The digital stut thl.
tan be analysed oith the hdlp
Booleaw alaebx i salled a Aogic-gates. ogc-ciauit
Adigital Conpulen porBgs Comliated opsatioa ty
interannetting onye iD. attdheb called Ingiegates
Jhence these are alo kroo as the building bock
OF Logic-Gatek
BaAic UnNensal Dtheh
AND NAND Ex-DR
OR NOR Gx- NOR
TRUTH TABLE
Futh table is a fable ahich delmel theinat-autpt
ltion e a poiulat Sombinaton ngc-gotes
Quput =2"
Numben inqut bits
Date.
Page..
Tning agat
Rsaadganatic seplertati1 f input and
It has to
túo levela antput.
namely kaw
namy and high
Low andl.
Low level - >
T2
T3
T2 T3
BASIC GATES
AND G1ATE
but cly.
AnAND
gate
Qne
puts [Link]
= AB ’ A AND B
y= A.R
A
Date.
Page.
Tuth Table en 3 inpts AND gte
opnation AND gade ath pulsenput
-A
B
Date.
Page.
A
2 OR Gyate
An oR gate has o on Me
ail the tte ingts ae ous (ie.=0), cutput
alooue
the inputis tighcie-d
A YAtB
2-ingut OR goteàs eyiyalet do to oitches in
ponale!
’hern the Aotches s oN, the ccit
Date.
Page.
cpeation f oR gnte coith pulse inputs
fiwe shos tooo Varidbe oR gate oith autout .
The autpudt is high ong t the too inputs ia High
3 NOT GIATE -
A NOT gade also Knoan ad Neten has anly ane ingut
and ne autpt iyna Tt
Ae =A
A
Ao
with paie -ingu 1sDnde,.
Date.
Page.
DNTVERSAL GaTES
44 NAND GÁTE -
NAND NOR
No1
AND 2
OR 3 2
XOR 5
XNOR6 4
A
A.B.C
A NAND gade i a Commbinaton
Nete AND gate cinel
LAND sate 4olloed by inyenten)
Tt haA oo (an mehe inptigals and any ane
mut be
high to a leue dtrat.
A.B.C ABC
AQ
Date.
Page.
5NOR Giale
A
B A+B}C
NoR godte i a Conbination at oR yete amd NaT
gate.
All the nputs mut be ous to t a high cutt
Bc
e
|
Date.
Page.
busile OR Ex-oR , XOR
xOR(EOR Qn EXOR) gate s a digital dogic
a
that gies a taue (Lßr High outt ushen thenno
dçenpts
haue qn odd numbeh ones
A AB
AB
y=AB = AB+AB AXoR B
T both A and B ae o , the aatout
high the outpat is high
Aoi
TRuth- Table
Ecusive NOR GateXNDR on BXNOR et
The XNOR gate t aa digtal Jogic gate shose fuctina
the aca> Camplenment the ExoR
A - Y= AB
A OB A.B+ A8
AB
B YAB+ A.B= (AHB).(A+B)
OR
Aß
ABtA.B =AB(AtB)
3
Page.
AIglicationda kogic- ates
ane ed in ush button Aitches
O They
O
hey cne basially used in tircuts invaling
canpttjon and"psocesg
NAND gates ane ledin blz and alanm
and CMOSciscwtay
ahe albo Nerm uLeul in automatic wateire
system and eadeb thenmostat
Tt has many applicationA in miDatalns,
micnproeisant electonic ond electical icutts
aod embedded Ayetem anplicahoni
NAND NoR
NoT
2 AND
OR AtB (2
XOR (AB+ ADo
[Link] sABIAB
A
pLerÁ.e
St XOR (AB).(hHB) 9 b AB
Date.
Page.
ONCEPT Ô RIMEIMPLTHN
Raliing xOR gate uing NAND gate
GORChoe
A
A B
B
A+8
NAND Gate
A8
4 A
ABY
A+8
A
N
(oishilktyeJac)
e 2 êtÀÅ = =(Atp) (At6)= (A+B) a
B,AB = Bt AB B+AB = (B+8). (B+A) =(A+B
fos NAND AtB). LA+ B) (A+6) t CAB)
gate 4
-A.ß+ÃB
Standd
Aogic tunctioss ane expsesed in tems o Jogicad sajabe
The Jalies asLmed by the Jngic
ngic tunchons"
unchons as cell as toe
Aoje hniab)les ahe n the binciry tonm.
Any aitang og nuton can be expselsed in the
Sun-a-pnducts tabnm (sop)
COP FOm POS Fosm
-f(A,B,)= As+BC 9) f (A,B,)= (A+B), (8t)
=[Link])+Bcx= (A+8+6).(B+tt SA.a.=b7
A.8(c+C)+ B.c (A+A)
-(A+6tc). (aD+t.(G+c+A). (erA)
f (ABA6cAeChABcHAêC) (A+B+c)A+B+Ae+c)(AH6
Standavel Sop
maxtem& (M
CanoriGatSop) f(A,s,)= Moe My. Me. Ma
FCAe,)= mjt mztmgtn
CABo=Em ( 23,5)
a,8cTM(O46,1)
4 It Shoon by m oithS.N Tt oun by M with T.
consde A=0, A=1
KARNAWGH MAP (K-MAP
Kaunaugh Map is a grahical hepsesentotion used on
Simplityig the Bolean expsessions.
kemap iss a heplacement poolean algebra.
Fon a Bcolegn expsession
yunber a cels ncquiged consisting
in kma
q nvaiaoles ,
KMap s based on Gny Code (Unit clistance ode)
KMap is based an thnee types a nput
Lo,i dont case (x,d)] alues i.e
We Can g3cup ,2,4,6 ---2n cells
Each hould be as
Oppost gouping qnd Caxner guping alloaed
4
shold be as teu possibe
Glacup luil e etial cH Husl3ontal at ant be
diapinaly
Giyaus an be temtd asas octet uad and pai
Date...
Page.
OTwo- Vasiable k-Map.
B A.B B
AB (o) A JAB |AB
() A A8AB
mi
4B
(m2m3
2 AB
1 lAB
1hee- Vaiabe k Map
mo m) O)mi m
lo|m2m
4-Nauable Binary rpedenn
|o -QO00 2-oo
D), MA ms ma Me 3-|0
200l0
bm8mal mu m
4-olO0
9 - 100|
O
+8)
fA,B)
M2,3) (AB)= T f
=1) (A=O,A Fon PO.S
fCAg)
ABB =
)
8 A
A
fCA,B)=
AB+
f(AB=m
(o3)
B)B fCA
B f(AB
AB+AB fCA,B=
a Bolean Solution
by
(B À Sol"
(o2) =m f(AB)
Form SoP MAp yarúableK 2-
Page.
Date.
Date.
Page.
) f(A,B = IT M (O,2)
fCA,B
3- Vaable k-Map
m M2
fCA,6c)=Sm C36,1)
00
(A)o 2
fA, e,c) - AC+ Ap
fCA,B) r }m(o,l,5,6,7)
ABC
o
f(A6,c)= Â8+Ac+AB
fie,B,) = B+Bc+AB
Date.
Page..
4-Vaxiable kMap
ABD
mo m) m2
my ms m6
ma m mp
fCAB, CD) = Sm (o, 2,3,1, Il,13,14 15)
ARCD
AB
O)
[AB]
CA6Dl
A f(AB,C,D)= CD+ABD+ABC+ ABD
9)tCAB,C,D) = Sm (O,2,3,51,8, l0, 1, 14, /s
Ay
A f(A,8,CD) = cD+Ac+BD+ABD
Date.
Page.
f(AB,CL=ym (o2,3,4 i6,7,8,10, 12, 13,14)
AB
A
D CD
CAB)IO|
fCA,B,C,D)= p+ Ãc + ABC
) f (AsC, D) = Sm G23,5,1,8,9, ll, 4)
ABD
ABCG)
AB
A
a(
AD
ABCD
Date.
Page..
RO.S LPoduct of sSumJ KMap
Consder
A
A+BAtB MO M1
M2
9fCALe) = TM(o 2) Realise it wing Kok gt
A
CA B)= B.A
AtB ALB =A.B = A.B
A
)fXy,z)= T (o, 2,5, 1)
So)
CA)
fCXSR= (A+c)(A+)= (H+2)
Page.
f CA,B.C,D) TM (46lO2 13,15)
AB
CAB) OO|
CAB) Oo
(AB) LO
fArBkiD)= (A+B +D).(A+b+) (A+B +D) AHBtt0)
ofA,6,c)= (At B4C-+D). (A+t B), C
(B+c). (B+) (AtB (B4D)
Also zealis it sng NoR gatt
A+X=
ith o erbËe
OAtBtD) A=0, ß= 0, ( L D=I
(A+c4D)
(A+e+T4D) A=LB= 0, C=L,p=
(B+c)
B= L,
(A4B)
B= i D=|
O0
to
Jhe miimi sed expseion is en
CiD) = B}C+D)(A+D)
fCAB,
B=B
f(A,c.D)
D
A+D Co+(T+D) + (A+5)
D
B"(o+D)" (A+D)
B.(a+D) (A+Ð)
Date.
Page.
) F o 4 ) = IM (0,2,b17,8,I0,12,3)
ol
(w7)0|
F(O, X92) = 2)(wtt)(tty)
elausing andAaoleangnctionin
9)lSinglity he iducts"
Sum o priduct
FCA,B,C=(ol,2, 5,8,9,1)
CSoP) os
ABD o1
tt oe
FAB4D)= BD+BC+ ACD FA,6,D)=(B+)lB+c) (A+c+D
Date.
Page.
F Pa,R,)= TIM(4156,1,3,12,B), d 2,3,9,llL,14
PG
Ho
-
FC.a,RS=(ta) P+R) an (A+B) A+)
F(AB,C D)= 1|(M,3,1,10,||,14IS).dlo25,9, B)
AB
CAB) 00XHo
X
ello
FAB,C,D)= (B).(+Z)