INTRODUCTION

BIOLOGY

Mean :- bios = life/ Livings and logos= study

 Term Biology was coined by - Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus and Jean-

Baptiste Lamarck ( 1800 - 1802 )

 The branch of Science that deals the study of living beings/ life is known
as biology.

 Father of Biology - ARISTOTLE.

BRANCHES OF BIOLOGY

ZOOLOGY BOTANY/ PHYTOLOGY

Mean, Greek zoos =  Mean, Greek , phytons = Plants

Animals and logos = study. and logos = study.

 The branch of Biology that deals  The branch of Biology that deals
with the study of animals is known with the study of plants is known
as Zoology. as Botany/ Phytology.
CHAPTER
 Father – 01
of Zoology- ARISTOTLE.
 Father of Botany THEOPHRASTUS.

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 CHAPTER – 01 LIFE PROCESSES

LIFE PROCESSES
 Those events/ mechanisms which are required to maintain the
life of livings are termed as life processes. e.g. Nutrition,
respiration, circulation, excretion & reproduction.

LIVING BEINGS
 'Living' is something that is alive, something that can grow, move,
reproduce, respire and carry out various cellular activities.

OR

 Those organisms which are alive/ have life are termed as livings/
Living beings. e.g. Bacteria, Fungi, Plants and Animals.

FEATURES OF LIVING BEINGS

1. GROWTH ( The permanent increase/ change in no./ shape/ size of

cell)
2. REPRODUCTION ( The process of giving birth to young ones )
3. METABOLISM ( Sum of all biochemical reaction of body ) i.e.
CATABOLISM+ AMABOLISM
4. CONSIOUSNESS/ RESPOND TO STIMULI
5. DEATH etc……

NUTRITION

 The mechanism of intake of nutrients is known as nutrition.

 Those chemical substances which provide energy for living organisms
are called nutrients. e.g. Carbohydrates, proteins & lipids etc…

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 TYPES OF NUTRITION

AUTOTROPHIC/ HETEROTROPHIC
HOLOZOIC NUTRITION NUTRITION

 Those organisms  Those organisms

which make own food which are not able to
itself in the presence make their own food
of Sunlight and itself and depends to
their foods on another
Chlorophyll from
inorganic materials organisms are called
like CO2 & H2O are heterotrophs and
such kind of Nutrition
called autotrophs and
such kind of Nutrition is called
is called autotrophic Heterotrophic
Nutrition.
nutrition. e.g. All
green plants.

PARASTIC NUTRITION SAPROPHYTIC NUTRITION HOLOZOIC NUTRITION

 A nutrition in which  Obtaining  A type of heterotrophic

the organisms live on nourishment from nutrition that is
or inside the body of the products of characterized by the
their host and derive organic internalization
their food from them breakdown and (ingestion) and internal
without killing their decay substances. processing of gaseous,
e.g. Bacteria and liquids or solid food
host. e.g. Parasites
Fungi. particles. e.g.
such as Ascaris, Lice
Insectivorous plants and
and Human liver fluke.
Animals.

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NOTE : Some plants take their nourishment from other living (insects)
organisms and are unable to make own food itself are called heterotrophic
plants/ insectivorous plants. e.g. Pitcher plant and Venous fly trap plant etc..

PROCESS OF NUTRITION

 The mechanism of nutrition is completed into following 05 steps:-

1. INGESTION
2. DIGESTION
3. ABSORPTION
4. ASSIMILATION
5. EGESTION/ ELIMINATION

INGESTION DIGESTION ABSORPTION ASSIMILATION EGESTION

The The The The mechanism The
mechanism mechanism mechanism of of intake of mechanism
of intake of of transfer of absorbed food of removal of
nutrients/ breakdown digested food and use in undigested
food is of complex material to growth, food/ waste
known is food material the blood repairing/ food material
ingestion. into simple stream/ body healing and is called
water parts through reproduction is egestion/
soluble diffusion/ called elimination.
molecule is osmosis is assimilation.
known as called
digestion. absorption.

DIGESTION

 Polysaccharides Disaccharides/ Monosaccharide’s

 Proteins Amino acid
 Fats/ Lipids Fatty acids + Glycerol’s

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 NUTRITION IN PLANTS
 Plants are autotrophic in nature and make own food itself.
 The mechanism of formation of food from inorganic raw materials
such as CO2 & H2O in the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll is
known as photosynthesis.
 6CO2 + 12H2O C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 6O2
SUNLIGHT

CHLOROPHYLL
 The mechanism of photosynthesis is completed into following 03
steps:-
1. Absorption of Sunlight by chlorophyll.
2. Conversion of light energy into chemical energy and splitting of
H2O into H2 and O2.
3. Reduction of CO2 to carbohydrates.

TRANSPIRATION

The mechanism of loss of water in the form of water vapour through

stomata is known as transpiration.
STOMATA / STOMATAL APPARATUS
 In epidermis of leaves and herbaceous stem minute pores are lies for
exchange of gases and water are termed as stomata.

 Each stomata is made up of 02 kidney shaped cells which contains

chloroplast and nucleus called Guard cells.

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 MECHANISM OF OPENING & CLOSING OF
STOMATA &

STRUCTURE
 Guard cells are covered OF STOMATA
with 2- 3 layered structure of cells termed as
Epidermal cells.

 In the centre of guard cells, a pore present called Stomatal pore which
is responsible for exchange of gases and transpiration.

 The opening and closing of stomata is regulated by guard cells, when the
water enters into the guard cell, they become turgid/ swell up result
stomata become opens and when water moves out the cells become
flaccid result stomata become closed.

 Stomata remains open in day time and become closed in night. Except.
CAM ( Crusslacian Acid Metabolism ) plants.

 K+ play an important role in opening & closing of stomata.

NUTRITION IN ANIMALS

 All animals exhibit heterotrophic nutrition.

NUTRITION IN AMOEBA

 Amoeba exhibit heterotrophic nutrition (Holozoic nutrition).

 It is unicellular organism, here no special organ for nutrition.

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 NOTE:- The mechanism of ingestion and egestion in Amoeba takes place
through entire body surface.

NUTRITION IN HUMAN BEINGS

 Human beings exhibit holozoic nutrition.
 They have special kinds of system for nutrition is termed as
digestive system.

HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

MOUTH BUCCAL GUT/ ALIMENTARY DIGESTIVE

CAVITY CANAL GLANDS

 A small  A narrow part  A long,  These are

opening which runs narrow and exocrine
which has from mouth tubular glands
been guarded to throat is structure participates
with upper & called buccal which runs in digestion.
lower lips cavity. from
called mouth.  It consist, pharynx to
teeth, tongue anus called
and pharynx. gut.

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 BUCCAL CAVITY

1. TEETH
 Human teeth are made up of
calcium and Phosphate and
responsible for cutting,
churning and chewing of
food.
 Human teeth are:-
 THECODONT (embedded into
sockets)
 DIPHYODENT (comes twice
throughout the life.
 First coming teeth are called
"Milk Teeth another called
"Permanent Teeth”.
 HETERODONT (Different
types of teeth are present)

TYPES OF TEETH
1. Incisors (For cutting)
2. Canine (For tearing and churning)
3. Premolars (Chewing)
4. Molars (Chewing)

DENTAL FORMULA
 The numerical representation of the teeth of both jaws is known as
"Dental Formula.

2102 2123
FOR CHILD FOR ADULTS
2102 2123
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DENTAL CARIES
 Cavity / permanent hole or damage of teeth is called Dental caries.

REASONS OF DENTAL CARIES

 Bacterial infection.
 Not proper cleaning.
 Use of sugary drink and food.

2. TONGUE
 A'V' shaped soft structure that forms the floor of buccal cavity is known
as Tongue.
 It is responsible for taste of food and also helps in mixing of saliva in
food.
 The upper surface of tongue is rough due to presence of taste buds /
Papillae.

3. PHARYNX
 A structure which provide common pathway for food and air is pharynx.
 It opens into the food Pipe through gullet while, opens into the wind
pipe through glottis or epiglottis.

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 GUT/ ALIMENTARY CANAL
 A long tubular and hollow structure which runs from pharynx to anus
called gut/ alimentary canal.
 It consist of 9-10 m. long.
 It consist following structures :-
1. OESOPHAGUS/ FOOD PIPE
2. STOMACH
3. SMALL INTESTINE
4. LARGE INTESTINE

1. OESOPHAGUS/ FOOD PIPE

 A long and tubular part which runs from gullet to stomach is known as
Oesophagus.
 These is no digestion of food due to absence of digestive glands.
 This is responsible for temporary storage of food.

EXAM HIGHLIGHTS

 Food in mouth is called Bolus Food in stomach Chyle

called and when food enters into small intestine now called Chyme.
 The movement of food into the alimentary canal due to involuntary
muscles is known as "Peristalsis/ "Peristaltic movement'.

2. STOMACH
 A 'J' shapes structure lies in slightly left side of abdominal cavity...
 It is broadest part of alimentary canal.
 Human stomach consist following structures:-
a) CARDIA
b) FUNDUS
c) BODY
d) PYLORIC
 It opens into the small intestine through Pyloric sphincter (which
prevent the backflow of food)
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 This is a part for storage of food
 The digestion of proteins takes place in it.
 The folded structure of stomach are known as Rugae which helps in the
mixing of gastric juice in food.

3. SMALL INTESTINE

 It is the longest part of alimentary canal and consist about 20 fit long
and 4.8 cm in diameter.
 It considered as small intestine because the diameter is less than large
intestine i.e. 1 inch.
 It consist 3 parts :-
a) DUODENUM
b) JEJUNUM
c) ILLEUM

 It is the complete site for digestion of Carbohydrate, Fats Protein

 The inner membrane of small intestine consist numerous finger like
projections are known as villi of microvilli which increases the surface
area about more than 20 time for absorption of food.
 Liver and Pancreas are opens in small intestine through Hepato-
pancreatic duct.

4. LARGE INTESTINE

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  It considered as large intestine because the diameter i.e. 4.8 cm is more
than small intestine.
 It consist about 2-3 fit long.
 There is no digestion of food, only conditional absorption of water and
minerals takes place here
 It consist about 2-3 fit long.
 There is no digestion of food, only absorption of water and mineral
takes place here.
 It consist 3 parts:-
a) CAECUM
b) COLON
c) RECTUM
 Rectum opens outside the body through a pore called anus for egestion
of food.

NOTE:-The length of small intestine is much longer in herbivores than

carnivores and omnivores due to digestion of cellulose.

DIGESTIVE GLANDS

1. SALIVARY GLANDS
 These are three paired structures which opens to the buccal cavity
through ducts
 They secrete saliva which contain 02 major enzymes.
 Ptylin or salivary Amylase (Responsible for digestion of carbohydrates)
 Lysozyme (Responsible to kill microbes)

NOTE:- The process of

digestion of food is begins
from buccal cavity.

2. GASTRIC GLANDS
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 They are found in Stomach and secrete Gastric juice.
 Gastric juice contains following enzyme:-
 HCl [maintain the acidic medium in stomach and also converts to pro-
enzymes in active form)
 PEPSIN (Digestion of Protein)
 RENIN (Digestion of milk protein i.e. Casein)
 Digestion of protein take place in stomach & also responsible for
absorption of alcohol and drugs.

3. LIVER
 It is largest or largest exocrine gland of the body
 It is bilobed structure to lies in right side of abdominal cavity near to the
stomach.
 It secrete bile juice but don't have any of enzymes kind but play an
important role in digestion of fat because it is responsible for
emulsification of fat.
 The process of breakdown of fats into small particles i.e. micelles is
known as emulsification.
 It opens outside through hepatic duct which later join with Pancreatic
duct and forms hepato-pancreatic duct.

4. PANCREAS

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  A leaf like structure lies in the left side of abdominal cavity between
stomach & intestine.
 It acts as heterocrine gland.
 It secrete pancreatic juice.
 The pancreatic juice consist following enzymes-
 Trypsin (Digestion of Protein)
 Pancreatic amylase (Digestion of carbohydrates)
 Lipase (For digestion of emulsified Fat).

5. INTESTINAL GLANDS
 They secrete intestinal juice/ Succus entericus
 The intestinal juice consist following enzymes:-
 Sucrase
 Maltase
 Dipeptidase
 Nucleosidase etc

SITES OF DIGESTION OF & ABSORPTION

NUTRIENTS

BUCCAL CAVITY OESOPHAGOUS STOMACH SMALL INTE. LARGE INTE.

# Digestion of # No. # Digestion # Digestion # No

Carbohydrate Digestion due of Protein. of digestion.
# Mixing of to absence of carbohydra
# Mixing of #
Salivary digestive -tes, Fats &
Gastric juice. Absorption
amylase and glands. Proteins.
# of water &
digestion of # Max.
Absorption Minerals.
sugar into absorption
maltose. of alcohols &
of food,
drugs.
drugs &
alcohols.

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 RESPIRATION
 The process of oxidation of food and releasing of energy is termed as
respiration.

 It is essential for all living organisms.

 It is a biochemical i.e. catabolic reaction.

 The first step of respiration i.e. Glycolysis is common in both kinds of

respiration.

GLUCOSE PYRUVIC ACID/ PYRUVATE PRODUCTS

TYPES OF RESPIRATION

 On the basis of presence/ absence of O2 there are 02 types of

respiration:-
1. AEROBIC RESPIRATION

 When the process of respiration takes place in the presence of oxygen.

 More energy is produced in this process.

 It consist 02 phases –

a) External respiration.

b) Internal respiration.

2. ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION

 When the process of respiration is occurs in the absence of oxygen or

lack of oxygen is known as anaerobic respiration.

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  Less energy is produced in this process compared than aerobic
respiration. e.g. Human muscles, Liver fluke, Ascaris and Tape worm.
Other organisms – Bacteria and Yeast in human muscles.

C6H12O6 2CH3CH0H. C00H + 2ATP

 During vigorous exercises or physical work our muscles respire with

anaerobic respiration and forms lactic acid, become deposited between
the muscle fibers and the muscles become fail to contract termed as
muscle fatigue or muscle cramp.

 In case of bacteria and yeast – anaerobic respiration is known as

fermentation and alcohol, organic acids and gases are forms.

C6H12O6 2CH3H50H + 2C02

 On the basis of respiratory organs in animals there are following

types of respiration :-

TYPES OF RESPIRATION IN ANIMALS

CUTANEOUS BRONCHIAL TRACHEAL PULMONARY

RESPIRATION RESPIRATION RESPIRATION RESPIRATION

 Exchange  Exchange  Exchange  Exchange

of gases/ of gases/ of gases/ of gases/
respiration respiration respiration respiration
takes place takes place trachea. Lungs/
through through e.g. Insects pulmones.
moist skin. gills. e.g. e.g. Frog &
e.g. Aquatic Terrestrial
Annelids animals animals.
such as such as
Earthworm. fish.

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  EXAM HIGHLIGHTS
I. The respiratory rate in Fish is too much faster than terrestrial animals
because they take dissolve air through gills and the amount of O 2 is less in
water than atmosphere.
II. We need to regular cleaning of aquarium not of ponds/ natural water bodies
due to absence of decomposers.
III. The fishes are died in hot water due to shortage of O2.

RESPIRATION IN PLANTS

 They exhibit aerobic respiration.

 The take O2 at the time of respiration in day & night.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PLANT AND ANIMAL RESPIRATION

[Link]. RESPIRATION IN PLANTS RESPIRATION IN ANIMALS

1. Take at O2 the time of Also take at O2 the time of
respiration. respiration.
2. All the body parts such as root, Have special kinds of organs for
stem & leaves takes participates exchange of gases.
in exchange of gases.
3. Long distance transport of gases Long distance transport of gases is
is absent. present.
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4. Respiratory rate is slower than Respiratory rate is faster than
animals.
RESPIRATION IN ANIMALS animals.

 Most of the animals exhibit anaerobic respiration.

 Various organs are present for exchange of gases in animals.

BREATHING
 In process of inspiration (intake of O2) and expiration (Out take of CO2)
is collectively termed as breathing.

 It is a physical reaction.

 No energy is liberated during this reaction.

 It is completed into following 02 steps :-

A. INSPIRATION
B. EXPIRATION

INSPIRATION

 During this process, the diaphragm moves downward and become flat
result the surface area of the thoracic cavity become increase.

 The intercostals muscles (lies between ribs) contracts and pulls to the
ribs and sternum upward and outward resulting the volume the
thoracic cavity become increase.

 The abdominal muscle become relax and allow the movement of

diaphragm.

EXPIRATION

 The diaphragm become relaxed and making it convex results the

volume of the thoracic cavity become decrease.

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 Internal intercostals muscles become contracts and pulls the ribs
downwards and inwards, and decreases the volume of thoracic cavity.

 The abdominal muscle become contract, compresses the abdomen and

pushes the diaphragm to upward.

PATHWAY OF AIR TRANSPORT IN HUMANS

NOSTRIL

NASAL CAVITY

INTERNAL NARES

PHARYNX & GLOTTIS

LARYNX & TRACHEA

BRONCHI & BRONCHIOLES

ALVEOLAR DUCT

ALVEOLI

BLOOD

TISSUE/ CELL

BREATHING RATE

 The breathing of inspiration and expiration per minute is referred as

breathing rate.

 In adults 14-18 times/ min or 12-16 times/min.

 In child from birth to1 year 30-60 times/minute.

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 HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
 Those organs of the human body which takes participates in the
respiration and breathing are known as respiratory organs and
collectively termed as respiratory system.

 It consist following respiratory organs :-

HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

NOSE PHARYNX TRACHEA LUNGS/ PULMONES

 It is  Glottis  It is long tubular part

cartilagino pharynx open which is made up of
us into the cartilage, so also known as
structure larynx by a cartilaginous structure.
which is slit like
 Cartilage occurs in ‘C’
supported structure/
shape, prevents the
by nasal opening is
collapsing of trachea and
bone. known as
known as cartilaginous
glottis which
 It consist rings.
have a
following
cartilaginous  It’s terminal and divides
parts -
structure into 02 branches, known
A. Nostrils/e known as as bronchi and enters into
xternal epiglottis that each lung.
nares prevent the
entry of food
B. Nasal into food
cavity pipe.
C. Internal  Larynx or
nares/por sound box
e

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 A. NOSTRILS

 The holes of the nose are known as nostrils

which opens into the nasal cavity.

B. NASAL CAVITY

 The narrow space of the nose is known as nasal cavity.

 Both cavities are separated by a cartilaginous structure is termed as

nasal septum.

 The inner surface of the nasal cavity has hair which are responsible for
filtration of air.

 This region also has olfactory receptors (for smell)

 It is also consist mucus glands and their secretion prevent the entry of
microbes.

C. INTERNAL NARES

 The cavity is opens into the nasopharynx

with the help of 02 pores are known as

internal nares.

LUNGS / PULMONES

 They are protected by ribcages.

 A pair of lungs is lies in the thoracic cavity (Chest region)

 Each lung is enclosed in 02 membranes is known as Pleurae which is

filled with a fluid known as pleural fluid, (secreted by Pleurae), that

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 lubricates to the pleurae and lungs so that may slide over each other
without friction during breathing.

 The right lung is bigger than left.

 The left lung consist a small notch, heart lies in this region termed as
cardiac notch.

 The left lung consist 02 lobes while right lung consist 03 lobes.

 Each bronchus is enters into each lungs which is divides into numerous
branches are known as Bronchioles.

 The bronchioles are opens into alveolar duct which terminates in

expanded passes and leads into alveolar sac in a balloon – like structure
known as alveoli which is structural and functional unit of the lungs and
maximize surface area for exchange of gases.

 Both Lungs consist about 300 millions alveoli which covers the area of
tennis court (80m2).

NOTE :-

 The amount of air that inspired or expired during normal breathing is

referred as tidal volume i.e. 500ml.

 Alveoli are thin walled structure and are richly supplied with blood
vessels for exchange of gases.

TRASPORTATION/ TRANSPORT

 The mechanism of transport of substances such as food, water and other

elements from one body part to another body part/ one cell to another
cell is termed as transport/ transportation and the conducting elements
are called vascular tissue.
 The mechanism of transport of plant & animal is different.

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 TRANSPORT IN PLANTS
 There are two types of complex vascular tissue in plants for transport of
food and water in plants :-

1. PHLOEM

2. XYLEM

1. PHLOEM

 It conducts to the organic food material inside the body of plant in both/
multiple direction.

 It is living tissue and exhibit multidirectional transport of food.

 It is made up of 4 types of cells :-

i. SIEVE TUBE

ii. COMPANION CELL

iii. PHLOEM PARENCHYMA

iv. PHLOEM FIBRES

i) SIEVE TUBE

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  Elongated, tubular structures which is made up of several cells are
known as Sieve tubes.
 These are connected to each other end to end. Each end is connected
with the end of another sieve tube through a perforated plate is
called SIEVE PLATE.
 Nucleus is absent so they have only cytoplasm. Except. Younger cells.
 Sieve tube in non-flowering plants are narrow and remains
separated to each other.

ii. COMPANION CELL

 Elongated and narrower cells which are thin walled called Companion
cells.
 They lie at the sides of sieve tubes and are closely associated with
Plasmodasmata.
 It regulates the activities of sieve tubes for maintaining transport of
food.

Q. How gymnosperms become different angiosperms in respect of

transport.

ANSWER. Gymnosperms have only tracheids for transport of water and lack
of xylem vessels and they have albuminous cell instead of companion cell.

iii. PHLOEM PARENCHYMA

 These are living elongated cells.
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 iv)
 They store food, PHLOEM
latex resin [Link]

 These are cylindrical in shape which

occurs in the form of sheet .

 They provides mechanical support.

2. XYLEM ( Wood )

 Responsible for transport of water and minerals and exhibit

unidirectional transport i.e. Upward.

 It is non- living tissue.

 It is composed of 04 types of cells :-

i. TRACHEIDS

ii. XYLEM VESSELS

iii. XYLEM FIBRES

iv. XYLEM PARENCHYMA

i)TRACHEIDS

 Long and elongated structure which is tapered at both ends with wide
lumen is called Tracheids.

 They have hard and lignified cell walk.

 Circular/ polygonal in shape.

 They conducts water & minerals in

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 Gymnosperms and Angiosperms. ii) XYLEM
VESSELS

 Long and tubular structures which

keep remains open at both ends are
known as Xylem vessels.
 Cell wall is thick and lignified.
 Responsible for conduction of
water and minerals only in
Angiosperms.

iii) XYLEM FIBRES

VESSELS
 These are sclerenchymatous fibres

associated with xylem.

 Provide mechanical strength to the plant body.

iv) XYLEM PARENCHYMA

VESSELS
 It is small and living structure.

 Cells are thin/ thick walled structure.

 Responsible for storage of food.

PATHWAY OF WATER TRANSPORT

VESSELS

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 TRANSPORT IN
ANIMALS
VESSELS
 Animals have blood, heart, blood vessels and other tissue for transport
of air, food and other substances.
 They have special kind of system for transport is called circulatory
system.
 Various animal have different kinds of vascular/ circulatory system.

HUMAN CICULATORY SYSTEM

 Circulation is firstly discovered by William Harvey.

 Human circulatory system is made of following components:-
1. FLUID TISSUE (Blood & Lymph)
2. BLOOD VESSELS
3. HEART
 The transport of materials from one place to another place in a
systematic manner is known as circulation.

NOTE:-
1. Fishes have 02 chamered heart and single circulation. circulation.
2. Amhibians have 03 chambered (02 atrium & 01 ventricle) with single circulation.
Except. Crocodile (04 chambered heart)
3. Birds and mammls have 04 chambered heart (02 atrium & 02 ventricle) with
double circulation.

BLOOD

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  Blood is a fluid connective tissue, responsible for transport of materials
from one body part to another body part.
 It is red in colour due to Haemoglobin (respiratory pigment).
 Amount of Haemoglobin (Hb) in female – 12-14 gm/100ml
 Amount of Haemoglobin (Hb) in male – 14-16 gm/100ml
 Forms in red bone marrow.

COMPONENTS OF BLOOD

PLASMA ( 55 % ) CORPUSCLES/ FORMED

ELEMENTS ( 45% )
 Fluid part of blood.

 Contains inorganic, organic substances, water,

minerals and clotting proteins etc.

 90-92 per cent of plasma is water.

 Fibrinogen FOR coagulation of blood.

 Globulins FOR defense mechanisms and

 Albumins FOR osmotic balance

RBCs WBCs/ PLATLETS/

/ERTHRYOCYTES LEUCOCYTES THROMBOCYTES

 Bi-concave/ circular  5000 - 9000/ mm3.  1.5 lakh - 04 lakhs/

in shape. mm3.
 Forms in yellow bone
 Nucleus is absent. marrow.  Life span one week.

 Life span 120 days.  Have nucleus.  Nucleus is also

absent.
 4.5 - 5 million/ mm3.  Provide immunity to
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 Life span 01 week.
marrow. Responsibleguruedotonicclasses2015@[Link]
for transport of gases,  Responsible for
nutrients and toxic blood clotting.
 WBCs
LEUCOCYTES

GRANULOCYTES AGRANULOCYTES

 Have granules.
 Without granules.

EOSINOPHILES BASOPHILES NEUTROPHILES MONOCYTES LYMPHOCYTES

 Most
phagocytic in  e.g. B-

nature. lymphocytes
& T-
lymphocytes.

BLOOD GROUP
 Firstly discovered by KARL LANDSTEINER in 1900 and at this time
blood groups are 03 types :- A, B & O.

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  Later in 1902, blood group AB was discovered by " CASTELLO & STEINI
".

S. NO. BLOOD GROUPS ANTIGENS ANTIBODIES GENOTYPE PHENOTYPE

1. A A b À À À 0
I I /I I Dominant

2. B B a B B B 0
I I /I I Dominant

3. AB AB NIL À B
I I Co-
dominance
(Universal
Recipient)

4. O NIL a&b 0 0
I I Recessive

(Universal OR
Donor)
ii

FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD
 Transport of food materials and respiratory gases.

 Transport of hormones & excretory products.

 Maintains of body temperature.

 Defense mechanism.

 Prevent excessive blood loss etc.

LYMPH

 It is a colourless fluid containing specialized Lymphocytes

which are responsible for the immune system of the body.

 It is also an important carrier for nutrient and hormones etc.

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  An elaborate network of vessels carry/ collect this tissue i.e. lymph are
termed as lymphatic vessels.

 Exchange of nutrients & gases etc between the blood and the cells
always occurs through this fluid.

DIFFRENCE BETWEEN ARTERIES & VEINS

[Link]. VEINS ARTERIES

1. Moves towards the heart. Moves away from the heart.
2. Collects blood from body organs. Distributes blood to the body
organs.
3. Blood pressure is low. Blood pressure is high.
4. Valves are present. Valves are absent.
5. Carry deoxygenated blood, Carry oxygenated blood, except
except pulmonary vein. pulmonary artery.
6. Veins start in blood capillaries. Arteries end in capillaries.
7. They can be seen They are deep seated.
subcutaneously.
8. They collapse when there is now They do not collapse when
blood in it or cut across. there is no blood in it.
9. Veins are further divided into Arteries are further divided into
venules. arterioles.
10. Veins are usually flattened or They are round and relatively
collapsed with thin walls. thick walled.
11. Veins have large lumen. Arteries have small lumen.
12. Veins are bluish in-colour. Arteries are reddish in colour.
13. Veins show sluggish movement Arteries show spurty movement
of blood. of blood giving pulse.
14. If venous wall is injured, blood If arterial wall is injured, the
comes out, collects in a pool in a blood comes-out like a fountain
small area around in. in a large are all around the
artery.

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 CAPILLARIES

 Arteries and veins are large structure,

So they are not able to reach each body

cell arteries and veins are divides into

many fine branches called Capillaries

which carry both oxygenated and well

as deoxygenated blood.

HEART

 A ventral hollow and muscular structure which lies slightly to left side
of thoracic cavity in cardiac notch is known as heart.

 Human heart is Myogenic.

 It consist about 12 cm long.

 Act as pump so also called

pumping organ.

 The weight of heart become vary

in male and female :-

 In male - 300 - 350 gm.

 In females - 250 - 300 gm.

STRUCTURE OF HUMAN HEART

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 It is conical in shape and consist

02 major parts :-

1. Base ( Upper broad part )

2. Apex ( Lower part )

 Heart is protected by a 02 layered structure is termed as Pericardium,

filled with Pericardial fluid in Pericardial cavity.

 Pericardium protect to the heart

from injuries and fluid acts as
shock absorber.
 Human heart is four chambered
structure
with consist :-
 02 Atria / Auricles
 02 Ventricles.
 Left atrium is smaller than right
atrium.
 They receive blood from veins.
 They are thick walled.
 The wall of right ventricle is thinner
than left ventricle.
 The contraction of heart is initiated
and activated by SA - Node So, also
known as pacemaker. The SA
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 (sinoatrial) node generates an
electrical signal that causes the
upper heart chambers (atria) to
contract.
1. TRICUSPID VALVE - Located between the right atrium and the right
ventricle.
2. MITRAL VALVE - Located between the left atrium and the left ventricle.
3. PULMONARY VALVE - Located between the right ventricle and the
pulmonary artery.

EXAM HIGHLIGHTS
BREATHING

 The mechanism of contraction of heart is called Systole.

 The mechanism of relaxation of heart is called Diastole.

HEART BEAT

 The mechanism of systole and diastole are collectively known as

heartbeat. It consist about 0.8 sec.

HEART BEAT RATE

 The mechanism of systole and diastole/ minute is called heart beat rate.

Heart beat rate = Time in sec/ Cardiac cycle

= 60/ 0.8 = 72-75 times/ minute.

HEART SOUNDS

 During heart beat, 02 sounds are produced which are heard by using of
STETHOSCOPE are known as heart sounds.
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 HEART SOUNDS

LUB (S1) DUB (S2)

 Produced due to the Produced due to the closing

closing of bicuspid of semilunar valves ( aortic
and tricuspid valves. & pulmonary valves ).

BLOOD PRESSURE

 Systolic and Diastolic pressures are collectively known as blood

pressure.

 The maximum pressure on the wall of arteries is termed as Systolic

pressure i.e. 120 mmHg.

 The minimum pressure in the arteries at the time of relaxation of heart

and dilation of ventricles is termed as Diastolic pressures i.e. 80 mmHg.

BP = 120/ 80 mmHg.

 It is measured by " SPHYGMOMANOMETER ".

PULSE
 The rhythmic contraction and relaxation in the arteries is referred as
pulse.

 The pulse is generally taken by radial artery.

 Pulse rate = 72 - 75 time/ minute.

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 DOUBLE
CIRCULATION

 Systemic and pulmonary

circulation are collectively

called double circulation.

 The transport of blood from

right atrium to left ventricle through

pulmonary system is called

pulmonary circulation.

 The transport of blood from left

ventricle to right atrium through

various kinds of blood vessels is called systemic circulation.

ADVANTAGES OF DOUBLE
CIRCULATION

 Remains separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.

 Helps in transport of O2 and CO2 etc.

EXCRETION

 The process of removal of toxic nitrogenous wastes, forms during

metabolic activities is known as excretion.

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  Those organs which are takes participates in excretion are called
excretory organs like Kidneys, lungs & skin etc.

 Plants have no special organs for excretion, stomata (non-woody plants)

and lenticles (lenticles) play an important role in excretion.

 Animals have various kinds of excretory organs for removal of toxic

nitrogenous wastes.

TYPES OF ANIMALS
o On the basis of excretory products
there are following types of animals :-

AMMONOTELIC URICOTELIC UREOTELIC GUANOTELIC

 Excretory  Excretory  Excretory  Excretory

product is product is Uric product is Urea. product is
ammonia. acid. Guanine.
 Less toxic than
 More toxic.  Less toxic than Ammonia.  Less toxic than
Urea. Urea.
 More water  Less amount of
required for  Less amount of water required  Less amount of
elimination. e.g. water required for their water required
Aquatic animals for their elimination.. for their
& tadpole of frog elimination.. elimination.e.g.
etc.  Kidneys involves Arachnids like
 Kidneys involves in excretion. .e.g. scorpions and
in excretion. e.g. Terrestrial spiders etc.
Insects, reptiles animals & frog
and birds etc. etc.

HUMAN EXCRETORY SYSTEM

 Human excretory system have following excretory organs :-

i. KIDNEYS

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 ii. URETERS

iii. URINARY BLADDER

iv. URETHERA
i) KIDNEYS
 These are paired structure which are situated backside of abdominal
cavity on each side of median line ( Vertebral column ).

 These are bean shaped structure which are dark red/ brown colour.

 The notch ( Concave ) of kidney is called Hilum ( region where blood

vessels, nerves, ureters enters in this region ).

 Each kidney consist about 11 cm long, 05 cm width & 03 cm thick.

 It consist about 130 - 150 gm weight.

 In female - 135 gm

 In male - 155 gm

 Kidneys are protected by last 02 ribs/

floating ribs.

 Each kidney is enclosed by a layer is

termed as Renal Capsule.

 Each kidney consist 02 major parts :-

I. Outer dark part - Cortex.

II. Inner light part - Medulla.

 Chambers of the kidney through which urine passes into ureters called
Renal Calyx.

 The center of kidney of called Renal pelvis.

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 Each kidney consist 08-10 conical structures called renal pyramids
which have nephrons.

 Each kidney consist about 10 lakhs nephrons which are structural &
functional unit of the kidney.

ii)URETERS

 A tubular part which arises from the hilum of kidney is called ureter.

 It consist about 25 - 30 cm long.

 These are narrow whitish structure and made up of transitional

epithelium.

iii) URINARY BLADDER

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 Ureters are opens into a pear - shaped muscular sac- like structure is
called urinary bladder.

 It lies in pelvic region.

 It is guarded with sphincter.

 It stores urine and capacity is 700 ml.

iv) URETHERA
 Ureters are opens into a pear - shaped muscular sac- like structure is
called urinary bladder.

 It lies in pelvic region.

 It is guarded with sphincter.

 Internally, it is trigonal in shape.

It stores urine and capacity is 700 ml.

NEPHRON

 These are structural and functional unit of kidney.

 Each kidney consist 01 million nephron.

STRUCTURE OF
NEPHRON

 It consist following structures :-

A. MALPIGHIAN BODY/ CORPUSCLES

B. RENAL TUBULES
A. MALPIGHIAN BODY/
CORPUSCLES
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  The part of nephron which
have Bowman's capsule and
Glomerulus is termed as
Malpighian body.
 It consist following
structures:-
I. GLOMERULUS
II. BOWMAN’S CAPSULE
I. GLOMERULUS

 A bunch of capillaries which lies in the Bowman's capsule is called

glomerulus.

 Filtration of blood takes place in this region.

 Blood comes in this region through afferent arteriole and leaves out
through efferent arteriole.
II. BOWMAN'S CAPSULE

 A cup like double layered structure is called Bowman's capsule.

B. RENAL TUBULES

 A long tubular part of nephron is termed as renal tubule.

 It consist 03 major parts :-

i. PCT ( Proximal Convulated tubule )

ii. LOOP OF HENLE

iii. DCT ( Distal Convulated tubule )

 The proximal part of tubule where Bowman's capsule is opens called

PCT. 70 - 90% reabsorption takes place here.

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 U- shaped structure of renal tubule which have ascending & descending
loops/ limbs is called loop of Henle. It consist 02 parts.

a) DESCENDING LIMB OF LOOP OF HENLE

b) ASCENDING LIMB OF LOOP OF HENLE

 Posterior part of loop of Henle where ascending limb is opens called

DCT.

 It is connected with collecting ducts.

FUNCTION OF KIDNEYS/
NEPHRONS/ URINE FORMATION

 There are 03 major functions of nephrons :-

1. ULTRAFILTRATION/GLOMERULAR FILTRATION/FILTRATION

2. SELECTIVE REABSORPTION

3. TUBULAR SECRETION

1. ULTRAFILTRATION

 The BP is very high in the glomerular capillaries So, useful and toxic
substances are transferred to the Bowman's capsule through a semi-
permeable membrane is called filtration and the substance or material
is called glomerular filtrate.

 It occurs in glomerulus.

2. SELECTIVE REABSORPTION

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 The glomerular filtrate is enters firstly into the lumen of Bowman's
capsule and then transferred to the PCT.
 Useful substances are transferred to the blood by passive and active
transport is called selective reabsorption.
 It occurs in tubular part of nephron.

3. TUBULAR SECRETION

 The process of removal of toxic substances from the DCT into collecting
ducts is called tubular secretion and now it is said to be urine.

ARTIFICIAL KIDNEY/
HEMODIALYSIS

 The process removing of toxic substances/ nitrogenous waste products

from the blood through a dialyzer is called hemodialysis.

 The artificial kidney/ dialyzer contains number of long tubes covered by

a selectively permeable membrane suspended in a solution which has
the same concentration/ osmotic pressure as that of blood.

 Blood drained from our convenient artery is pumped into a dialysing

unit after adding an anticoagulant like heparin.

 When impure blood is passed into the machine the waste product are
filtered out into the outer solution ( dialyzing fluid ) as nitrogenous
waste are absent in dialyzing fluid, these substances freely moves out
thereby clearing the blood.

 The cleared blood is pumped back to the body through a vein after
adding anti- heaprin to it.

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 It has similar function of kidney but it is different since there is no
reabsorption involved.

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