iOS

iOS (formerly iPhone OS) is a mobile operating

system created and developed by Apple for its iOS
iPhone line of smartphones. It was unveiled in
January 2007 alongside the first-generation iPhone,
and was released in June 2007. Major versions of
iOS are released annually; the current stable version,
iOS 26, was released to the public on September 15,
2025.[6]

Besides powering iPhone, iOS is the basis for three

other operating systems made by Apple: iPadOS,
tvOS, and watchOS.[7] iOS formerly also powered
iPads until iPadOS was introduced in 2019 and the
iPod Touch line of devices until its
discontinuation. [8] iOS is the world's second most
widely installed mobile operating system, after
Android. As of December 2023, Apple's App Store
contains more than 3.8 million iOS mobile apps.[9]

iOS is based on macOS. Like macOS, it includes

components of the Mach microkernel and
FreeBSD.[10][11] It is a Unix-like operating system.
Although some parts of iOS are open source under
the Apple Public Source License[12] and other
licenses,[13] iOS is proprietary software.[14]

History
In 2005, when Steve Jobs began planning the Home screen of iOS 26, the most recent
iPhone, he stated that he had a choice to either version
"shrink the Mac, which would be an epic feat of Developer Apple
engineering, or enlarge the iPod". Jobs favored the Written in C, C++, Objective-C,
former approach but pitted the Macintosh and iPod Swift, assembly
teams, led by Scott Forstall and Tony Fadell, language
respectively, against each other in an internal
OS family Unix-like, based on
competition, with Forstall winning by creating
Darwin (BSD), macOS
iPhone OS. The decision enabled the success of the
iPhone as a platform for third-party developers: Working state Current
using a well-known desktop operating system as its Source model Closed, with open-
basis allowed the many third-party Mac developers source components
to write software for the iPhone with minimal Initial release June 29, 2007
retraining. Forstall was also responsible for creating Latest release 26.0.1[1] (23A355)[2]
a software development kit for programmers to build (September 29, 2025)
iPhone apps, as well as an App Store within [±] ([Link]
iTunes.[15][16] org/w/[Link]?title=T
emplate:Latest_stable_
The operating system was unveiled with the iPhone software_release/iOS_2
at the Macworld Conference & Expo on January 9, 6&action=edit)
2007, and released in June of that year.[17][18][19] At
Latest preview 26.1 RC[3] (23B82)[4]
the time of its unveiling in January, Steve Jobs (October 28, 2025) [±]
claimed: "iPhone runs OS X" and runs "desktop class ([Link]
applications",[20][21] but at the time of the iPhone's g/w/[Link]?title=Te
release, the operating system was renamed "iPhone mplate:Latest_preview_
OS".[22] Initially, third-party native applications software_release/iOS_2
were not supported. Jobs' reasoning was that 6&action=edit)
developers could build web applications through the
Marketing target iPhone
Safari web browser that "would behave like native
apps on the iPhone".[23][24] In October 2007, Apple iPad (until 13.0)
announced that a native software development kit iPod Touch (until 16.0)
(SDK) was under development and that they planned Available in 41 languages[5]
to put it "in developers' hands in
February". [25][26][27] On March 6, 2008, Apple held List of languages

a press event, announcing the iPhone SDK.[28][29] Update method Over-the-air (since 5.0)

The iOS App Store was opened on July 10, 2008, Wired connection

with an initial 500 applications available.[30] This Supported platforms ARM architecture family
quickly grew to 3,000 in September 2008,[31] 15,000 ARM64 (since 7.0)
in January 2009,[32] 50,000 in June 2009,[33]
ARM32 (until 11.0)
100,000 in November 2009,[34][35] 250,000 in
August 2010,[36][37] 650,000 in July 2012,[38] Kernel type Hybrid (XNU)

1 million in October 2013,[39][40] 2 million in June Default Multi-touch GUI

2016,[41][42][43] and 2.2 million in January user interface
2017.[44][45] As of March 2016, 1 million apps are License Proprietary software
natively compatible with the iPad tablet except for open-source
computer.[46] These apps have collectively been components
downloaded more than 130 billion times.[41] App Official website [Link]/ios/ (htt
intelligence firm Sensor Tower estimated that the ps://[Link]/io
App Store would reach 5 million apps by 2020.[47] s/)

In September 2007, Apple announced the iPod Articles in the series

Touch, a redesigned iPod based on the iPhone form iOS version history
factor. [48] On January 27, 2010, Apple introduced
their much-anticipated media tablet, the iPad, featuring a larger screen than the iPhone and iPod
Touch, and designed for web browsing, media consumption, and reading, and offering multi-touch
interaction with multimedia formats including newspapers, e-books, photos, videos, music, word
processing documents, video games, and most existing iPhone apps using a 9.7-inch (25 cm)
screen.[49][50][51] It also includes a mobile version of Safari for web browsing, as well as access to
the App Store, iTunes Library, iBookstore, Contacts, and Notes. Content is downloadable via Wi-Fi
and optional 3G service or synced through the user's computer.[52] AT&T was initially the sole U.S.
provider of 3G wireless access for the iPad.[53]
In June 2010, Apple rebranded iPhone OS as "iOS".[54][55]
The trademark "IOS" had been used by Cisco for over a
decade for its operating system, IOS, used on its routers.
To avoid any potential lawsuit, Apple licensed the "IOS"
trademark from Cisco.[56]

The Apple Watch smartwatch was announced by Tim Cook

on September 9, 2014, being introduced as a product with
health and fitness-tracking.[57][58] It was released on April
24, 2015.[59][60][61] It uses watchOS as its operating
system; watchOS is based on iOS, with new features
created specially for the Apple Watch such as an activity
tracking app.[62]

In October 2016, Apple opened its first iOS Developer

Academy in Naples inside University of Naples Federico
II's new campus.[63][64] The course is completely free,
aimed at acquiring specific technical skills on the creation
and management of applications for the Apple ecosystem
A first-generation iPhone (2007), the first
platforms.[65] At the academy there are also issues of commercially released device running
business administration (business planning and business iOS, then called iPhone OS
management with a focus on digital opportunities) and
there is a path dedicated to the design of graphical
interfaces. Students have the opportunity to participate in the "Enterprise Track", an in-depth
training experience on the entire life cycle of an app, from design to implementation, to security,
troubleshooting, data storage and cloud usage.[66][67] As of 2020, the academy graduated almost a
thousand students from all over the world, who have worked on 400 app ideas and have already
published about 50 apps on the iOS App Store. In the 2018–2019 academic year, students from
more than 30 countries arrived. 35 of these have been selected to attend the Worldwide Developer
Conference, the annual Apple Developer Conference held annually in California in early
June.[68][69]

On June 3, 2019, iPadOS, the branded version of iOS for iPad, was
announced during the WWDC 2019 keynote; it was launched on
September 25, 2019.[70]

On June 9, 2025, at WWDC 2025, Apple introduced iOS 26. The

version number indicates the year following the year in which the
version was introduced; this numbering scheme is now being used
for all Apple operating systems, keeping their version numbers
synchronized.

Apple CEO Steve Jobs

introduces the iPad (2010).
Features

Interface
The iOS user interface is based upon direct manipulation, using multi-touch gestures such as
swipe, tap, pinch, and reverse pinch. Interface control elements include sliders, switches, and
buttons.[71] Internal accelerometers are used by some applications to respond to shaking the device
(one common result is the undo command) or rotating it in three dimensions (one common result
is switching between portrait and landscape mode). Various accessibility described in
§ Accessibility functions enable users with vision and hearing disabilities to properly use iOS.[72]

iOS devices boot to the lock screen. The lock screen shows the time and a user's lock screen
widgets, which display timely information from apps.[73] The lock screen also has two buttons,
called Controls, which are only available on iPhone. These default to flashlight and camera, but
they can be customized to any control available in Control Center and can also be removed.[74]
Upon unlock, a user is directed to the home screen, which is the primary navigation and
information "hub" on iOS devices, analogous to the desktop found on personal computers. iOS
home screens are typically made up of app icons and widgets; app icons launch the associated app,
whereas widgets display live, auto-updating content, such as a weather forecast, the user's email
inbox, or a news ticker directly on the home screen.[75]

Along the top of the screen is a status bar, showing information about the device and its
connectivity. The Control Center can be "pulled" down from the top right of the notch or Dynamic
Island on iPhones with Face ID, or can be "pulled" up from the bottom to top of the screen on
iPhones with Touch ID, giving access to various toggles to manage the device more quickly without
having to open the Settings. It is possible to manage brightness, volume, wireless connections,
music player, etc.[76]

Scrolling from the top left to the bottom (or top to bottom on iPhones with Touch ID) will open the
Notification Center, which in the latest versions of iOS is very similar to the lock screen. It displays
notifications in chronological order and groups them by application. From the notifications of
some apps it is possible to interact directly, for example by replying to a message directly from it.
Notifications are sent in two modes, critical alerts that are displayed on the lock screen and
signaled by a distinctive sound and vibration (e.g. emergency alerts or severe weather alerts),
accompanied by a warning banner and the app badge icon, and standard alerts which use a default
sound and vibration. Both can be found in the Notification Center, and show for a set amount of
time on the lock screen (unless the user has Notification Center allowed when locked).[77][78]

On iPhones with Touch ID, screenshots can be created with the simultaneous press of the home
and power buttons. In comparison to Android, which requires the buttons to be held down, a short
press does suffice on iOS.[79] On iPhone with Face ID, screenshots are captured using the volume-
up and power buttons instead.[80]

The camera application used a skeuomorphic closing camera shutter animation prior to iOS 7.
Since then, it uses a simple short blackout effect.[81] Notable additions over time include HDR
photography and the option to save both normal and high dynamic range photographs
simultaneously where the former prevents ghosting effects from moving objects (since iPhone 5 on
iOS 6), automatic HDR adjustment (since iOS 7.1), "live photo" with short video bundled to each
photo if enabled (iPhone 6s, iOS 9), and a digital zoom shortcut (iPhone 7 Plus, iOS 10).[82][83][84]
Some camera settings such as video resolution and frame rate are not adjustable through the
camera interface itself, but are outsourced to the system settings.[85]

A new feature in iOS 13 called "context menus" shows related actions when you touch and hold an
item. When the context menu is displayed, the background is blurred.[86]

To choose from a few options, a selection control is used. Selectors can appear anchored at the
bottom or in line with the content (called date selectors). Date selectors take on the appearance of
any other selection control, but with a column for day, month, and optionally year.

Alerts appear in the center of the screen, but there are also alerts that scroll up from the bottom of
the screen (called "action panels"). Destructive actions (such as eliminating any element) are
colored red.

The official font of iOS is San Francisco. It is designed for small text readability, and is used
throughout the operating system, including third-party apps.[86]

The icons are 180x180px in size for iPhones with a larger screen, usually models over 6 inches,
including iPhone 11 Pro and iPhone 8 Plus, while they are 120x120px on iPhones with smaller
displays.[87]

Home screen
The home screen, rendered by SpringBoard, displays application icons and a dock at the bottom
where users can pin their most frequently used apps. iOS home screens are typically made up of
app icons and widgets; app icons launch the associated app, whereas widgets display live, auto-
updating content, such as a weather forecast, the user's email inbox, or a news ticker directly on
the home screen.[88] The home screen appears whenever the user unlocks the device, presses the
physical "Home" button while in an app, or swipes up from the bottom of the screen using the
home bar.[89] The screen has a status bar across the top to display data, such as time, battery level,
and signal strength. The rest of the screen is devoted to the current application. When a passcode
is set and a user switches on the device, the passcode must be entered at the Lock Screen before
access to the Home screen is granted.[90]

In iPhone OS 3, Spotlight was introduced, allowing users to search media, apps, emails, contacts,
messages, reminders, calendar events, and similar content. In iOS 7 and later, Spotlight is accessed
by pulling down anywhere on the home screen (except for the top and bottom edges that open
Notification Center and Control Center).[91][92] In iOS 9, there are two ways to access Spotlight. As
with iOS 7 and 8, pulling down on any homescreen will show Spotlight. However, it can also be
accessed as it was in iOS versions 3 through 6. This endows Spotlight with Siri suggestions, which
include app suggestions, contact suggestions and news.[93] In iOS 10, Spotlight is at the top of the
now-dedicated "Today" panel.[94]

With the release of iPhone OS 3.2, users gained the ability to set a wallpaper for the Home Screen.
The feature was initially only available on the iPad (1st generation) until the release of iOS 4 a few
months after the release of iPhone OS 3.2, which brought the feature to all iPhone and iPod Touch
models that could run the operating system, with the exception of the iPhone 3G and the iPod
touch (2nd generation) due to performance issues with icon animations.[95]
iOS 7 introduced a parallax effect on the Home Screen, which shifts the device's wallpaper and
icons in response to the movement of the device, creating a 3D effect and an illusion of floating
icons. This effect is also visible in the tab view of Mail and Safari.[96]

Researchers found that users organize icons on their homescreens based on usage frequency and
relatedness of the applications, as well as for reasons of usability and aesthetics.[97]

System font
iOS originally used Helvetica as the system font. Apple switched to Helvetica Neue exclusively for
the iPhone 4 and its Retina Display, and retained Helvetica as the system font for older iPhone
devices on iOS 4.[98] With iOS 7, Apple announced that they would change the system font to
Helvetica Neue Light, a decision that sparked criticism for inappropriate usage of a light, thin
typeface for low-resolution mobile screens. Apple eventually chose Helvetica Neue instead.[99][100]
The release of iOS 7 also introduced the ability to scale text or apply other forms of text
accessibility changes through Settings.[101][102] With iOS 9, Apple changed the font to San
Francisco, an Apple-designed font aimed at maximum legibility and font consistency across its
product lineup.[103][104]

Folders
iOS 4 introduced folders, which can be created by dragging an application on top of another, and
from then on, more items can be added to the folder using the same procedure. A title for the
folder is automatically selected by the category of applications inside, but the name can also be
edited by the user.[105] When apps inside folders receive notification badges, the individual
numbers of notifications are added up and the total number is displayed as a notification badge on
the folder itself.[105] Originally, folders on an iPhone could include up to 12 apps, while folders on
iPad could include 20.[106] With increasing display sizes on newer iPhone hardware, iOS 7 updated
the folders with pages similar to the home screen layout, allowing for a significant expansion of
folder functionality. Each page of a folder can contain up to nine apps, and there can be 15 pages in
total, allowing for a total of 135 apps in a single folder.[107] In iOS 9, Apple updated folder sizes for
iPad hardware, allowing for 16 apps per page, still at 15 pages maximum, increasing the total to
240 apps.[108]

Notification Center
Before iOS 5, notifications were delivered in a modal window and could not be viewed after being
dismissed. In iOS 5, Apple introduced Notification Center, which allows users to view a history of
notifications. The user can tap a notification to open its corresponding app, or clear it.[109]
Notifications are now delivered in banners that appear briefly at the top of the screen. If a user taps
a received notification, the application that sent the notification will be opened. Users can also
choose to view notifications in modal alert windows by adjusting the application's notification
settings. Introduced with iOS 8, widgets are now accessible through the Notification Center,
defined by 3rd parties.[110]

When an app sends a notification while closed, a red badge appears on its icon. This badge tells the
user, at a glance, how many notifications that app has sent. Opening the app clears the badge.
Applications
iOS devices come with preinstalled apps developed by Apple including Mail, Maps, TV, Music,
FaceTime, Wallet, Health, and many more.

Applications ("apps") are the most general form of application software that can be installed on
iOS. They are downloaded from the official catalog of the App Store digital store, where apps are
subjected to security checks before being made available to users. In June 2017, Apple updated its
guidelines to specify that app developers will no longer have the ability to use custom prompts for
encouraging users to leave reviews for their apps.[111][112] IOS applications can also be installed
directly from an IPA file provided by the software distributor, via unofficial ways. They are written
using iOS Software Development Kit (SDK) and, often, combined with Xcode, using officially
supported programming languages, including Swift and Objective-C. Other companies have also
created tools that allow for the development of native iOS apps using their respective programming
languages.

Applications for iOS are mostly built using components of UIKit, a programming framework. It
allows applications to have a consistent look and feel with the OS, nevertheless offering
customization.

Elements automatically update along with iOS updates, automatically including new interface
rules. UIKit elements are very adaptable, this allows developers to design a single app that looks
the same on any iOS device. In addition to defining the iOS interface, UIKit defines the
functionality of the application.

At first, Apple did not intend to release an SDK to developers, because they did not want third-
party apps to be developed for iOS, building web apps instead. However, this technology never
entered into common use, this led Apple to change its opinion, so in October 2007 the SDK for
developers was announced, finally released on March 6, 2008.

The SDK includes an inclusive set of development tools,[113] including an audio mixer and an
iPhone simulator. It is a free download for Mac users. It is not available for Microsoft Windows
PCs. To test the application, get technical support, and distribute applications through App Store,
developers are required to subscribe to the Apple Developer Program.

Over the years, the Apple Store apps surpassed multiple major milestones, including 50,000,[114]
100,000,[115] 250,000,[116] 500,000,[117] 1 million,[118] and 2 million apps.[119] The billionth
application was installed on April 24, 2009.[120]

App Library
App Library automatically categorizes apps into folders based on their function or type and
includes an alphabetical list of all installed apps. For example, it might group all social media apps
into one folder and productivity apps into another.[121] Users can quickly find and access apps by
using the search bar at the top of the App Library. Users can choose to hide specific app pages from
the home screen, making it easier to focus on the apps they use most frequently.[122]
Storage
iOS enforces strict sandboxing to maintain security and privacy. Apps are generally limited to
accessing their own containers and specific system-provided directories, such as the Photos library.
To access files outside of their sandbox, iOS uses mechanisms like document pickers, file
providers, and app extensions.

iOS 8 introduced the Document Picker and Document Provider extensions as part of the document
interaction controller.[123][124][125] This allows apps to open, save, and interact with documents
stored in a central location or cloud storage services.

With iOS 11, Apple introduced the Files app[126] and the File Provider extension,[127] providing a
central location for users to manage and organize their files. Apps can integrate with the Files app
to make their documents accessible and editable directly from the Files app.

The storage of iOS devices can be expanded through iCloud, the Apple's cloud-based storage
solution that provides 5GB of storage for free to all users, while other plans require a paid
subscription. iCloud Drive allows users to store various types of files, such as documents,
presentations, and spreadsheets, in the cloud. These files can be accessed across multiple devices
as long as the user is signed in with the same Apple ID.

Accessibility
iOS offers various accessibility features to help users with vision and hearing disabilities. One
major feature, VoiceOver, provides a voice reading information on the screen, including contextual
buttons, icons, links and other user interface elements, and allows the user to navigate the
operating system through gestures. Any apps with default controls and developed with a UIKit
framework gets VoiceOver functionality built in.[128] One example includes holding up the iPhone
to take a photo, with VoiceOver describing the photo scenery.[129] As part of a "Made for iPhone"
program, introduced with the release of iOS 7 in 2013, Apple has developed technology to use
Bluetooth and a special technology protocol to let compatible third-party equipment connect with
iPhones and iPads for streaming audio directly to a user's ears. Additional customization available
for Made for iPhone products include battery tracking and adjustable sound settings for different
environments.[130][131] Apple made further efforts for accessibility for the release of iOS 10 in 2016,
adding a new pronunciation editor to VoiceOver, adding a Magnifier setting to enlarge objects
through the device's camera, software TTY support for deaf people to make phone calls from the
iPhone, and giving tutorials and guidelines for third-party developers to incorporate proper
accessibility functions into their apps.[132]

In 2012, Liat Kornowski from The Atlantic wrote that "the iPhone has turned out to be one of the
most revolutionary developments since the invention of Braille",[133] and in 2016, Steven Aquino of
TechCrunch described Apple as "leading the way in assistive technology", with Sarah Herrlinger,
Senior Manager for Global Accessibility Policy and Initiatives at Apple, stating that "We see
accessibility as a basic human right. Building into the core of our products supports a vision of an
inclusive world where opportunity and access to information are barrier-free, empowering
individuals with disabilities to achieve their goals".[134]

Criticism has been aimed at iOS depending on both internet connection (either WiFi or through
iTunes) and a working SIM card upon first activation.[135] This restriction has been loosened in iOS
12, which no longer requires the latter.[136]
Multitasking
Multitasking for iOS was first released in June 2010 along with the release of iOS 4.[137][138] Only
certain devices—iPhone 4, iPhone 3GS, and iPod Touch 3rd generation—were able to
multitask.[139] The iPad did not get multitasking until iOS 4.2.1 in that November.[140]

The implementation of multitasking in iOS has been criticized for its approach, which limits the
work that applications in the background can perform to a limited function set and requires
application developers to add explicit support for it.[139][141]

Before iOS 4, multitasking was limited to a selection of the applications Apple included on the
device. Users could however "jailbreak" their device in order to unofficially multitask.[142] Starting
with iOS 4, on third-generation and newer iOS devices, multitasking is supported through seven
background APIs:[143]

1. Background audio – application continues to run in the background as long as it is playing

audio or video content[144]
2. Voice over IP – application is suspended when a phone call is not in progress[144]
3. Background location – application is notified of location changes[144]
4. Push notifications
5. Local notifications – application schedules local notifications to be delivered at a predetermined
time[144]
6. Task completion – application asks the system for extra time to complete a given task[144]
7. Fast app switching – application does not execute any code and may be removed from
memory at any time[144]
In iOS 5, three new background APIs were introduced:

1. Newsstand – application can download content in the background to be ready for the user[144]
2. External Accessory – application communicates with an external accessory and shares data at
regular intervals[144]
3. Bluetooth Accessory – application communicates with a bluetooth accessory and shares data
at regular intervals[144]
In iOS 7, Apple introduced a new multitasking feature, providing all apps with the ability to
perform background updates. This feature prefers to update the user's most frequently used apps
and prefers to use Wi-Fi networks over a cellular network, without markedly reducing the device's
battery life.

Switching applications
In iOS 4.0 to iOS 6.x, double-clicking the home button activates the application switcher. A
scrollable dock-style interface appears from the bottom, moving the contents of the screen up.
Choosing an icon switches to an application. To the far left are icons which function as music
controls, a rotation lock, and on iOS 4.2 and above, a volume controller.

With the introduction of iOS 7, double-clicking the home button also activates the application
switcher. However, unlike previous versions it displays screenshots of open applications on top of
the icon and horizontal scrolling allows for browsing through previous apps, and it is possible to
close applications by dragging them up, similar to how WebOS handled multiple cards.[145]
With the introduction of iOS 9, the application switcher received a significant visual change; while
still retaining the card metaphor introduced in iOS 7, the application icon is smaller, and appears
above the screenshot (which is now larger, due to the removal of "Recent and Favorite Contacts"),
and each application "card" overlaps the other, forming a rolodex effect as the user scrolls. Now,
instead of the home screen appearing at the leftmost of the application switcher, it appears
rightmost.[146] In iOS 11, the application switcher receives a major redesign. In the iPad, the
Control Center and app switcher are combined. The app switcher in the iPad can also be accessed
by swiping up from the bottom. In the iPhone, the app switcher cannot be accessed if there are no
apps in the RAM.

Ending tasks
In iOS 4.0 to iOS 6.x, briefly holding the icons in the application switcher makes them "jiggle"
(similarly to the homescreen) and allows the user to force quit the applications by tapping the red
minus circle that appears at the corner of the app's icon.[147] Clearing applications from
multitasking stayed the same from iOS 4.0 through 6.1.6, the last version of iOS 6.

As of iOS 7, the process has become faster and easier. In iOS 7, instead of holding the icons to close
them, they are closed by simply swiping them upwards off the screen. Up to three apps can be
cleared at a time compared to one in versions up to iOS 6.1.6.[148]

Task completion
Task completion allows apps to continue a certain task after the app has been suspended.[149][150]
As of iOS 4.0, apps can request up to ten minutes to complete a task in the background.[151] This
doesn't extend to background uploads and downloads though (e.g. if a user starts a download in
one application, it won't finish if they switch away from the application).

Siri
Siri (/ˈsɪri/) is a virtual assistant integrated into iOS. The assistant uses voice queries and a
natural-language user interface to answer questions, make recommendations, and perform actions
by delegating requests to a set of Internet services. The software adapts to users' individual
language usages, searches, and preferences, with continuing use. Returned results are
individualized.

Originally released as an app for iOS in February 2010,[152] it was acquired by Apple two months
later,[153][154][155] and then integrated into iPhone 4S at its release in October 2011.[156][157] At that
time, the separate app was also removed from the iOS App Store.[158]

Siri supports a wide range of user commands, including performing phone actions, checking basic
information, scheduling events and reminders, handling device settings, searching the Internet,
navigating areas, finding information on entertainment, and is able to engage with iOS-integrated
apps.[159] With the release of iOS 10 in 2016, Apple opened up limited third-party access to Siri,
including third-party messaging apps, as well as payments, ride-sharing, and Internet calling
apps.[160][161] With the release of iOS 11, Apple updated Siri's voices for more clear, human voices,
it now supports follow-up questions and language translation, and additional third-party
actions.[162][163] iOS 17 enabled users to activate Siri by simply saying "Siri", while the previous
command, "Hey Siri", is still supported.
Game Center
Game Center is an online multiplayer "social gaming network"[164] released by Apple.[165] It allows
users to "invite friends to play a game, start a multiplayer game through matchmaking, track their
achievements, and compare their high scores on a leaderboard." iOS 5 and above adds support for
profile photos.[164]

Game Center was announced during an iOS 4 preview event hosted by Apple on April 8, 2010. A
preview was released to registered Apple developers in August.[164] It was released on September
8, 2010, with iOS 4.1 on iPhone 4, iPhone 3GS, and iPod Touch 2nd generation through 4th
generation.[166] Game Center made its public debut on the iPad with iOS 4.2.1.[167] There is no
support for the iPhone 3G, original iPhone and the first-generation iPod Touch (the latter two
devices did not have Game Center because they did not get iOS 4).[168] However, Game Center is
unofficially available on the iPhone 3G via a hack.[169]

Supported processors
The instruction set architectures supported by iOS are the ARM architectures. With currently
supported ARM architectures being various versions of the ARMv8 and ARMv9 architectures. iOS,
prior to the release of iOS 7 in 2013, only supported devices with 32-bit ARM processors
supporting the ARMv6 or ARMv7-A architectures, however iOS 7 added full support for the 64-bit
architecture (including a native 64-bit kernel, libraries, drivers as well as all built-in
applications),[170] after Apple announced that they were switching to 64-bit ARMv8-A processors
with the introduction of the Apple A7 chip.[171] 64-bit support has been enforced for all app
submissions made to the App Store since 2015; specifically, new apps since February 2015, and all
updates to apps since June 1, 2015.[172] iOS 11, released in 2017, dropped support for all iOS
devices with 32-bit ARM processors as well as 32-bit applications,[173][174] making iOS 64-bit
only.[175]

Devices
iOS powers almost exclusively Apple hardware. It is used for all iPhones and iPod Touch devices.
Further, Apple Watches, Apple TVs, and iPads either also use iOS for some models or use OSes
based on iOS for other models.[176]
 Timeline of iOS devices: iPhone, iPod Touch, iPad, Apple TV, and Apple W

Sources: Apple Inc. Newsroom Archive,[177] Mactracker Apple Inc. model databa

Development
The iOS software development kit (SDK) allows for the development of mobile apps that can run
on iOS.

While originally developing iPhone prior to its unveiling in 2007, Apple's then-CEO Steve Jobs did
not intend to let third-party developers build native apps for iOS, instead directing them to make
web applications for the Safari web browser.[179] However, backlash from developers prompted the
company to reconsider,[179] with Jobs announcing in October 2007 that Apple would have a
software development kit available for developers by February 2008.[180][181] The SDK was
released on March 6, 2008.[182][183]

The SDK is a free download for users of Mac personal computers.[184] It is not available for
Microsoft Windows PCs.[184] The SDK contains sets giving developers access to various functions
and services of iOS devices, such as hardware and software attributes.[185] It also contains an
iPhone simulator to mimic the look and feel of the device on the computer while developing.[185]
New versions of the SDK accompany new versions of iOS.[186][187] In order to test applications, get
technical support, and distribute apps through App Store, developers are required to subscribe to
the Apple Developer Program.[184]

Combined with Xcode, the iOS SDK helps developers write iOS apps using officially supported
programming languages, including Swift and Objective-C.[188] Other companies have also created
tools that allow for the development of native iOS apps using their respective programming
languages.[189][190]

Update history and schedule

Apple provides major updates to
the iOS operating system
annually. Since iOS 5, the
primary method of delivery has
been over-the-air.[192] Updates
are also available using iTunes
on older versions of macOS and
Windows, using Finder on
macOS starting with macOS
Catalina,[193] and using the
Apple Devices app on Windows
iPhone platform usage as measured by the App Store on June 4th, 2025[191]
starting with Windows 10
version 22H2.[194] The device iOS 18 (82.0%)
checks an XML-based PLIST file iOS 17 (9.00%)
on [Link] for updates. iOS 16 and earlier (9.00%)
Updates are delivered as
unencrypted ZIP files. Updates
are checked for regularly, and are downloaded and installed automatically if enabled. Otherwise,
the user can install them manually or are prompted to allow automatic installation overnight if
plugged in and connected to Wi-Fi.

iPod Touch users originally had to pay for system software updates due to accounting rules that
designated it not a "subscription device" like the iPhone or Apple TV,[195][196] causing many iPod
Touch owners not to update.[197] In September 2009, a change in accounting rules won tentative
approval, affecting Apple's earnings and stock price, and allowing iPod Touch updates to be
delivered free of charge.[198][199]

Apple significantly extended the cycle of updates for iOS-supported devices over the years. The
iPhone (1st generation) and iPhone 3G only received two iOS updates, while later models had
support for five, six, and seven years.[200][201]
XNU kernel
iOS uses the XNU kernel
included in the Darwin
operating system and used by
macOS, adapted to work with
devices that run iOS. It is
additionally used as the kernel
for Apple's other platforms and
operating systems, including
iPadOS, watchOS, visionOS,
and tvOS, and also serves as
iPad platform usage as measured by the App Store on January 21st, 2025[191]
the kernel used by the software
powering the HomePod range iPadOS 18 (71.0%)
of smart speakers. iOS 18, the iPadOS 17 (14.0%)
second-to-latest stable version iPadOS 16 and earlier (15.0%)
of iOS, uses version 24 of
Darwin. Darwin, and by
definition XNU, is open source software dual-licensed under the 3-clause BSD license for
components developed specifically for BSD, and the Apple Public Source License (APSL) for
components of the operating system and kernel that have been developed by Apple; however, XNU
is licensed specifically under the APSL.[202]

Since the release of iOS 6 in 2012, the kernel uses kernel address space layout randomization
(KASLR), a technology and security technique introduced in OS X Mountain Lion and included in
later versions of macOS that makes it harder to exploit known and future memory corruption
security vulnerabilities by randomizing the memory addresses used by the kernel.[203]

Jailbreaking
Since its initial release, iOS has been subject to a variety of different hacks centered around adding
functionality not allowed by Apple.[204] Prior to the 2008 debut of Apple's native iOS App Store,
the primary motive for jailbreaking was to bypass Apple's purchase mechanism for installing the
App Store's native applications.[205] Apple claimed that it would not release iOS software updates
designed specifically to break these tools (other than applications that perform SIM unlocking);
however, with each subsequent iOS update, previously un-patched jailbreak exploits are usually
patched.[206]

When a device is booting, it loads Apple's own kernel initially,[207][208] so a jailbroken device must
be exploited and have the kernel patched each time it is booted up.

There are different types of jailbreak. An untethered jailbreak uses exploits that are powerful
enough to allow the user to turn their device off and back on at will, with the device starting up
completely, and the kernel will be patched without the help of a computer – in other words, it will
be jailbroken even after each reboot.[208]

However, some jailbreaks are tethered. A tethered jailbreak is only able to temporarily jailbreak
the device during a single boot. If the user turns the device off and then boots it back up without
the help of a jailbreak tool, the device will no longer be running a patched kernel, and it may get
stuck in a partially started state, such as Recovery Mode. In order for the device to start completely
and with a patched kernel, it must be "re-jailbroken" with a computer (using the "boot tethered"
feature of a tool) each time it is turned on. All changes to the files on the device (such as installed
package files or edited system files) will persist between reboots, including changes that can only
function if the device is jailbroken (such as installed package files).[209]

In more recent years, two other solutions have been created – semi-tethered and semi-
untethered.[207]

A semi-tethered solution is one where the device is able to start up on its own, but it will no longer
have a patched kernel, and therefore will not be able to run modified code. It will, however, still be
usable for normal functions, just like stock iOS. To start with a patched kernel, the user must start
the device with the help of the jailbreak tool.[208]

A semi-untethered jailbreak gives the ability to start the device on its own. On first boot, the device
will not be running a patched kernel. However, rather than having to run a tool from a computer to
apply the kernel patches, the user is able to re-jailbreak their device with the help of an app
(usually sideloaded using Cydia Impactor) running on their device. In the case of the iOS 9.2-9.3.3
and 64-bit 10.x jailbreaks, Safari-based exploits were available, thereby meaning websites could be
used to re-jailbreak.

In more detail: Each iOS device has a bootchain that tries to make sure only trusted/signed code is
loaded. A device with a tethered jailbreak is able to boot up with the help of a jailbreaking tool
because the tool executes exploits via USB that bypass parts of that "chain of trust", bootstrapping
to a pwned (no signature check) iBEC, or iBoot to finish the boot process.

Since the arrival of Apple's native iOS App Store, and—along with it—third-party applications, the
general motives for jailbreaking have changed.[210] People jailbreak for many different reasons,
including gaining filesystem access, installing custom device themes, and modifying SpringBoard.
An additional motivation is that it may enable the installation of pirated apps. On some devices,
jailbreaking also makes it possible to install alternative operating systems, such as Android and the
Linux kernel. Primarily, users jailbreak their devices because of the limitations of iOS. Depending
on the method used, the effects of jailbreaking may be permanent or temporary.[211]

In 2010, the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) successfully convinced the U.S. Copyright Office
to allow an exemption to the general prohibition on circumvention of copyright protection systems
under the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA). The exemption allows jailbreaking of
iPhones for the sole purpose of allowing legally obtained applications to be added to the
iPhone.[212] The exemption does not affect the contractual relations between Apple and an iPhone
owner, for example, jailbreaking voiding the iPhone warranty; however, it is solely based on
Apple's discretion on whether they will fix jailbroken devices in the event that they need to be
repaired. At the same time, the Copyright Office exempted unlocking an iPhone from DMCA's
anticircumvention prohibitions.[213] Unlocking an iPhone allows the iPhone to be used with any
wireless carrier using the same GSM or CDMA technology for which the particular phone model
was designed to operate.[214]

Unlocking
Initially most wireless carriers in the US did not allow iPhone owners to unlock it for use with
other carriers. However AT&T allowed iPhone owners who had satisfied contract requirements to
unlock their iPhone.[215] Instructions to unlock the device are available from Apple,[216] but it is
ultimately at the sole discretion of the carrier to authorize unlocking the device.[217] This allows the
use of a carrier-sourced iPhone on other networks. Modern versions of iOS and the iPhone fully
support LTE across multiple carriers wherever the phone was purchased.[218] Programs to remove
SIM lock restrictions are available, but are not supported by Apple, and most often not a
permanent unlock – a soft unlock,[219] which modifies the iPhone so that the baseband will accept
the SIM card of any GSM carrier. SIM unlocking is not jailbreaking, but a jailbreak is also required
for these unofficial software unlocks.

The legality of software unlocking varies in each country; for example, in the US, there is a DMCA
exemption for unofficial software unlocking of devices purchased before January 26, 2013.[220]

Digital rights management

The closed and proprietary nature of iOS has garnered criticism, particularly by digital rights
advocates such as the Electronic Frontier Foundation, computer engineer and activist Brewster
Kahle, Internet-law specialist Jonathan Zittrain, and the Free Software Foundation who protested
the iPad's introductory event and have targeted the iPad with their "Defective by Design"
campaign.[221][222][223][224] Competitor Microsoft, via a PR spokesman, criticized Apple's control
over its platform.[225]

At issue are restrictions imposed by the design of iOS, namely digital rights management (DRM)
intended to lock purchased media to Apple's platform, the development model (requiring a yearly
subscription to distribute apps developed for the iOS), the centralized approval process for apps, as
well as Apple's general control and lockdown of the platform itself. Particularly at issue is the
ability for Apple to remotely disable or delete apps at will.[226]

Some in the tech community have expressed concern that the locked-down iOS represents a
growing trend in Apple's approach to computing, particularly Apple's shift away from machines
that hobbyists can "tinker with" and note the potential for such restrictions to stifle software
innovation.[227][228] Former Facebook developer Joe Hewitt protested against Apple's control over
its hardware as a "horrible precedent" but praised iOS's sandboxing of apps.[229]

Security and privacy

iOS utilizes many security features in both hardware and software.

Reception

Market share
iOS is the second most popular mobile Worldwide market share of smartphone operating
operating system in the world, after systems
Android. Sales of iPads in recent years are Android 72.23%
also behind Android, while, by web use (a iOS 27.39%
proxy for all use), iPads (using iOS) are still Other 0.38%
the most popular.[231]
At WWDC 2014, Tim Cook said 800 million Source: Statcounter (April 2025).[230]
devices had been sold by June 2014. [232]

During Apple's quarterly earnings call in

January 2015, the company announced that they had sold over one billion iOS devices since
2007.[233][234]

By February 2023, there were 2 billion devices activated,[235] and 1.5 billion iPhones had been sold
since 2007.[236]

By late 2011, iOS accounted for 60% of the market share for smartphones and tablets.[237] By the
end of 2014, iOS accounted for 14.8% of the smartphone market[238] and 27.6% of the tablet and
two-in-one market.[239] In May 2023, StatCounter reported iOS was used on 31.44% of
smartphones and 55.75% of tablets worldwide, measured by internet usage instead of sales.[240]

In the third quarter of 2015, research from Strategy Analytics showed that iOS adoption of the
worldwide smartphone market was at a record low 12.1%, attributed to lackluster performance in
China and Africa. Android accounted for 87.5% of the market, with Windows Phone and
BlackBerry accounting for the rest.[241][242]

See also
Computer
programming portal

Comparison of mobile operating systems

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External links
Official website ([Link]
Official dev center website ([Link] at Apple Developer Connection
iOS Reference Library ([Link] – on the Apple
 Developer Connection website

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