Q1. What is meant by research?

Mention some examples that

demonstrate what research is. Q6. Differentiate between qualitative and quantitative research.
Research is a systematic, scientific, and logical investigation Qualitative: Uses words, interviews, and observations; aims for
aimed at discovering new knowledge, verifying existing facts, or deep understanding.
solving specific problems. It involves careful planning, data
collection, analysis, and interpretation to reach valid conclusions. Quantitative: Uses numbers, surveys, and statistics; aims for
Research may be pure (theoretical) or applied (practical). measurable results.

Examples: Q7. What is research process? Mention the limitations of research.

 A medical researcher developing a new vaccine for dengue Research process involves systematic steps: selecting a problem,
prevention. reviewing literature, formulating hypotheses, designing
 A teacher studying the impact of online classes on student methodology, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting
performance. findings.
 An economist analyzing the effects of inflation on the
purchasing power of consumers.
Limitations: Time, cost, data accuracy, bias, and ethical issues.
 A sociologist studying the reasons for rural-to-urban
migration in Bangladesh.
Q8. Deductive and Inductive Research.
Deductive: Starts from theory and tests hypotheses (top-down).
Q2. What are the qualities/criteria of good research? Explain.
 Clear Purpose: The objective of the study should be
Inductive: Starts from observations and builds theory (bottom-
specific, focused, and clearly stated so that readers
up).
understand what the researcher intends to achieve.
 Systematic Process: A good research follows a logical order
— from identifying the problem to reporting findings — Q9. Research Process: Stages of Academic Research Pathways.
ensuring no important step is skipped.  Selecting topic
 Empirical Evidence: The conclusions must be based on  Defining problem
real-world observations and measurable facts rather than  Reviewing literature
assumptions or beliefs.  Setting objectives
 Objectivity: Research should be free from personal bias,  Designing methodology
emotions, or opinions. The researcher must remain neutral  Collecting and analyzing data
throughout the study.  Drawing conclusions
 Reliability and Validity: Results should be consistent  Reporting results
(reliable) and accurately measure what they are supposed
to measure (valid). Q10. Problem Definition: Essential Considerations.
 Ethical Conduct: Honesty, transparency, and respect for  Clarity
participants’ rights are essential to maintain the integrity  Relevance
of the study.  Feasibility
 Precision and Accuracy: Data must be correct, carefully  Data availability
recorded, and analyzed with proper tools to avoid
 Ethical acceptability
misleading results.
 Researcher’s competence
 Contribution to Knowledge: A good research adds new
insights or enhances existing understanding of a topic.
Q11. Define Literature Review. Explain the Literature Process.
A literature review is a survey of existing research related to a
Q3. Why are people motivated to do research?
topic. It identifies what is known, what gaps exist, and how the
 Curiosity: People conduct research to satisfy intellectual new research contributes.
curiosity and explore new knowledge.
 Problem-Solving: Researchers aim to find solutions to
 Identify key concepts
social, scientific, or technical problems.
 Search academic sources
 Innovation and Development: Research encourages
 Read and evaluate
invention and discovery for progress.
 Compare and contrast
 Academic Achievement: Scholars conduct research for
degrees or publications.  Identify gaps
 Professional Growth: Research helps develop expertise  Summarize and write review
and recognition.
 Contribution to Society: Research improves healthcare, Q12. What is Plagiarism?
education, and living standards. Plagiarism means using another’s ideas or words without giving
proper credit. It is unethical and can lead to academic penalties.
Q4. What are the basic operations involved in research?
 Observation: Identifying a problem or issue that needs Q13. What is Theoretical Framework?
investigation. The theoretical framework provides the foundation of research,
 Formulation of Problem: Defining the research problem explaining theories and guiding analysis of variables.
clearly and specifying objectives.
 Hypothesis Development: Creating a possible explanation Q14. Define Independent, Dependent, and Moderating Variables.
or prediction to be tested. Independent Variable: The variable that is manipulated (e.g.,
 Data Collection: Gathering relevant information from study time).
primary or secondary sources.
 Data Analysis and Interpretation: Examining data to find Dependent Variable: The variable that changes as a result (e.g.,
patterns and relationships. test score).
 Conclusion and Recommendation: Drawing findings and
suggesting future directions.
Moderating Variable: A variable that affects the relationship (e.g.,
 Reporting and Presentation: Preparing a report or motivation).
presentation to communicate results.

Q15. What is the relationship between theory and hypothesis?

Q5. Write short notes on:
A theory explains phenomena, while a hypothesis is a testable
Fundamental Research: Expands theoretical knowledge without prediction derived from the theory. Theories generate
immediate practical use. hypotheses, and hypotheses test theories.

Applied Research: Finds practical solutions to specific problems.

Descriptive Research: Describes characteristics or populations

without explaining causes.

Analytical Research: Examines causes and effects based on

existing data.

Quantitative Research: Involves numerical data and statistical

methods.

Qualitative Research: Involves non-numerical data to understand

behavior.