MOTIVATION
Faculty : Sharath Manjunath
Programme : BPT Semester: 1
Department : Allied Healthcare Module : 4
Before beginning let’s answer the
questions!!!
● What is motivation???
● Do you have fluctuations in motivations in one single day?
● Is it difficult to accomplish a task when there’s no motivation???
Motivation is the process of stimulating people to action to
accomplish desired goals.
Feldman defined motivation as “the factors that direct and energize
the behaviour of humans and other organisms”
Motivation Cycle
The motivational cycle refers to the process where a need motivates a
person to take action.
Understanding the motivation cycle is crucial because it helps us grasp why
we do what we do. It reveals the steps we take to start, keep going, and
either achieve our goals or stop trying.
This chronological cycle has four stages:
- Need
- Drive
- Incentive
- Goal
NEEDS
In the initial stage of the motivation cycle, a person experiences a need
they want to fulfill.
These are related to the biological states of cellular or bodily
deficiencies that lead to drives. For example, individuals need water,
food and of course oxygen to survive which are the needs related to
the body.
We also have cognitive needs and social needs. Cognitive needs include
such needs as need for achievement and curiosity. Social needs arise
from social situation/ context and include need to conform, cooperate
and compete.
DRIVES
Rosenberg define drives as “the perceived states of tension that occur
when our bodies are deficient in some need, creating an urge to relieve
the tension”.
As we discussed under need, a need leads to or compels drive. Thus
when an individual is hungry he/ she will seek food. Thus the need
leads to drive and makes the individual to behave in such a way that
the deficiency created is dealt with.
INCENTIVES
Both external and internal factors can influence drives. Your emotions,
for example, are an internal factor contributing to your drive. External
factors, like rewards and incentives, can also play an important part.
GOALS
A person achieves the goal at the final stage of the motivation cycle.
This may involve fulfilling the need (such as having a glass of water if
they are thirsty) or receiving the reward they were seeking (like getting
a prize for completing a task).
TYPES OF MOTIVATION
Motivation can be divided into two broad categories:
a. Primary and Secondary Motivation
b. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation
Primary Motivation
Primary motivation can also be termed as basic motivation and mainly
includes the needs related to hunger, thirst, sleep, sex, avoidance of
pain and so on. These mainly influence an individual’s behaviour at a
basic level and these needs are also related to the basic need for
preservation of self.
Secondary Motivation
Secondary motivation can be termed as learned motivation and these
may differ from individual to individual. They are also related to the
priorities and values of the individual.
For example, becoming a movie star, learning music.
Extrinsic Motivation
Extrinsic motivation refers to motivation that comes from outside an
individual. The motivating factors are external, or outside, rewards such
as money or grades. These rewards provide satisfaction and pleasure
that the task itself may not provide.
An extrinsically motivated person will work on a task even when they
have little interest in it because of the anticipated satisfaction they will
get from some reward.
Intrinsic Motivation
Intrinsic motivation refers to motivation that comes from inside an
individual rather than from any external or outside rewards, such as
money or grades.
The motivation comes from the pleasure one gets from the task itself
or from the sense of satisfaction in completing or even working on a
task.
An intrinsically motivated person will work on a math equation, for
example, because it is enjoyable. Or an intrinsically motivated person
will work on a solution to a problem because the challenge of finding a
solution is provides a sense of pleasure
MASLOW’S NEED HIERARCHY THEORY
Abraham Maslow first introduced the concept of a hierarchy of needs in
his 1943 paper, titled "A Theory of Human Motivation,".
This hierarchy suggests that people are motivated to fulfill basic needs
before moving on to other, more advanced needs.
As a humanist, Maslow believed that people have an inborn desire to be
self-actualized, that is, to be all they can be. To achieve this ultimate goal,
however, a number of more basic needs must be met. This includes the
need for food, safety, love, and self-esteem
PHYSIOLOGICAL NEED
The physiological needs include those that are vital to survival. Some examples
of physiological needs include: Food, Water, Breathing, Homeostasis
In addition to the basic requirements of nutrition, air, and temperature
regulation, physiological needs also include shelter and clothing.
Maslow included sexual reproduction in this level of the hierarchy as well,
since it is essential to the survival and propagation of the species.
SECURITY AND SAFETY NEEDS
At the second level of Maslow’s hierarchy, the needs start to become a bit more
complex. At this level, the needs for security and safety become primary.
People want control and order in their lives. Some of the basic security and safety
needs include:Financial security, Health and wellness, Safety against accidents and
injury
Finding a job, obtaining health insurance and health care, contributing money to a
savings account, and moving to a safer neighborhood are all examples of actions
motivated by security and safety needs.
LOVE AND BELONGING
The social needs in Maslow’s hierarchy include love, acceptance, and
belonging. At this level, the need for emotional relationships drives human
behavior. Some of the things that satisfy this need include: Friendships,
Romantic attachments, Family relationships, Social groups, Community
groups and religious organizations.
In order to avoid loneliness, depression, and anxiety, it is important for
people to feel loved and accepted by others. Personal relationships with
friends, family, and lovers play an important role, as does involvement in
groups—such as religious groups, sports teams, book clubs, and other
group activities.
SELF ESTEEM
The self esteem needs begin to play a more prominent role in motivating behavior.
It is your understanding of your values, beliefs and worth.
At this level, it becomes increasingly important to gain the respect and appreciation
of others. People have a need to accomplish things, then have their efforts
recognized. In addition to the need for feelings of accomplishment and prestige,
esteem needs include such things as self-esteem and personal worth.
Participation in professional activities, academic accomplishments, athletic or team
participation, and personal hobbies can all play a role in fulfilling the esteem needs.
SELF ACTUALIZATION
Self-actualization is a state of self-fulfillment in which people realize
their highest potentials in their own unique way.
According to Maslow: "It may be loosely described as the full use and
exploitation of talents, capabilities, potentialities, etc. Such people
seem to be fulfilling themselves and to be doing the best that they are
capable of doing. They are people who have developed or are
developing to the full stature of which they capable."