This looks like a standard assignment for a communications or signals course.

I can certainly
help you solve these problems by walking you through the concepts and calculations for each
one.
Here is a step-by-step solution for each question.

1. Sampling and Aliasing

Problem: Consider a signal x(t) = 2\cos(200\pi t) + 2\cos(280\pi t). The signal is sampled at a
rate of 300Hz. If the sampled signal is passed through a low-pass filter with a cut-off frequency
of 150Hz, what frequencies will appear at the output of the filter?
Solution:
1.​ Find the frequencies in the original signal: The standard form for a cosine wave is
\cos(2\pi f t).
○​ For the first component: 2\pi f_1 = 200\pi \implies \mathbf{f_1 = 100 \text{ Hz}}.
○​ For the second component: 2\pi f_2 = 280\pi \implies \mathbf{f_2 = 280 \text{ Hz}}.
2.​ Check the Nyquist Rate: The highest frequency in the signal is f_{max} = 280 \text{ Hz}.
The Nyquist rate is f_{Nyquist} = 2 \times f_{max} = 2 \times 280 \text{ Hz} = 560 \text{
Hz}.
3.​ Check for Aliasing: The signal is sampled at f_s = 300 \text{ Hz}. Since the sampling
rate f_s (300 Hz) is less than the Nyquist rate (560 Hz), aliasing will occur.
4.​ Find the Aliased Frequencies: When a signal f is sampled at f_s, the apparent
frequency f_a in the sampled signal (in the range 0 to f_s/2) is given by the folding
formula: f_a = |f - k \cdot f_s|, where k is an integer chosen to make f_a \le f_s/[Link]
low-pass filter (LPF) cut-off is 150 Hz, which is exactly f_s/2. So, we are looking for all
aliased frequencies in the range [0, 150 \text{ Hz}].
○​ For f_1 = 100 \text{ Hz}:
■​ k=0: f_a = |100 - 0 \times 300| = 100 \text{ Hz}.
■​ This is \le 150 \text{ Hz}, so 100 Hz is present.
○​ For f_2 = 280 \text{ Hz}:
■​ k=0: f_a = |280 - 0 \times 300| = 280 \text{ Hz}. (This is outside the LPF
range).
■​ k=1: f_a = |280 - 1 \times 300| = |-20| = 20 \text{ Hz}.
■​ This is \le 150 \text{ Hz}, so 20 Hz is present.
Answer: The frequencies that will appear at the output of the filter are 100 Hz and 20 Hz.

2. Comparing AM, FM, and PM

Problem: Explain how frequency modulation may be obtained from a phase modulator.
Diagrammatically compare the amplitude modulation, frequency modulation and phase
modulation in respect of change in amplitude, frequency and phase, when the message signal
is a step function.
Solution:
Part 1: Obtaining FM from PM
Frequency Modulation (FM) is a process where the instantaneous frequency of the carrier is
varied linearly with the message signal m(t).
Phase Modulation (PM) is a process where the instantaneous phase of the carrier is varied
linearly with the message signal m(t).
The relationship between instantaneous frequency and phase is that frequency is the derivative
of phase: \omega_i(t) = \frac{d\phi(t)}{dt}.
●​ In a PM modulator, the output phase is \phi_{out}(t) = k_p \times m_{in}(t).
●​ We want the output frequency to be proportional to m(t): \omega_{out}(t) = \omega_c +
k_f m(t).
●​ Since \omega_{out}(t) = \frac{d\phi_{out}(t)}{dt}, to get our desired \omega_{out}(t), the
phase \phi_{out}(t) must be proportional to the integral of the message signal.
●​ Therefore, if we want to use a Phase Modulator (which makes \phi_{out} proportional to
its input) to create FM (where \phi_{out} must be proportional to the integral of the
message), we must integrate the message signal m(t) before sending it into the PM
modulator.
Block Diagram: m(t) \rightarrow [\text{Integrator}] \rightarrow \int m(t) dt \rightarrow [\text{Phase
Modulator}] \rightarrow \text{FM Signal}
This is also known as indirect FM generation.
Part 2: Diagrammatic Comparison (for a Step Function)
Let's assume the message signal m(t) is a single step up at time t=0.
Modulation Carrier Property Varied Waveform Description for a
Step Input m(t)
AM Amplitude Before t=0, the carrier has its
normal (unmodulated)
amplitude. At t=0, the amplitude
jumps to a new, higher,
constant value. The frequency
and phase remain unchanged.
FM Frequency Before t=0, the carrier has its
center frequency f_c. At t=0,
the message m(t) steps up, so
the carrier frequency jumps to a
new, higher, constant frequency
f_c + \Delta f. The amplitude
remains unchanged.
PM Phase Before t=0, the carrier has its
normal phase. At t=0, the
message m(t) steps up, so the
carrier phase jumps by a fixed
amount \Delta\phi. This
instantaneous phase jump
looks like a single "break" or
discontinuity in the sine wave.
After t=0, the carrier continues
at its original frequency f_c, but
with a new, constant phase
shift.
Key Difference: A step in m(t) causes a step in amplitude for AM, a step in frequency for FM,
and a step in phase for PM.

3. Bandwidth for PM and FM

Problem: Consider a modulating signal m(t) = 10\cos(2\pi \times 10^3 t) that is used to
modulate a carrier. Find the bandwidth for 98% power transmission for phase modulation and
frequency modulation using k_p = 1.0 \text{ rad/V} and k_f = 10\pi \text{ kHz/V}. (i) Find the
bandwidths. (ii) Repeat (i) when modulating frequency is doubled. (iii) Repeat (i) when
modulating frequency is halved.
Solution:
The "98% power bandwidth" is a strong hint to use Carson's Rule. Carson's Rule: BW = 2(\beta
+ 1)f_m, where \beta is the modulation index and f_m is the message frequency. This can also
be written as BW = 2(\Delta f + f_m) for FM.
Given:
●​ Message Amplitude: A_m = 10 \text{ V}
●​ Message Frequency: f_m = 10^3 \text{ Hz} = 1 \text{ kHz}
●​ PM constant: k_p = 1.0 \text{ rad/V}
●​ FM constant: k_f = 10\pi \text{ kHz/V} = 10,000\pi \text{ Hz/V}
(i) Initial Bandwidths
For Phase Modulation (PM):
1.​ Find the modulation index \beta_p (which is the max phase deviation \Delta\phi_{max}):
\beta_p = \Delta\phi_{max} = k_p \times A_m = (1.0 \text{ rad/V}) \times (10 \text{ V}) = 10
\text{ rad}
2.​ Use Carson's Rule: BW_{PM} = 2(\beta_p + 1)f_m = 2(10 + 1)(1000 \text{ Hz}) = 2 \times
11 \times 1000 = 22,000 \text{ Hz} BW_{PM} = 22 \text{ kHz}
For Frequency Modulation (FM):
1.​ Find the max frequency deviation \Delta f: \Delta f = k_f \times A_m = (10,000\pi \text{
Hz/V}) \times (10 \text{ V}) = 100,000\pi \text{ Hz} \approx 314,159 \text{ Hz}
2.​ Find the modulation index \beta_f: \beta_f = \frac{\Delta f}{f_m} = \frac{100,000\pi \text{
Hz}}{1000 \text{ Hz}} = 100\pi \text{ rad} \approx 314.16
3.​ Use Carson's Rule: BW_{FM} = 2(\beta_f + 1)f_m = 2(100\pi + 1)(1000 \text{ Hz}) \approx
2(314.16 + 1)(1000) \approx 630,320 \text{ Hz} (Alternatively: BW_{FM} = 2(\Delta f +
f_m) = 2(100,000\pi + 1000) \approx 630,318 \text{ Hz}) BW_{FM} \approx 630.32 \text{
kHz}
(ii) Modulating Frequency f_m is Doubled
New f_m' = 2 \times 1000 \text{ Hz} = 2000 \text{ Hz}. A_m is unchanged.
For PM:
●​ \beta_p is unchanged because it only depends on k_p and A_m. \beta_p = 10 \text{ rad}.
●​ BW_{PM}' = 2(\beta_p + 1)f_m' = 2(10 + 1)(2000 \text{ Hz}) = 2 \times 11 \times 2000 =
44,000 \text{ Hz} BW_{PM}' = 44 \text{ kHz} (The bandwidth doubled)
For FM:
●​ \Delta f is unchanged because it only depends on k_f and A_m. \Delta f = 100,000\pi
\text{ Hz}.
●​ BW_{FM}' = 2(\Delta f + f_m') = 2(100,000\pi + 2000) \approx 628,318 + 4000 = 632,318
\text{ Hz} BW_{FM}' \approx 632.32 \text{ kHz} (The bandwidth increased only slightly)
(iii) Modulating Frequency f_m is Halved
New f_m'' = 1000 \text{ Hz} / 2 = 500 \text{ Hz}. A_m is unchanged.
For PM:
●​ \beta_p is unchanged. \beta_p = 10 \text{ rad}.
●​ BW_{PM}'' = 2(\beta_p + 1)f_m'' = 2(10 + 1)(500 \text{ Hz}) = 2 \times 11 \times 500 =
11,000 \text{ Hz} BW_{PM}'' = 11 \text{ kHz} (The bandwidth halved)
For FM:
 ●​ \Delta f is unchanged. \Delta f = 100,000\pi \text{ Hz}.
●​ BW_{FM}'' = 2(\Delta f + f_m'') = 2(100,000\pi + 500) \approx 628,318 + 1000 = 629,318
\text{ Hz} BW_{FM}'' \approx 629.32 \text{ kHz} (The bandwidth decreased only slightly)

4. Angle Modulated Signal Analysis

Problem: Consider an angle modulated signal x(t) = 10\cos(10^8 t + 5\sin(10^3 t)). Find the
maximum phase deviation and maximum frequency deviation.
Solution:
1.​ Standard Form: The general form of an angle-modulated signal is: x(t) = A_c
\cos(\omega_c t + \phi(t)) Where A_c is carrier amplitude, \omega_c is carrier angular
frequency, and \phi(t) is the instantaneous phase deviation.
2.​ Compare the Given Signal: x(t) = 10\cos(10^8 t + 5\sin(10^3 t)) By comparing, we can
identify:
○​
○​
○​
3.​ Find Maximum Phase Deviation (\Delta\phi_{max}): The maximum phase deviation is
simply the maximum value (amplitude) of \phi(t). \phi(t) = 5\sin(10^3 t) The maximum
value of \sin(\dots) is 1. Therefore, \Delta\phi_{max} = 5 \times 1 = \mathbf{5 \text{
radians}}. (This value is also the modulation index, \beta).
4.​ Find Maximum Frequency Deviation (\Delta f_{max}): The instantaneous angular
frequency \omega_i(t) is the time derivative of the total angle: \text{Total Angle} = 10^8 t +
5\sin(10^3 t)This is in the form \omega_i(t) = \omega_c + \Delta\omega(t). The
instantaneous angular frequency deviation is \Delta\omega(t) = 5000\cos(10^3 t).The
maximum angular frequency deviation \Delta\omega_{max} is the amplitude of this
term: \Delta\omega_{max} = 5000 \text{ rad/s}The question asks for the maximum
frequency deviation (f), not angular frequency (\omega). We convert from \omega to f
using \omega = 2\pi f: \Delta f_{max} = \frac{\Delta\omega_{max}}{2\pi} = \frac{5000}{2\pi}
\text{ Hz} \Delta f_{max} \approx \mathbf{795.77 \text{ Hz}}
Answer:
●​ Maximum Phase Deviation: 5 rad
●​ Maximum Frequency Deviation: 5000/(2\pi) \text{ Hz} \approx 795.77 \text{ Hz}
I hope this detailed breakdown helps you understand how to solve each problem!
Would you like me to elaborate on any of these concepts, like Carson's Rule or the Nyquist
theorem?