vehicle forms.
🟩 LOADERS 🟩 COMPACTORS
Loaders are used in construction site to load the Compactors or Rollers is a type of construction
material onto dumpers, trucks, etc. The materials may machine used to compact the pocks and allows the
be excavated soil, demolition waste, raw materials, etc. soil to handle heavier weights on even surfaces.
A loader contains large sized bucket at its front with
shorter moving arm. Different types of compactors are available for
different compacting purposes.
TWO TYPES OF LOADERS
Smooth Wheel Rollers are used for compacting
➢ Wheeled Loaders
shallow layers of soil or asphalt etc. These are either
o Wheeled loaders are widely used in sites. It is
tandem (two-wheel) or three-wheel rollers. Ideal for
used to scoop material into trucks or to
gravel, sand, ballast, and surface dressings.
transport it around a job site. Wheel loaders
can lift almost anything including rubble, Sheep-foot Rollers are used for deep compaction
gravel, soil, debris and dirt. purposes. These are also often called "tamping rollers".
Sheep-foot rollers are used primarily for compaction
➢ Tracked or Crawled Loaders
of cohesive, dense soils such as heavy or silty clays.
o are used in sites where wheeled vehicles
cannot reach. It is used for digging and Pneumatic Tired Rollers are used for compacting fine-
moving/loading materials. grained soils, asphalt layers etc. a self-propelled
compaction device that uses pneumatic tires to
compact the underlying HMA.
🟩 TOWER CRANES
➢ Tower cranes are fixed cranes which are
🟩 TELEHANDLERS
used for hoisting purposes in construction of
tall structures. Heavy materials like pre- ➢ Telehandlers short for "telescopic handler" are
stressed concrete blocks, steel trusses, hoisting equipment used in construction to lift
frames etc. can be easily lifted to required heavy materials up to required height or to
height using this type of equipment. provide construction platform for workers at
greater heights etc. It contains a long
➢ To understand a crane's movement, it's
telescopic boom which can be raised or
helpful to have a good understanding of the
lowered or forwarded.
various parts that make up a construction
crane. All of these parts work together to ➢ Different types of arrangements like forklifts,
make the incredible lifting power of a crane buckets, cabin, lifting jibs etc. can be attached
possible. to the end of telescopic boom based on the
requirement of job.
🟩 PAVERS
🟩 FELLER BUNCHERS
➢ Paver or Asphalt paver is pavement laying
equipment which is used in road ➢ Feller buncher is tree cutting heavy equipment
construction. Paver contains a feeding used to remove large trees in the construction
bucket in which asphalt is continuously field.
loaded by the dump truck and paver ➢ Feller bunchers do not have processing
distributes the asphalt evenly on the road capabilities.
surface with slight compaction. How-ever a
roller is required after laying asphalt layer for TWO TYPES OOF FELLER BUNCHER
perfect compaction.
➢ Drive to tree feller buncher
➢ Some pavers are towed by the dump truck o a rubber-tired machine with the cutting
delivering the asphalt, but most are self- head mounted directly to the carrier
propelled. Self-propelled pavers consist of
two major components: the tractor and the ➢ Swing boom feller buncher
screed. The tractor provides the forward o a tracked machine with the cutting head
motion and distributes the asphalt. The mounted on a boom.
tractor includes the engine, hydraulic drives
and controls, drive wheels or tracks, receiving THREE CATEGORIES OF CUTTING HEAD
hopper, feeder conveyors, and distribution
1. Bunching heads
augers. The screed levels and shapes the
layer of asphalt. The screed is towed by the 2. Processing heads
tractor and includes the leveling arms, 3. Felling heads
moldboard, end plates, burners, vibrators,
and slope sensors and controls
🟩 DUMP TRUCKS
➢ Dump trucks are used in construction sites to
carry the material in larger quantities from one
site to another site or to the dump yard.
➢ The typical dump truck is equipped with a
hydraulically operated open box bed hinged at
the rear, with the front being able to be lifted
up to allow the contents to fall out on the
ground at the site of delivery.
DIFFERENT CONFIGURATIONS OF DUMP TRUCKS
➢ Standard dump truck
➢ Transfer dump truck
➢ Semi-trailer end dump truck
➢ Semi-trailer bottom dump truck
➢ Double and triple trailer
➢ Side dump trucks
➢ Off road dump trucks
🟩 PILE BORING EQUIPMENT
➢ Pile boring equipment is used to make bore
holes in the construction site to install precast
piles.
➢ Manufactured by excavating ground through
a rotary drilling equipment with a complete
soil removal and cast in place by casting
concrete into the borehole.
TWO MAIN STEPS IN DRILLING PROCESS
1. Drilling phase (Demolition-Removal-Stabilization)
2. Construction phase (Reinforcing Cage-Casting-
Curing)
🟩 PILE DRIVING EQUIPMENT
➢ This equipment lifts the pile and holds it in
proper position and drives into the ground up
to required depth.
➢ Designed to align and hold piles in correct
position and to drive the piles into the ground.
TYPES OF PILE DRIVING EQUIPMENTS
➢ Piling rigs
➢ Piling winches
➢ Hanging leader
➢ Hammer guides
➢ Piling hammer
➢ Helmet, driving cap, dolly, and packing