Subject CVE80005: Strengthening and Monitoring of Structures
Week 2: Shear design of beams: Example problem
Solutions
Problem 2
The RC cantilever beam shown in figure below is to carry 40 kN/m UDL dead load (including
self weight). Based on flexural and shear considerations, calculate the maximum allowable UD
live load the beam can carry. Take fc = 32 MPa.
5N28
2N16
R10 Stirrups @ 200mm
2000 mm
ELEVATION
bef = 1000 mm
5N28 100
R10 @ 200mm 500
2N16
300
SECTION
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Subject CVE80005: Strengthening and Monitoring of Structures
Flexural
1000
T1 =Ast fsy
st
5N28
600 100
ju d
2N16
sc ku d
C
d`
0.85 fc T2
cu=0.003
300
2 = 1 − 0.003f c
2 =1 − 0.003 32 = 0.904
𝛼2 = 0.85
From AS 5100.5 - 8.1.3
=1.05 − 0.007f c
=1.05 − 0.007 32 = 0.826
C + T2= T1 ,
α2 fc ku b d + Asc fsc= Ast fsy
fsc = Es εsc
∑ 𝐴𝐴𝑖𝑖 ∗ 𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 𝜋 2
28 𝜋 2
28
C= = 3 × 4 × 28 × ( 2 + 10 + 40) + 2 × 4 × 28 × ( 2 + 28 + 28 + 10 + 40)
∑ 𝐴𝐴𝑖𝑖 𝜋
=5× × 282 × 𝑐
4
C=86.4 mm
Effective depth d = 600 − 86.4= 513.6 mm (assume 40mm cover)
16
d` = 40 + 10 + = 58 mm
2
0.003 sc
=
ku d (k u d − 58)
εsc = 0.003-(0.00034/ku)
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Subject CVE80005: Strengthening and Monitoring of Structures
fsc = 600-(68/ku)
0.85*32*0.826* ku *300*513.6 + 402.1 * (600-(68/k u)) = 3078.7*500
3461746.176 ku + 241260 – (27342.8/ku)=1539350
ku – (0.007898/ku)=0.37498
ku = 0.395>0.36
since ku > 0.36, ∴ section is not ductile (over-reinforced)
depth of neutral axis: ku d = 0.395 * 513.6 = 202.87 mm
Alternatively, ductility may be checked by comparing the steel ratio with pmax
0.36 × 𝛼2 × 𝛾 × 𝑓́𝑐 0.36 × 0.85 × 0.826 × 32
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = = 0.016
𝑓𝑠𝑦 500
𝜋 2
𝐴𝑠𝑡 5 × 4 × 28
𝜌= = = 0.02 < 0.017,
𝑏𝑑 300 × 513.6
∴ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 (𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 − 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑)
Moment strength:
𝛾𝑘𝑢 𝑑 𝛾𝑘𝑢 𝑑
𝑀𝑢 = 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑠𝑦 (𝑑 − ) + 𝐴𝑠𝑐 𝑓𝑠𝑐 ( − 𝑑́ )
2 2
0.395
𝑀𝑢 = 3078.7 × 500 × 513.6 × (1 − 0.826 × )
2
68 0.826 × 0.395 × 513.6
+ 402.1 × (600 − )( − 58)
0.31 2
= 690 × 106 𝑁. 𝑚𝑚 = 665.58 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
Design moment capacity φ Mu = 0.8 × 665.58 = 532.46kN.m
(1.2*40)*2*(2/2)+1.5LL*2*(2/2)= 552.4
LL= 152.1 kN/m
Shear
V*= Vu = (Vuc + Vus)
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Subject CVE80005: Strengthening and Monitoring of Structures
V*
Vus = − Vuc
𝑉𝑢𝑐 = 𝑘𝑣 √𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑣 𝑑𝑣
Where f c shall not exceed 8.0 MPa
to calculate kv refer to (Clause [Link]) of AS 5100.5
𝜋
𝐴𝑠𝑣 = 2 × × 102 = 157 𝑚𝑚2
4
𝑠 𝑠
𝐴𝑠𝑣.𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.08 × √𝑓́𝑐 × 𝑏𝑣 × ≥ 0.35 × 𝑏𝑣 ×
𝑓𝑠𝑦.𝑓 𝑓𝑠𝑦.𝑓
0.08 × √32 × 300 × 200 0.35 × 300 × 200
𝐴𝑠𝑣.𝑚𝑖𝑛 = ≥
500 500
𝐴𝑠𝑣.𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 54.3 ≥ 42 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠𝑣.𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 54.3 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠𝑣 > 𝐴𝑠𝑣.𝑚𝑖𝑛
0.4
𝑘𝑣 = [ ] Clause ([Link], AS5100)
(1 + 1500𝜀𝑥 )
According to clause [Link] of AS5100, the effective shear depth dv should be smaller than
the greater or (0.72D, 0.9d)
dv= max (0.72*600,0.9*513.6) = max (432, 462.24) = 462.24 mm
Eq. [Link].2 (1) provides the calculations for the longitudinal strain in the concrete for shear
| 𝑀∗ ⁄𝑑𝑣 + 𝑉 ∗ | − 𝑃𝑣 + 0.5𝑁 ∗ − 𝐴𝑝𝑡 𝑓𝑝𝑜
𝜀𝑥 = < 0.003
2(𝐸𝑠𝑡 𝐴𝑠𝑡 + 𝐸𝑝𝑡 𝐴𝑝𝑡 )
Ast = 5 282 = 3078 mm2
4
V * = wl −wd
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Subject CVE80005: Strengthening and Monitoring of Structures
28
do = 600 − 40 − 10 − = 536 mm
2
V*=w (2-0.536)=1.464w
𝑤𝑙 2 𝑤𝑑02
𝑀∗ = − 𝑤𝑙𝑑0 +
2 2
wl 2 wd 2
M *= −wld −
2 2
w (2) 2 w (0.536) 2
M *= −w (2)(0.536) + = 1.0716w
2 2
Since no prestress provided in the current problem
1.07165w 106
+ 1.464w 103
εx = 462.24 = 0.000003072 w
2(3078 200000)
Hence
0.36
kv =
1 + 1500 0.000003072w
𝑉𝑢𝑐 = 𝑘𝑣 √𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑣 𝑑𝑣
0.36
kv =
1 + 0.0046w
bv = (bw − k d d d )
Since no prestress is being used
bv = bw =300 mm
0.36 282.4
V uc = 32 300 462.2 10−3 =
1 + 0.0046w 1 + 0.0046w
Shear capacity provided by internal shear reinforcement Vus is give by Eq. [Link](1)
Asv f ys .f dv
V us = cot v
s
Asv = 2 102 = 157 mm2
4
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Subject CVE80005: Strengthening and Monitoring of Structures
f ys .f = 500 MPa
Assume v = 45
cot v = 1
157 500 462.24
V us = 10−3 = 181.4kN
200
V*= Vu = (Vuc + Vus)
V*= Vu = 0.7 (Vuc + Vus)
V*=1.464w
282.4
(1.464w/0.7) = + 181.4
1 + 0.0046w
W=163.8
W=1.2G+1.5Q
163.8=1.2(40)+1.5Q
Q=L.L= 77.2 kN
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Subject CVE80005: Strengthening and Monitoring of Structures
Problem 3
A simply supported beam has a span of 6.0 m. The cross section is a rectangle with b = 300
mm, D=600 mm and d=do = 550 mm. The beam is reinforced with 4N32 bars. It is to be
designed to carry an unfactored dead load (including self-weight) of 26 kN/m and an
unfactored live load of 50 kN/m. Using R10 U stirrups, design the beam for shear strength.
Take fc = 32 Mpa.
106.3 kN/m
6m
318.6 kN V*
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Subject CVE80005: Strengthening and Monitoring of Structures
w * = 1.2G + 1.5Q
w * = 1.2(26) + 1.5(50)
w* = 1.2 26 + 1.5 50 = 106.2 kN/m
w* L
V*max =
2
106.3 6
= = 318.6 kN
2
Effective depth d = do = 550 mm
Shear at critical section d from face of support:
𝑤𝑙
𝑉∗ = − 𝑤𝑑0
2
V * = wl −wd
V * = 318.6 − 0.55(106.3) = 260.2 kN
The design bending moment at the critical section is given by
wd l wd 2 106.2 0.55 6 106.2 0.552
M*= − = − = 160 kN.m
2 2 2 2
According to clause [Link] of AS5100.5, the effective shear depth dv should be smaller than
the greater or (0.72D, 0.9d)
dv=greater of (0.72D,0.9d)=greater of (0.72*600,0.9*550) = greater of (432,495) mm
dv= 495 mm
V* = Vu = (Vuc + Vus)
The shear strength of the beam without the contribution of shear reinforcement is given by
clause [Link] of AS 5100.5
v dv
V uc = k v f cb
Where f c shall not exceed 8.0 MPa
𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝐴𝑠𝑣 > 𝐴𝑠𝑣.𝑚𝑖𝑛
to calculate kv refer to (Clause [Link]) of AS 5100.5
0.4
𝑘𝑣 = [ ]
(1 + 1500𝜀𝑥 )
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Subject CVE80005: Strengthening and Monitoring of Structures
Eq. [Link] (1) from AS 5100.5 provides the calculations for the longitudinal strain in the
concrete for shear 𝜀𝑥
| 𝑀∗ ⁄𝑑𝑣 + 𝑉 ∗ | − 𝑃𝑣 + 0.5𝑁 ∗ − 𝐴𝑝𝑡 𝑓𝑝𝑜
𝜀𝑥 = ≤ 0.003
2(𝐸𝑠𝑡 𝐴𝑠𝑡 + 𝐸𝑝𝑡 𝐴𝑝𝑡 )
Ast = 4 322 = 3217 mm2
4
160 106
+ 260.2 103
εx = 495 = 0.00045 ≤ 0.003 Ok
2(3217 200000)
Ok
Hence
0.4
𝑘𝑣 = [ ] = 0.24
(1 + 1500 × 0.00045)
𝑉𝑢𝑐 = 𝑘𝑣 √𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑣 𝑑𝑣
bv = (bw − k d d d )
Since no prestress is being used
bv = bw =300 mm
𝑉𝑢𝑐 = 0.24 × √32 × 300 × 495 × 10−3 = 200.6 𝑘𝑁
kN
Since Vu = (Vuc + Vus)
𝑉∗ 260.2
𝑉𝑢𝑠 = − 𝑉𝑢𝑐 = − 200.7 = 171.1 𝑘𝑁
∅ 0.7
Shear capacity provided by internal shear reinforcement Vus is give by Eq. [Link](1)
Asv f ys .f dv
V us = cot v
s
Assume stirrup R10
Asv = 2 102 = 157 mm2
4
f ys .f = 500 MPa
cot v = (29 + 7000 x ) (Eq. [Link](5))
v = (29 + 7000 0.00045) = 32.15
cot v = 1.6
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Subject CVE80005: Strengthening and Monitoring of Structures
Asv f ys .f dv
s= cot v
V us
𝑠 = 363 𝑚𝑚
Check spacing according to Cl. ([Link] AS 5100.5)
Maximum spacing s max = lesser (300,0.5D )
Smax= lesser of (300,300)
Use s = 300 mm
𝑠 𝑠
𝐴𝑠𝑣.𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.08 × √𝑓́𝑐 × 𝑏𝑣 × ≥ 0.35 × 𝑏𝑣 ×
𝑓𝑠𝑦.𝑓 𝑓𝑠𝑦.𝑓
0.08 × √32 × 300 × 300 0.35 × 300 × 300
𝐴𝑠𝑣.𝑚𝑖𝑛 = ≥
500 500
𝐴𝑠𝑣.𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 81 𝑚𝑚2 < 𝐴𝑠𝑣 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡
v s / fsy .f 0.35bv s / f sy .f
A sv .min = 0.06 f cb
Transverse spacing shall not exceed the lesser of 600 mm or D.
In the case of this problem b=300 mm oK
Shear reinforcement is governed by the minimum in regions where
V* Vuc = 0.7(200)=140 kN
319 kN
140 kN
1 x
3000 mm
140
𝑥= × 3000 = 1317 𝑚𝑚
319
Min shear reinforcement governs at 𝑥 = 3000 − 1317 = 1683 𝑚𝑚 from the support.
Re-arrange for s
let Asνmin = 157 mm2 (N10 stirrups)
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Subject CVE80005: Strengthening and Monitoring of Structures
𝐴𝑠𝑣.𝑚𝑖𝑛 × 𝑓𝑠𝑦.𝑓 𝐴𝑠𝑣.𝑚𝑖𝑛 × 𝑓𝑠𝑦.𝑓
𝑠= ≥
0.35 × 𝑏𝑣
0.08 × √𝑓́𝑐 × 𝑏𝑣
𝑠 = 578 𝑚𝑚 > 748 𝑚𝑚
Maximum spacing s max = lesser (300,0.5D ) =lesser (300,300) = 300 mm
Shear reinforcement should be distributed along the beam at spacing of 300 mm
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Subject CVE80005: Strengthening and Monitoring of Structures
Problem 4
A T-beam having bw = 300 mm, b = 1,000 mm, t = 100 mm, do = 400 mm and has a span of
6.0 m. The left support has a restraining factored moment of 200 kN.m while the right support
is simply supported. The beam carries a factored uniform load of 100 kN/m and a central
concentrated factored load of 70 kN. The beam is reinforced with 4N24 bars for both positive
and negative moments. If fc = 32 Mpa, establish the following:
a) At what distance from support would the maximum stirrup spacing govern
shear design.
b) Calculate stirrup spacing required at the most critical section.
70 kN
100 kN/m
6m
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Subject CVE80005: Strengthening and Monitoring of Structures
Effective depth d = do = 400 mm
a)
a)
Left side:
The shear strength of the beam without the contribution of shear reinforcement is given by
clause [Link] of AS 5100.5
v dv
V uc = k v f cb
Where f c shall not exceed 8.0 MPa
𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝐴𝑠𝑣 > 𝐴𝑠𝑣.𝑚𝑖𝑛
to calculate kv refer to (Clause [Link] (4)) of AS 5100.5
0.4
𝑘𝑣 = [ ]
(1 + 1500𝜀𝑥 )
Eq. [Link] (1) from AS 5100.5 provides the calculations for the longitudinal strain in the
concrete for shear 𝜀𝑥
| 𝑀∗ ⁄𝑑𝑣 + 𝑉 ∗ | − 𝑃𝑣 + 0.5𝑁 ∗ − 𝐴𝑝𝑡 𝑓𝑝𝑜
𝜀𝑥 = ≤ 0.003
2(𝐸𝑠𝑡 𝐴𝑠𝑡 + 𝐸𝑝𝑡 𝐴𝑝𝑡 )
V * = 368.33 −wd
V * = 368.33 − 100(0.4) = 328.33 kN
The design bending moment at the critical section is given by
100 0.42
M = 200 +
*
− 368.33(0.4) = 61 kN.m
2
According to clause [Link] of AS3600:2018, the effective shear depth dv should be smaller
than the greater or (0.72D, 0.9d)
dv=greater of (0.72D,0.9d)=greater of (0.72*462,0.9*400) = greater of (332.5,360) mm
dv= 360 mm
Ast = 4 242 = 1800
4
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Subject CVE80005: Strengthening and Monitoring of Structures
61106
+ 328.33 103
360
x = = 0.00069 0.003
2(200000 1800)
0.4
𝑘𝑣 = [ ] = 0.197
(1 + 1500 × 0.00069)
v dv
V uc = k v f cb
bv = b =300 mm
𝑉𝑢𝑐 = 0.197 × √32 × 300 × 360 × 10−3 = 120.4 𝑘𝑁
Maximum spacing govern when
V * V uc
V* Vuc = 0.7(120.6)=84.2 kN
From shear force diagram
368.33-100X=84.2
X = 2.84 m from the left end of the beam
Right Side:
V * = 301.33 −wd
V * = 301.33 − 100(0.4) = 261.33 kN
The design bending moment at the critical section is given by
d2
M * = 301.33 d − 100 kN.m
2
0.42
M * = 301.33 0.4 − 100 = 112.5 kN.m
2
𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝐴𝑠𝑣 > 𝐴𝑠𝑣.𝑚𝑖𝑛
According to clause [Link] of AS3600:2018, the effective shear depth dv should be smaller
than the greater or (0.72D, 0.9d)
dv=greater of (0.72D,0.9d)=greater of (0.72*462,0.9*400) = greater of (332.5,360) mm
dv= 360 mm
Ast = 4 242 = 1800
4
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Subject CVE80005: Strengthening and Monitoring of Structures
112.5 106
+ 261.33 103
360
x = = 0.00079 0.003
2(200000 1810)
0.4
𝑘𝑣 = [ ] = 0.183
(1 + 1500 × 0.00079)
v dv
V uc = k v f cb
bv = b =300 mm
𝑉𝑢𝑐 = 0.183 × √32 × 300 × 360 × 10−3 = 111.8 𝑘𝑁
V* Vuc = 0.7(111.8)=78.3 kN
From shear force diagram
301.33 − 100X = 75
X = 2.26 m from the right end of the beam
Maximum spacing govern for distances between 2.8 m from the left end and 2.3 m from the
right end of the beam
b)
In the case of this problem, both ends of the beam need to be investigated
Left Side:
𝑉𝑢𝑐 == 120.6 𝑘𝑁
Since Vu = (Vuc + Vus)
𝑉∗ 328.33
𝑉𝑢𝑠 = − 𝑉𝑢𝑐 = − 120.4 = 348.6 kN
∅ 0.7
Shear capacity provided by internal shear reinforcement Vus is give by Eq. [Link](1)
provided in AS5100.5
Asv f ys .f dv
V us = cot v
s
Assume stirrup R10
Asv = 2 102 = 157 mm2
4
f ys .f = 500 MPa
cot v = (29 + 7000 x ) (Eq. [Link](5) AS 5100.5)
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Subject CVE80005: Strengthening and Monitoring of Structures
v = (29 + 7000 0.00069) = 33.83
cot v = 1.5
A f d
s = sv ys .f v cot v
V us
157 × 500 × 360
𝑠= × 1.5 × 10−3 = 121.6
348.6
𝑠 = 120 𝑚𝑚
Check spacing according to [Link]
Maximum spacing s max = lesser (300,0.5D ) = lesser (300,0.5 462) = 231 mm
𝑠 𝑠
𝐴𝑠𝑣.𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.08 × √𝑓́𝑐 × 𝑏𝑣 × ≥ 0.35 × 𝑏𝑣 ×
𝑓𝑠𝑦.𝑓 𝑓𝑠𝑦.𝑓
0.08 × √32 × 300 × 120 0.35 × 300 × 120
𝐴𝑠𝑣.𝑚𝑖𝑛 = ≥ = 25.2 𝑚𝑚2
500 500
𝐴𝑠𝑣 > 𝐴𝑠𝑣.𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑
Transverse spacing shall not exceed the lesser of 600 mm or D.
In the case of this problem b=300 mm oK
Right Side:
𝑉𝑢𝑐 = 111.8 𝑘𝑁
𝑉∗ 261.3
𝑉𝑢𝑠 = − 𝑉𝑢𝑐 = − 111.8 = 261.5 kN
∅ 0.7
Shear capacity provided by internal shear reinforcement Vus is give by Eq. [Link](1)
AS5100.5
Asv f ys .f dv
V us = cot v
s
Assume stirrup R10
Asv = 2 102 = 157 mm2
4
f ys .f = 500 MPa
cot v = (29 + 7000 x ) (Eq. [Link](5))
v = (29 + 7000 0.00079) = 34.45
cot v = 1.45
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Subject CVE80005: Strengthening and Monitoring of Structures
Asv f ys .f dv
s= cot v
V us
157 × 500 × 360
𝑠= × 1.45 × 10−3 = 157 𝑚𝑚
261.5
𝑠 = 120 𝑚𝑚
Check spacing according to [Link]
Maximum spacing s max = lesser (300,0.5D ) = lesser (300,0.5 462) = 231 mm
𝑠 𝑠
𝐴𝑠𝑣.𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.08 × √𝑓́𝑐 × 𝑏𝑣 × ≥ 0.35 × 𝑏𝑣 ×
𝑓𝑠𝑦.𝑓 𝑓𝑠𝑦.𝑓
0.08 × √32 × 300 × 157 0.35 × 300 × 157
𝐴𝑠𝑣.𝑚𝑖𝑛 = ≥ = 33 𝑚𝑚2
500 500
𝐴𝑠𝑣 > 𝐴𝑠𝑣.𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑
Transverse spacing shall not exceed the lesser of 600 mm or D.
In the case of this problem b=300 mm oK
Therefore, at the left critical section, spacing of 120 mm is required while at the right
critical section, spacing of 150 mm is required.
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