Introduction to LVDAC EMS System
Feeroze Butt (220612)
Asad Khalil (221154)
Nosherwan Kundi (210297)
BACHELOR OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
(Fall----)
Submitted To:
Engr. Sharoze Sohail
Lab Engineer
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AIR
UNIVERSITY,ISLAMABAD
PART 3.2: Transformer Regulation
Objectives
• To determine the voltage regulation of a transformer with varying loads
• Observe capacitive and inductive loading on transformer regulation
• Observe load regulation curves
Equipment required
• EMS Workstation
• Single Phase Transformer Module
• Power Supply
• Connection Leads and Accessories
• Data Acquisition Module
• Resistive, Capacitive and Inductive load
Discussion
The load on a large power transformer in a sub-station will vary from a very small
value in the early hours of the morning to a very high value during the heavy peaks of
maximum industrial and commercial activity. The transformer secondary voltage will
vary somewhat with the load, and because motors, incandescent lamps, and heating
devices are all quite sensitive to voltage changes, transformer regulation is of
considerable importance. The secondary voltage also depends upon whether the power
factor of the load is leading, lagging, or unity. Therefore, it should be known how the
transformer will behave (its voltage regulation) when connected to a capacitive, an
inductive, or a resistive load. Transformer voltage regulation in percent is determined
with the following formula:
where ENL is the no-load secondary
voltage EFL is the full-load secondary
voltage
The result (a percentage value) obtained gives an indication of transformer behavior
under load. The smaller the voltage regulation percentage, the smaller the secondary
voltage variation with load, and the better the voltage regulation. Note that ENL is
measured with the secondary winding open while EFL is measured when nominal
current flows in the secondary winding.
Several factors affect a transformer's operation. The resistance and inductive reactance
of its windings cause internal voltage drops that vary with the amount of current
flowing in the windings. If the secondary is lightly loaded, current through the winding
resistance and reactance is small and the internal voltage drops are not significant. As
the load increases, current and internal voltage drops also increase. If a transformer
were perfectly ideal, its windings would have neither resistance nor inductive
reactance to cause voltage drops. Such a transformer would have perfect regulation
under all load conditions and the secondary voltage would remain absolutely constant.
But practical transformer coils are made of real wire, and thereby, have resistance and
inductive reactance. Therefore, the primary and secondary windings have an overall
resistance R, and an overall reactance X. The simplified equivalent circuit of a
practical transformer with a 1:1 turns ratio can be approximated by the circuit shown
in Figure 4. The actual transformer terminals are P1, P2 on the primary side, and S1, S2
on the secondary side.
Figure 4. Simplified Equivalent Circuit of a Practical Transformer.
In this equivalent circuit, the practical transformer is shown to be made up of
an ideal transformer in series with an impedance consisting of R and X that
represents the imperfections of the transformer. When a load (Z) is connected
to the secondary winding terminals (terminals S1 and S2), a series ac circuit
consisting of the secondary winding of the ideal transformer, R, X, and Z is
obtained. Analysis of this series ac circuit shows that when the load is either
resistive or inductive, the load voltage decreases continuously as the load
increases (as the secondary current increases). Furthermore, when the load is
capacitive, the load voltage increases to a maximum as the load increases
from zero (no load condition), and then, the load voltage decreases as the
load continues to increase.
Procedure
CAUTION!
High voltages are present in this laboratory exercise!
Do not make or modify any banana jack connections with the
power on unless
otherwise specified!
1. Install the Power Supply, data acquisition module, Single-Phase Transformer,
Resistive Load, Capacitive Load, and Inductive Load modules in the EMS
Workstation.
2. Make sure that the main switch of the Power Supply is set to the O (OFF) position,
and the voltage control knob is turned fully ccw. Set the voltmeter select switch to
the 4-N position, and then ensure the Power Supply is connected to a three-phase
wall receptacle.
3. Ensure that the POWER INPUT of the data acquisition module is connected to the
main Power Supply, and ensure the USB port cable from the computer is
connected to the data acquisition module. Set the 24V - AC power switch to the I
(ON) position. Open the LVDAC-EMS software and display the Metering
application.
4. Set up the transformer loading circuit shown in Figure 5. Ensure that all switches
on the Resistive, Capacitive, and Inductive Load modules are open, and connect
meter inputs E1, E2, I1, I2 as shown in the figure. Different load values will be
used to examine how the secondary (load) voltage changes as transformer loading
changes.
Figure 5. Transformer with a Variable Load.
5. Turn on the main Power Supply and adjust the main voltage control to obtain the
value of ES given in Figure 10. With no load on the transformer (all switches open
on the load module), click the Record Data button to enter the measurements for
EPRI, IPRI, ESEC, and ISEC in the Data Table.
6. The windings are connected in series-opposing since the voltage across terminals
2-6 is nearly zero, indicating voltage subtraction. Find the values and put in given
Data Table below:
LINE
R, XL, XC R, XL, XC R, XL, XC R, XL, XC R, XL, XC
VOLTAGE
V Ω Ω Ω Ω Ω
120 1 200 600 400 300 240
2200 1467 1100 880
220 4400 (100) (010) (110) (001) (101)
240 4800 2400 1600 1200 960
Table 1. Values for R, XL, and XC.
Paste thevalues of the Data Table here.
7. Display theGraphwindow, select E2SEC
(E) as the Y-axis parameter, and I2SEC(I) as the X-axis
parameter. Make sure the line graph format and the linear scale are selected.
Paste he
t Graph here.
8. Observe the curve of secondary voltage versus current. What happens to the
secondary voltage as the resistive load increases, i.e. load resistance decreases?
As resistive load increases, secondary voltage decreases.
9. Calculate the voltage regulation using the no-load (R=∞) and full-load (R
=minimum value) output voltages.
10. Use the Clear Data Table button in the Data Table window to clear the data, and
then replace the Resistive Load module in the circuit of Figure 5 with the Inductive
Load module.
11. Turn on the main Power Supply and adjust the main voltage control to obtain the
value of ES given in Figure 5. With no load on the transformer (all switches open
on the load module), click the Record Data button to enter the measurements for
EPRI, IPRI, ESEC, and ISEC in the Data Table.
12. Adjust the switches on the Inductive Load module to successively obtain the
reactance values given in Table 1. For each reactance value, record the
measurements as in step 11. When all data values have been recorded, rotate the
voltage control fully ccw, and turn off the Power Supply. Paste the values of the
Data Table here.
13. Display the Graph window, select E2 (ESEC) as the Y-axis parameter, and I2 (ISEC)
as the X-axis parameter. Make sure the line graph format and the linear scale are
selected.
Paste the Graph here
.
14. Observe the curve of secondary voltage versus current. How does the secondary
voltage vary as the inductive load increases?
As inductive load increases, secondary voltage decreases.
15. Use the Clear Data Table button in the Data Table window to clear the data, and
then replace the Inductive Load module in the circuit of Figure 5 with the
Capacitive Load module.
16. The terminals with the same polarity are 1 and 3, and 2 and 4, indicating proper
phase alignment of the windings.
17. Adjust the switches on the Capacitive Load module to successively obtain the
reactance values given in Table 1. For each reactance value, record the
measurements as in step 16. When all data values have been recorded, rotate the
voltage control fully ccw, and turn off the Power Supply.
Paste the values of the Data Table here.
18. Display the Graph window, select E2 (ESEC) as the Y-axis parameter, and I2 (ISEC)
as the X-axis parameter. Make sure the line graph format and the linear scale are
selected.
19. Observe the curve of secondary voltage versus current. How does the secondary
voltage vary as the capacitive load increases?
As inductive load increases, secondary voltage also increases.
20. What differences do you observe between the three load curves?
As we increase resistive and inductive load, the secondary voltage decrease, but it
increases as we increase the capacitive load.
Paste the Graph here.
21. Ensure that the Power Supply is turned off, the voltage control is fully ccw, and
remove all leads and cables.
Conclusion:
In this experiment, we analyzed the behavior and characteristics of the
electromagnetic system. The results demonstrate the relationship between key
parameters such as voltage, current, and efficiency. Our findings validate theoretical
expectations and highlight any deviations due to practical constraints. Observations
suggest that improving system calibration can enhance performance. Overall, we
successfully completed all its objectives, reinforcing the fundamental principles of
electromagnetic applications.