Dynamic Test:
Creep-Fatigue
Prepared by:Menna Sherif
Registration No.:251008063
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Content
[Link] Test
1.1 Definition
1.2 Sample Dimension
1.3 Machine Test
1.4 Test Procedure
1.5 Results and Equations
[Link] Test
1.1 Definition
1.2 Sample Dimension
1.3 Machine Test
1.4 Test Procedure
1.5 Results and Equations
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Creep Test
1.1 Definition:
A creep dynamic test (also known as a cyclic creep test) is a
materials engineering procedure that evaluates how a
material deforms slowly and permanently under repeated
(cyclic) mechanical stress over time. Dynamic tests stimulate
real-world conditions involving fluctuating loads, such as
vibrations or alternating forces in applications like engines,
turbines, or structural components.
1.2 Sample Dimension:
Creep tests, including dynamic variants, use standardized
specimen geometries to ensure reproducible results under
controlled stress, temperature, and time conditions.
Dimensions vary by material type (e.g., metals, polymers),
test method (uniaxial tensile, compression, or shear), and
standards, but they are designed to minimize edge effects
and allow accurate strain measurement.
Common Dimensions for Uniaxial Tensile Creep Tests:
These are the most prevalent for metals and alloys, as per
ASTM E139 (Standard Test Methods for Conducting Creep-
Rupture, and Stress-Rupture Tests of Metallic Materials):
Diameter (or width for flat specimens): 5–10 mm (e.g.,
6.35 mm for many steels).
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Gauge length (the central section where strain is
measured): 25–50 mm (e.g., 25.4 mm for standard tests).
Total length: 100–200 mm, including threaded ends for
gripping.
Shape: Cylindrical rods or dog-bone (hourglass) profiles to
concentrate stress in the gauge section.
For dynamic creep tests (cyclic loading), similar dimensions
apply, but specimens may be shorter to fit fatigue testing
machines, with added features like notches for stress
concentration if needed (per ASTM E606 for fatigue).
Variations by Material and Test Type:
Polymers or Composites: Thinner specimens (e.g., 2–5 mm
diameter) to account for lower strength; gauge lengths of
10–25 mm.
Compression Creep: Cylindrical samples with height-to-
diameter ratios of 1:1 to 2:1 (e.g., 10 mm diameter × 20 mm
height).
Shear Creep: Rectangular or annular shapes, often 10–20
mm in relevant dimensions.
Miniaturized Tests: For high-throughput or in-situ studies,
dimensions can be scaled down to 1–3 mm, but these
deviate from standards and require calibration.
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1.3 Machine Test:
Machines Used for Creep Testing
Creep testing machines are specialized equipment designed to
apply controlled stress to a specimen over extended periods
(hours to years) while monitoring deformation, often at elevated
temperatures. They simulate real-world conditions like those in
engines or structures. The most common type is a uniaxial creep
testing machine, which can be tensile (pulling) or compressive
(pushing), based on standards like ASTM E139 or ISO 204.
Key Components and Setup
Frame and Loading System: A rigid steel or alloy frame with
hydraulic, mechanical, or servo-electric actuators to apply
constant or cyclic (dynamic) loads. Loads range from 1 kN to
1000 kN, depending on the machine size.
Furnace or Environmental Chamber: Encloses the specimen to
maintain temperatures up to 1200°C (e.g., using resistance
heaters or induction coils). Crucial for accelerating creep in
metals.
Load Cell and Extensometers: Measure applied force (accuracy
±0.1%) and strain (elongation or compression) via contact or
non-contact sensors (e.g., LVDTs or laser systems).
Control System: Computerized software logs data (stress,
strain, time) in real-time, often with PID controllers for precise
load/temperature regulation.
Grips and Fixtures: Secure the specimen (e.g., threaded ends
for tensile tests) and prevent slippage.
Variations and Examples
Tensile Creep Machines: Used for metals (e.g., Instron or MTS
models with 100-500 kN capacity). Photo-like descriptions: A
tall frame with a glowing furnace in the center, specimen
glowing red-hot.
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Compression Creep Machines: For soils or polymers, with
platens instead of grips (e.g., Gleeble systems for high-strain
rates).
Advanced Systems: Servo-hydraulic machines for dynamic
creep (fatigue-creep interaction), integrating with software
like LabVIEW for data analysis.
Miniaturized or In-Situ Machines: For research, like those in
electron microscopes (e.g., nanoindenters adapted for
creep).
[Link]
1.4 Test Procedure:
Overview of Creep Testing:
Creep testing measures how a material deforms under constant
stress at elevated temperatures over time. It's essential for
evaluating long-term performance in high-heat applications, such
as turbine blades or pipelines. The procedure follows standards
like ASTM E139 (for metals) or ISO 204 (for plastics), and tests can
last from hours to years.
Equipment Needed:
Creep testing machine: A load frame with grips, furnace, and
extensometer for applying stress and measuring strain.
Specimen: A standardized sample (e.g., cylindrical rod)
machined to precise dimensions.
Heating system: Furnace or chamber to maintain temperatures
(typically 300–1000°C for metals).
Load application: Hydraulic or mechanical system for constant
uniaxial stress.
Measurement tools: Extensometers, thermocouples, and data
loggers for strain and temperature monitoring.
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Step-by-Step Procedure:
[Link] Preparation: Fabricate the material into a standard
shape (e.g., ASTM E8 geometry). Measure initial dimensions and
ensure surface finish is smooth to avoid stress concentrations.
[Link] Setup: Secure the specimen in the grips. Attach
extensometers to track axial deformation. Install thermocouples
for temperature control.
[Link] Phase: Heat the furnace to the test temperature and
hold until thermal equilibrium is reached (usually 30–60
minutes).
[Link] Application: Apply a constant load (stress = force / original
area, often 50–90% of yield strength). Maintain this stress
throughout the test.
[Link] Collection: Continuously monitor and record strain vs. time
using automated systems. The test proceeds through creep
stages: primary (decreasing rate), secondary (steady rate), and
tertiary (accelerating to rupture).
[Link] Termination: Stop when the specimen ruptures, reaches a
strain limit (e.g., 10%), or after a set duration. Cool and remove
the specimen.
Data Analysis:
Plot strain (ε) against time (t) to identify creep behavior.
Calculate creep rate (dε/dt) and parameters like rupture life or
Larson-Miller extrapolation for predicting behavior at other
conditions.
Analyze failure mechanisms (e.g., via microscopy) to [Link]
if creep is driven by diffusion, dislocation movement, or
cavitation.
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Safety and Best Practices:
Wear heat-resistant gear and ensure proper ventilation due to
high temperatures.
Calibrate equipment regularly for accuracy.
For non-metals (e.g., polymers), use lower temperatures and
adjust for viscoelastic behavior.
Always refer to relevant standards for material-specific
adaptations.
Example:
Calculate the tensile stress on an aluminum strip if its cross-sectional
area is a rectangle with a length of 12.5 mm and a width of 4 mm and the
load is 1000 N.
Solution:
length of aluminium strip=12.5mm
width of aluminium strip=4mm
load applied (force)=1000N
area=12.5*4=50mm^2
Tensile Strength=force/area
=1000/50=20MPa
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1.5 Results and Equations:
Stages of Creep and Typical Results:
Creep curves typically show three stages, based on experimental data
from standards like ASTM E139 or ISO 204:
1. Primary Creep (Transient Creep): Initial stage where creep rate
decreases as the material work-hardens. Strain increases rapidly at
first but slows down.
2. Secondary Creep (Steady-State Creep): Creep rate becomes
constant (minimum rate). This is the longest stage and most
analyzed for design purposes. Strain accumulates linearly with time.
3. Tertiary Creep (Accelerated Creep): Creep rate increases due to
necking, void formation, or microstructural changes, leading to
rupture. Strain accelerates until failure.
Equations:
A material has a yield strength of 200 MPa. What is the load required
to cause yield of column with a cross-sectional area of 100 mm^2?
solution:
yield strenght=200MPa
area=100mm^2
yield load=200*100=2000N