T1TUTE
R
E A V I C E1 L I F
OF PHARMACY AND TECHNOLOGY,
INSTITUTE
SALIPUR, C¯TTACK, O D I S H A - 7 5 4 2 0 2
ASSIGNMENT
Subject Code: ER20-13T
S u b j e c t N a m e : PHARMACOGNOSY
ALOE VERA#HERB-DRUG INTERACTIONS
DOCUMENTED
CLINICAL
ANDTHEIR
IN THE LITERATURE
SIGNIFICANCES
Submitted by
MANASWINI OJHA
[Link] 1ST YEAR
Rol/Regd. No..23DPH029
Under the Supervision of
Dr. SUJIT DASH
Associate Professor
Institute of Pharmacy and Technology, Salipur
Academic Session: 2023-24
For Office Use
Maximum Marks: Marks Awarded:
Date:
Ssignaturë ngohechar
I N T E R A C T I O N S
ELITERATURE AND THEIR
#HERB-DRUG
ALOE VERA
DOCUMENTED IN THE
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
ABSTRACT of cosmetology.
used in the field
frequently
aday determine
natural product that is now trials are needed to
Aloe vera isa indicationsfor its use.
controlled
clinical uses
are variouS of action and
Though there properties,
mechanism
The aloe vera plant, its
S real efficacy.
are Studied.
INTRODUCTION
for millennia: Greece,
cultures
medicinal purposes in several
used for
Aloe vera has been
Japan and China.
Egypt, India, Mexico, beauty regimes.
Cleopatra used it as part of their regular
Egyptian queens Nefertiti
and
Columbus used it to treat soldiers' wounds.
Christopher
Alexander the Great, and 1655
was a translation by John Goodyew in A.D,
vera in English
The first reference to Aloe Medica.
treatise De Materia
of Dioscorides' Medical
laxative in the United States,
but in the mid
was in use as a
By the early 1800s, Aloevera used to treat chronic and severe
1930s, a turning point occurred when it was successfully
radiation dermatitis.
PLANT
Asphodelaceae
The botanical name of Aloe vera is Aloe barbadensis miller. It belongs to
(Liliaceae) family, and is a shrubby or arborescent, perennial, xerophytic, succulent, pea
green color plant.
It grows mainly in the dry regions of Africa, Asia, Europe and America. In India, it is found
in Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu.
Figure 01 (aloevera plant)
ANATOMY
edges, yellow tubular flowers and
The plant has triangular, fleshy leaves with serrated layers:
fruits that contain numerous seeds. Each leaf is composed of three
amino
water and rest is made of gluComannans,
1)An inner clear gel that contains 99%
vitamins.
acids, lipids, sterols and
anthraquinones and
the bitter yellow sap and contains
) The middle layer of latex which is
glycosides.
protective function and
cells called as rind which has
3) Theouter thick layer of 15-20 responsible for
synthesizes carbohydrates and proteins.
Inside the rind are vascular bundles
(xylem) and starch (phloem).
transportation of substances such as water
contains 75 potentially active
Active components with its properties: Aloe vera
saponins, salicylic acids and
constituents: vitamins, enzymes, minerals, sugars, lignin,
amino acids.
1, Vitamins: It contains itamins A(beta-carotene), Cand E, which are
Antioxidant
antioxidants. It alsO Contains vitamin B12, folic acid, and choline.
neutralizes free radicals.
2. Enzymes: It contains 8 enzymes: aliiase, alkaline phosphatase, amylase,
bradykinase, carboxypeptidase, catalase,cellulase, lipase, and peroxidase.
Bradykinase helps to reduce excessive inflammation when applied to the
skin
topically, while others help in the breakdown of sugars and fats.
3. Minerals: It provides calcium, chromium, copper, selenium, magnesium,
manganese, potassium, sodium and zinc. They are
essential for the proper
functioning of various enzyme systems in different metabolic pathways and few
are
antioxidants.
polysaccharides:
4. Sugars: It provides monosaccharides (glucose and fructose) and
(glucomannans/polymannose). These are derived from the mucilage layer of the
monosaccharide
plant and are known as mucopolysaccharides. The most prominent
are called
is mannose-6-phosphate, and the most common polysaccharides
glucomannans [beta-(1,4)-acetylated mannan]. Acemannan, a prominent
glucomannan has also been found. Recently, a glycoprotein with antiallergic
properties, called alprogen and novel anti-inflammatory compound, C-glucosyl
chromone, has been isolated from Aloe vera
gel.
2
which are phenolic
It provides 12 anthraquinones,
Aloin and emodin act as analgesics,
A n t h r a q u i n o n e s :
5. compounds
traditionally known as laxatives.
antibacterials and antivirals.
B-sisosterol
provides 4 plant steroids; cholesterol, campesterol,
Fatty acids: It anti-inflammatory action
and lupeol also possesses
All these have
andlupeol.
analgesic properties. and have anti.
antiseptic and help inwound healing
gibberelins that
Auxins and
7 Hormones:
inflammatory action.
required amino acids
and 7 of the 8
human
provides 20 of the 22 anti-inflammatory
8. Others: It salicylic acid that possesses
also contains included in topical
essential amino [Link] substance, when
properties. Lignin, an
inert the skin.
and antibacterial effect of the other ingredients into
of the gel and have
penetrative
preparations, enhances about 3%
soapy substances
form
Saponins that are the
properties.
cleansing and antiseptic
MECHANISM OF ACTIONS
polysaccharide, and gibberellin, a
Glucomannan, a mannose-rich thereby
Healing properties: receptors on the fibroblast,
with growth factor
growth hormone, interacts turn significantly increases
collagen
proliferation, which in
stimulating its activity and collagen content of
Aloe vera. Aloe gel not only increased
synthesis after topical and
oral the degree
composition (more type II) and increased
changed collagen the
the wound but also accelerated wound contraction and increased
Due tothis, it
of collagen cross linking. increased synthesis of
hyaluronic acid and
sScar [Link]
breaking strength of resulting oral or topical
in the granulation tissue of a healing wound following
dermatan sulfate
treatment has been
reported.
gamma radiation: Aloe vera
gel has been
exXposure to UV and
Effects on skin not
effect against radiation damage to the skin. Exact role is
reported to have a protective antioxidant protein,
following the administration of aloe vera gel, an
known,but
scavenges hydrOxyl radicals and prevents
metallothionein, is generated in the skin, which reduces the
glutathione peroxidase in the skin. It
suppression of superoxide dismutase and
immunosuppressive cytokines such as
production and release of skin keratinocyte-derived
suppression of delayed type
interleukin-10(IL-10) and hence prevents UV-induced
hypersensitivity.
3
Anti-intlammatory: action: Aloe vera inhibits the cyclooxygenase pathway and reduces
prostaglandin E2 production from arachidonic acid. Recently, the novel anti-inflammatory
from gel extracts.
compounad called C-glucosyl chromone was isolated
the immune system: Alprogen inhibit calcium influx into mast cells, thereby
on
antigen-antibody-mediated release of histamine and leukotriene from mast
Effects
the
previously been implanted with murine sarcoma cells,
inhibiting
study on mice that had
In a
cells..
stimulates the synthesis and release of interleukin-1(IL-1) and tumor necrosis
in
mice, which in turn initiated an immune attack that resulted
a c e m a n n a n
f r o m macrophages in
cells. Several low-molecular-weight compounds
factor
and regression of the cancerous
free radicals from activated
necrosis
also capable of inhibiting the release of reactive oxygen
human neutrophils.
potent laxative. It increases
Laxative effects: Anthraquinones present in latex are a
intestinal peristalsis.
intestinalwater content, stimulates mucus secretion and increases
effects.
Antiviral and antitumor activity: These actions may be due to indirect or direct
Indirect effect is due to stimulation of the immune system and direct effect is due to
anthraquinones. The anthraquinone aloin inactivates various enveloped viruses such as
herpes simplex, varicella zoster and influenza.18 In recent studies, a polysaccharide
fraction has shown to inhibit the binding of benzopyrene to primary rat hepatocytes,
thereby preventing the formation of potentially cancer-initiating benzopyrene-DNA adducts.
An induction of glutathione S-transferase and an inhibition of the tumor-promotingeffects
of phorbol myristic acetate has also been reported which suggest a possible benefit of
using aloe gel in cancer chemoprevention.
Moisturizing and anti-aging effect: Mucopolysaccharides help in binding moisture into
the skin, Aloe stimulates fibroblast which produces the collagen and elastin fibers making
the skin more elastic and less wrinkled. It also has cohesive effects on the superficial
faking epidermal cells by sticking them together, which softens the skin. The amino acids
also soften hardened skin cells and zinc acts as an astringent to tighten pores, Its
moisturizing effects has also been studied in treatment of dry skin associated with
0CCupational exposure where aloe vera gel gloves improved the skin integrity, decreases
appearance of fine wrinkle and decreases erythema. It also has anti-acne effect.
Antiseptic effect: Aloe vera contains 6 antiseptic agents: Lupeol, salicylic acid, urea
nitrogen, cinnamonic acid, phenols and sulfur. They all have inhibitory action on fungi,
bacteria and viruses.
4
FORMULATION
PATANIA)
saundai
aloe vera
figure-03 (labelling)
Figure-02 (Herbal formulations)
CLINICAL USES
data. Though most of these
use of aloe vera is supported mostly by anecdotal
The clinical determine its effectiveness in all
the
controlled trials are essential to
uses are interesting,
following diseases.
uses have been tested in humans or
A. Uses based on scientific evidence: These
animals. Safety and effectiveness have not always been proven.
Conditions: Seborrheic dermatitis, psoriasis vulgaris, genital herpes,
skin burns, diabetes
healing (results of aloe
(type 2), HIV infection, cancer prevention, ulcerative colitis wound
and others
on wound healing are mixed with some studies reporting positive results
showing no benefit or potential worsening,pressure ulcers, mucositis, radiation dermatitis,
acne vulgaris, lichen planus, frostbite, aphthous stomatitis, and constipation.
B. Uses based on tradition or theory: The below uses are based on tradition or scientific
theories. They often have not been thoroughly tested in humans, and safety and
effectiveness have not alvways been proven.
Conditions: Alopecia, bacterial and fungal skin infections, chronic leg wounds, parasitic
infections, systemic lupus erythematosus, arthritis and tic douloureux.
SIDE EFFECTS
Topical: It may cause redness, burning, stinging sensation and rarely generalized
dermatitis in sensitive individuals. Allergic reactions are mostly due to anthraquinones, such
5
applyit to asmall area first to test for possible allergic.
to
harbaloin.
It is best
red
urine, hepatitis, dependency or worsening f
eaton diarhea,
to increase the risk of colorectal Cancer.
cramps, reported
Abdomina/ been potassium levels).
Prolonged
use has imbalances (low
anstipatio.
0al e l e c t r o l y t e
may
cause
known allergy to plants in the Liliaceae
of
Larative
effect
Contraindicated in cases
Contraindication:
during pregnancy due to
r e c o m m e n d e d
Oral aloe
is not breastfeeding
mothers, it may
andin
famijy. b r e a s t f e e d i n g :
PreqnangY
and I c o n t r a c t i o n s ,
infant.
uterine nursing
of in the cre
ofsteroid
stimulation
distress
theoretical gastrointestinal absorption
the
causes increase
the adverse effects
sometime
aloe to
skin may increases
of and may vera
Application effectiveness
Combined
use ofAloe
Interactions:
reduces the effect. sugar
h y d r o c o r t i s o n e .
It potassium
lowering
decreases the blood
as to its It
digitoxin,due
such depletion.
potassium
and isk of insulin.
ofdiqoxin increase the drugs and
may hypoglycemic
could
and
furosemide
interact with
oral Some of them
thus may and uses, required
levels and
properties
spectrum of the studies are
wide controlled
Aloe vera has real magic.
In future,
Thus, though could be
some of them
conditions.
various
be myths and vera under
of Aloe
effectiveness
to prove the
REFERENCES
1990;24:360-2.
[Google
evidence? Pharma
Jr.
is the
Aloe vera gel: What
1. Marshall JM.
Scholar] Scholar]
New York: Vantage Press; [Google
Ascientific approach.
[Link] RH. Aloe vera: remedies.
related
A sensible guide to the use of herbs and
herbal:
[Link] V. The honest Products Press; 1993. [Google
Scholar]
Pharmaceutical
3rd ed. Binghamton, New York:
[Google Scholar]
JPhytother. 1998;4:76-83.
[Link] P. Aloe vera revisited. Br
therapeutic properties. Int J Dermatol.
[Link] M. Aloe vera, its chemical and
1991;30:679-83. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
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6. AthertonP. The essential Aloe vera: The actions and the
Scholar]