ROMBLON STATE UNIVERSITY

College of Engineering and Technology

Civil Engineering Department

CHAPTER 2 : 3.59 x 100,000,000,000,000,000,000 = 3.59 x 1020

 Exponential and Radicals The positive exponent 20 indicates that
 Polynomials and factoring the number is large (10 or more) and that the
 Complex Number decimal point has been moved 20 places. A
negative exponent indicates that the number
is small (less than 1). For example;
EXPONENTS AND RADICALS
Repeated multiplication can be 0.000000000009. = 9.0 x 10−12
written in exponential form. Radicals and Their Properties
Repeated Multiplication Exponential form A square root of a number is one of its
a*a*a*a*a a5 two equal factors. For example, 5 is a square
(-2)(-2)(-2)(-2) (-2)4
root of 25 because 5 is one of the two equal
(5x) (5x) (5x) (5x) (5x) (5x) (5x)6
factors of 25. In a similar way, a cube root of a
number is one of its three equal factors, as in
125 = 53 .

Some numbers have more than one

nth root. For example, both 5 and -5 are
square roots of 25. The principal square root of
25, written as 25 is the positive root, 5. The
principal nth root of a number is defined as
follows.

Scientific Notation A common misunderstanding is that

Exponents provide an efficient way of the square root sign implies both negative and
writing and computing with very large (or very positive roots. This is not correct. The square
small) numbers. For instance, there are about root sign implies only a positive root. When a
359 billion billion gallons of water on Earth— negative root is needed, you must use the
that is, 359 followed by 18 zeros. negative sign with the square root sign.
359,000,000,000,000,000,000
It is convenient to write such numbers
in scientific notation. This notation has the form
±c x 10� , where 1≤ c < 10 and n is an integer.
So, the number of gallons of water on Earth
can be written in scientific notation as
 ROMBLON STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering and Technology
Civil Engineering Department

Integers such as 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, and 36

are called perfect squares because they have
integer square roots. Similarly, integers such as
1, 8, 27, 64, and 125 are called perfect cubes
because they have integer cube roots.

Exercises No. 5:
Use the properties of exponents to simplify Use the properties of radicals to simplify
each expression. expression.
1. 8∗ 2
1. (-3ab4)(4ab-3) 6
2. �6
2. (2xy2)3 4
3. 48�5
3. 3a(-4a2)0 3
4. −40�6
5�3
4. ( )2 5. 2 48 − 3 27
�
3 3
3
8�2 2
6. 16� − 54�4
5. ( ) 5
� 7. 2 3
Rewrite each expression with positive 8. 3
2
5
exponents 9.
2
3+ 7
1. x-2y4 5�
10. 4�2+ 12�
�
2. 3�−2 Change radical to exponential and
3��−2 exponential to radical form.
3. (3)2 (��)−6 4
1. 2� �3
12�3�−4 3
4. 2. (12��2 )5
4�−2 � 3
3�2 3. (�2 + �2 )2
5. ( � )−2 3 1
4. 2�4 �4
Write each number in scientific notation. Simplify the rational exponent
1. 0.0000782 _______________ 5 3

2. 836,100,000 _______________ 1. −5�3 3�−4

3. 148,123,000,000 _______________ 9
2. �3
Write each number in decimal notation. 3
4. 9.36 x 10-8 _______________________ 3. 125�3
5. 1.823 x 109 _______________________ 4. (2� − 1)3 (2� − 1)−3
4 1

�−1
5. 1
−
(�−1) 2
 ROMBLON STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering and Technology
Civil Engineering Department

POLYNOMIALS AND FACTORING

Polynomials the most common

algebraic expression. Some examples are 3x +
9, 4x3 – 2x2 + 24 and x2y2 – 4xy -16. The first two
are polynomials in x and the third is a
polynomial in x and y. The terms of a
polynomial in x have the form axk, where a is
the coefficient and k is the degree of the term.

Note in this FOIL Method (which can

only be used to multiply two binomials) that
the outer (O) and inner (I) terms are like terms
and can be combined.

Polynomials with one, two, and three terms

are called monomials, binomials, and
trinomials, respectively. In standard form, a
polynomial is written with descending powers
of x.

Special Products
Some binomial products have special
forms that occur frequently in algebra. You do
not need to memorize these formulas because
you can use the Distributive Property to
Operations with Polynomials
multiply. However, becoming familiar with
these formulas will enable you to manipulate
Sum and Difference of Polynomials
the algebra more quickly.
You can add and subtract polynomials
in much the same way you add and subtract
real numbers. Simply add or subtract the like
terms (terms having the same variables to the
same powers) by adding their coefficients.
Example:

Product of Polynomials
To find the product of two polynomials,
use the left and right Distributive Properties.
 ROMBLON STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering and Technology
Civil Engineering Department

Example of long division polynomials

Special Product Example: Divide 6x3 – 19x2 +16x – 4 by x – 2, and use the
result to factor the polynomial completely.
1. 5x + 9 and 5x – 9 Solution:
2. x + y – 2 and x + y + 2

Solution:

1. 5x + 9 and 5x – 9 = (u + v) * (u – v)
= u 2 – v2
= 25x2 – 81

2. x + y – 2 and x + y + 2
= [(x + y) – 2] [(x + y) + 2]
= (x + y)2 - 22
= x2 = 2xy + y2 – 4

Exercises No. 6:
Perform the operation and write the result in
standard form.
1. (6x + 5) – (8x + 15)
2. (2x2 + 1) – (x2 – 2x + 1) from the answer on the long division you can
conclude that 6x3 – 19x2 +16x – 4 is the factor
3. – (x – 2) + (4x – 2x)
3 3
of (x – 2)(6x2 – 7x + 2) and we can factor
4. (3x3 + 2x2) – (9x2 – 20x + 45) (6x2 – 7x + 2) into (2x -1)(3x – 2)
5. – (x3 – 2y) + (4x3 – 2x) therefore;
6x3 – 19x2 +16x – 4 = (x – 2) (2x -1)(3x – 2)
6. (x2 + 3x – 2) (2x3 + 4x – 5)
7. (2x – 1) (x + 3) + 3(x +3) Synthetic Division:
8. 5x (x +1) – 3x (x + 1)
9. (9x2 + 3y2 + 5) (2x + 3xy + 2y2)
10. (5x2 + 2x + 4) (3y2 + 4y + 19)
11. ( � + �)( � − �)
12. (� − 5)2
13. (5 + �)(5 − �)
14. (� + 3)2 Example: Use synthetic division to divide
2
15. (2� + �)(4� − 2�� + � ) 2 x4 – 10x2 – 2x + 4 by x + 3
Solution:

Division of Polynomials
There are two procedures in dividing
polynomials. The procedures are especially
valuable in factoring and finding the zeros of
polynomial function.
1. Long Division Polynomials
2. Synthetic Division
 ROMBLON STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering and Technology
Civil Engineering Department

so, you have

�4 − 10�2 − 2� + 4 1
= �3 − 3�2 − � + 1 +
�+3 �+3

The Remainder and Factor Theorem

Polynomials with Common Factors
The process of writing a polynomial as
a product is called factoring. It is an important
tool for solving equations and for simplifying
Sample: Use the remainder theorem to rational expressions.
evaluate the following function at x = -2.
f(x) = 3x3 + 8x2 + 5x – 7 Unless noted otherwise, when you are
asked to factor a polynomial, you can assume
Solution: using synthetic division that you are looking for factors with integer
coefficients. If a polynomial cannot be
-2 3 8 5 -7 factored using integer coefficients, then it is
-6 -4 -2 prime or irreducible over the integers. For
instance, the polynomial x2 - 3 is irreducible
3 2 1 -9 over the integers. Over the real numbers, this
Because the remainder is r = -9, you can polynomial can be factored as (� + 3) )(� −
conclude that f(-2) = -9 r = f(x) 3)
This means that (-2, -9) is a point on the graph A polynomial is completely factored
of f(x). when each of its factors is prime. For instance
�� − �� + �� − � = (� − �)(�� + �) is a complete
The Factor Theorem
factor but �� − �� − �� + � = (� − �)(�� − �) is not
completely factored but its complete
factorization is � − � � + � � − � .
The simplest type of factoring involves
Sample: Show that (x – 2) and (x + 3) are a polynomial that can be written as the
factors of f(x) = 2x4 + 7x3 – 4x2 – 27x – 18. product of a monomial and another
polynomial. The technique used here is the
Solution: using synthetic division Distributive Property, a(b + c) = ab + ac, in the
(x - 2) reverse direction.

ab + ac = a(b + c) a is a common
factor.

Since the remainder of f(2) = 0, therefore (x – 2) Removing (factoring out) any common
is a factor. Also perform synthetic division to factors is the first step in completely factoring
the result using factor of (x + 3) a polynomial.

Factoring Special Polynomial Forms

Some polynomials have special forms
that arise from the special product forms from
Since the remainder of f(-3) = 0, therefore(x + 3) the last topic. You should learn to recognize
is a factor. these forms so that you can factor such
polynomials easily.
 ROMBLON STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering and Technology
Civil Engineering Department

Exercises No. 7 is no real number x that can be squared to

produced -1. To overcome this efficiency,
Division of polynomials. mathematicians created an expanded system
a. Divide the following using long method. of numbers using the imaginary unit i.
1. (2x2 + 10x + 12) by (x + 3) Operation with complex number
2. (5x2 – 17x – 12) by (x - 4) Addition and Subtraction of Complex Number
3. (4x3 – 7x2 – 11x + 5) by (4x + 5)
4. (6x3 – 16x2 + 17x – 6) by (3x – 2)
5. (2x2 + 10x + 12) by (x + 3)

b. Divide the following using synthetic

division
1. (3x3 – 17x2 + 15x – 25) by (x – 5) Sample:
2. (4x3 – 9x + 8x2 – 18) by (x + 2)
3. (9x3 – 18x2 – 16x + 32) by (x – 2) 1. (4 + 7i) + (1 – 6i)
4. (5x3 – 6x2 + 8) by (x – 4) (4 + 7i) + (1 – 6i) = (4 + 1) + (7i – 6i)
5. (5x3 + 6x2 + 8) by (x + 2) = 5+i answer
2. (1 + 2i) – (4 + 2i)
c. Factor each expression. (1 + 2i) – (4 + 2i) = (1 – 4) – (2i – 2i)
1. 6x3 – 4x = -3 answer
2. -4x2 + 12x – 16 3. (3 + 2i) + (4 – i) – (7 + i)
3. (x – 2)(2x) + (x – 2)(3) (3 + 2i) + (4 – i) – (7 + i)=(3 + 4 – 7)+ (2i – i – i )
4. (x + 2)2 – y2 =0 answer
5. 16x4 – 81
6. x2 -10x + 25 Multiplying Complex Number
7. 16x2 + 24x + 9 Many of the properties of real numbers are
8. x3 – 27 valid for complex numbers as well. Here are
9. y3 + 8 some examples.
10. 3(x3 + 64)  Associative Properties of Addition and
Multiplication
 Commutative Properties of Addition
and Multiplication
COMPLEX NUMBER  Distributive Property of Multiplication
Over Addition
Notice below how these properties are used
The imaginary unit I there are when two complex numbers are multiplied.
quadratic equations that have no real
solutions. For instance, the quadratic equation
of x2 + 1 = 0 has no real solution because there
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Civil Engineering Department

Sample:

Complex Solutions of Quadratic Equations

Sample: Solve 3x2 – 2x + 5 = 0

a = 3, b = -2, c = 5

− −2 ± ( − 2)2 − 4(3)(5)
�=
2 3
2 ± −56
�=
6
2 ± 2( 14 −1)
�=
6
2 ± 2 14�
�=
6
1 14�
�= ±
3 3

Quotient of Complex Number

Exercises No.8:
Perform the addition and subtraction of imaginary
To write the quotient of a +bi and c +di in numbers.
standard form, where c and d are not both 1. (5 + i) + (6 – 2i)
zero, multiply the numerator and denominator 2. (-2 + −8) + (5 – −50)
by the complex conjugate of the 3 5 5 11
3. −( 2 + 2 �) + ( 3 + 3 �)
denominator to obtain 4. 13i – (14 – 7i)
5. (13 – 2i) + (-5 + 6i)

Perform the operation and write the result in

standard form.

1. (1 + i) ( 3 – 2i)
2. 14 + 10� 14 − 10�
Sample: 3. -8i (9 + 4i)
4. (6 – 2i) (2 – 3i)
5. (2 + 3�)2 + (2 − 3�)2

Perform the operation and write the result in

standard form.
2
1. 4−5�
6−7�
2. 1−2�
2 3
3. 1+�
− 1−�
� 2�
4. 3−2�
+
3+8�
2� 5
5. +
2+� 2−�
 ROMBLON STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering and Technology
Civil Engineering Department

Trinomials with Binomial Factors The Binomial Theorem

To factor a trinomial of the form ax2 + bx Binomial is a polynomial that has two
+ c, use the following pattern. terms. In this section, you will study a formula
that gives a quick method of raising a
binomial to a power. To begin, look at the
expansion of (x + y)n for several values of n.

The goal is to find a combination of

factors of a and b such that the outer and
inner products add up to the middle term bx.
For instance, in the trinomial 6x2 + 17x + 5, you
can write all possible factorizations and There are several observations you can make
determine which one has outer and inner about these expansions.
products that add up to 17x.  In each expansion, there are n + 1
(6x + 5)(x + 1), (6x + 1)(x + 5) terms.
(2x + 1)(3x + 5), (2x + 5)(3x + 1)  In each expansion, x and y have
You can see that (2x + 5)(3x + 1) is the symmetrical roles. The powers of x
correct factorization because outer (O) and decrease by 1 in successive terms,
inner (I) products add up to 17x. whereas the powers of increase by 1.
 The sum of the powers of each term is
n. For instance, in the expansion of (x +
y)5, the sum of the powers of each
term is 5.
Factoring by Grouping
Sometimes polynomials with more than
three terms can be factored by a method
called factoring by grouping. It is not always
obvious which terms to group, and sometimes  The coefficients increase and then
several different groupings will work. decrease in a symmetric pattern. The
coefficients of a binomial expansion
are called binomial coefficients. To find
them, you can use the Binomial
Theorem.

Exercises No. 9
Factor the following:
1. x2 – 7x + 12
2. 2x2 + x – 15
3. x3 – 2x2 – 3x + 6x
4. 2x2 + 5x – 3
5. 6x3 – 2x + 3x2 – 1
6. 2x3 – x2 – 6x + 3
7. 3x2 + 10x + 8 Pascal’s Triangle
8. 64x3 – y3 There is a convenient way to
9. 24 + 5z – z2 remember the pattern for binomial
10. 8x5 – 6x2 + 12x3 – 9 coefficients. By arranging the coefficients in a
 ROMBLON STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering and Technology
Civil Engineering Department

triangular pattern, you obtain the following

array, which is called Pascal’s Triangle. This The rth term of the binomial expansion
triangle is named after the famous French � � − 1 � − 2 . . . (� − � + 2)��−�+1 ��−1
mathematician Blaise Pascal (1623–1662). �−1 !
or
�! ��−�+1 ��−1
(� − � + 1) � − 1 !

nCr - 1 (x) (y)r-1

n-r+1

To find the middle term of a binomial

expansion:
�
�= +1
The first and last numbers in each row of 2
Pascal’s Triangle are 1. Every other number in
each row is formed by adding the two Then solve for the middle term r.
numbers immediately above the number.
Pascal noticed that numbers in this triangle To find the sum of exponents:
are precisely the same numbers that are the
� = � � + 1 (���. �� ���������)
coefficients of binomial expansions, as follows.
To find sum of coefficients:
1. (�� + ��)� = (� + �)�
2. (�� + �)� = (� + �)� − (�)�

To find coefficient of the term containing xn-

y
m m

�!
�= (��)�−� (��)�
� − � ! �!

Example: Example:
Write the expansion of each expression. 1. Find the 8th term, the middle term, sum
1. (2x – 3)4
of exponents, sum of coefficients and
2. (x – 2y)2
coefficient of the term containing x4 in
a binomial expansion of (2x + 3)12.
Solution:
Solution:
1, 4, 6, 4, 1 = is the binomial coefficient (fourth
(2x + 3)12 = (ax + b)n
row)
(2x – 3)4
(1)(2x) +(4)(2x) (-3)+(6)(2x)2(-3)2+(4)(2x)(-3)3+(1)(-3)4
4 3 The rth term of the binomial expansion
= 16x4 – 96x3 + 216x2 – 216x+ 81 �! ��−�+1 ��−1 12! (2�)12−8+1 (3)8−1
=
�−�+1 ! �−1 ! 12 − 8 + 1 ! 8 − 1 !
(x – 2y)2 = 55,427,328�5
(1)(x) +(4)(x) (-2y)+(6)(x)2(-2y)2+(4)(x)(-2y)3+(1)(-2y)4
4 3 or
nCr-1 (x) (y)r-1 = 12C8 - 1 (2x)12 – 8 +1(3)8 – 1
n-r+1
= x4 – 8x3y + 24x2y2 – 32xy3 + 16y4
= 55, 427, 328x5
Sometimes you will need to find a specific To find the middle term of a binomial
term, the middle term, sum of exponents, sum expansion:
� 12
of coefficients and coefficient of the term �= +1 = +1 = 7
2 2
containing xn-mym in a binomial expansion.
Instead of writing out the entire expansion, you Then solve for the middle term r.
can use the following formula.
 ROMBLON STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering and Technology
Civil Engineering Department

�! ��−�+1 ��−1 12! (2�)12−7+1 (3)7−1 or

=
nCr-1 (x) (y)r-1 = 9C5-1 (3x2)9 – 5 +1(-42)5 – 1
n-r+1
�−�+1 ! �−1 ! 12 − 7 + 1 ! 7 − 1 !
= 43,110,144�6 = 7, 838, 208x10y8
or
nCr-1 (x)
n-r+1
(y)r-1 = 12C7-1 (2x)12 – 8 +1(3)8 – 1 To find the sum of exponents:
= 43, 110, 144x6 � = � � + 1 ���. �� ���������
2+2
=9 9+1
To find the sum of exponents: 2
� = � � + 1 ���. �� ��������� = 180
1+0
= 12 12 + 1
2
To find sum of coefficients:
= 78 (3�2 − 4�2 )9 = (�� + ��)�

To find sum of coefficients: (�� + ��)� = (3 + ( − 4))9

(2� + 3)12 = (�� + �)� =− 1

(�� + �)� = (2 + 3)12 − (3)12 To find coefficient of the term containing xn-
= 243, 609, 184 y
m m

2(n – m) = 10 and 2m = 8
To find coefficient of the term containing xn- m=4
y
m m
�!
n–m=4 �= (��)�−� (��)�
� − � ! �!
m = 12 – 4 9!
m=8 �= (3�2 )5 ( − 4�2 )4
9 − 4 ! 4!
�! � = 7, 838, 208�10 �8
�= (��)�−� (��)�
� − � ! �! Exercises No. 10
Using Pascal Triangle solve the following
12! binomials:
�= (2�)4 (3)8
12 − 8 ! 8! 1. (2x2 + 2y3)5
� = 51, 963, 120�4 2. (2x2 + xy2)4
2. Find the 6th term, the middle term, sum 3. [2(3x – 2y2) – 7(x + y2)]3
of exponents, sum of coefficients and 6�2 26�6
4. [�−2 + 12�3 − (4�4 + )]4
coefficient of the term containing x10y8 2�3
6��2 12�4 �4 �6
in a binomial expansion of (3x2 – 4y2)9 5. [3�−2 �−1 + − (11�6 + ��3 )]4
�−2
Solution:
(3x2 – 4y2)9 = (ax + b)n Find the 3th term, the middle term, sum of
exponents, sum of coefficients using the given
The rth term of the binomial expansion formula.
�! ��−�+1 ��−1 9! (3�2 )9−6+1 ( − 4�2 )6−1
= 1. (2x2 + 2y3)5
�−�+1 ! �−1 ! 9−6+1 ! 6−1 ! 2. (2x2 + xy2)4
=− 10, 450, 944�8 �10
3. [2(3x – 2y2) – 7(x + y2)]5
or
6�2 26�6
nCr-1 (x)
n-r+1
(y)r-1 = 9C6 - 1 (3x2)9 – 6 +1(-4y2)6 – 1 4. [�−2 + 12�3 − (4�4 + 2�3
)]4
= 10, 450, 944x8y10 6��2 12�4 �4 �6
To find the middle term of a binomial 5. [3�−2 �−1 + �−2
− (11�6 + 3 )]4
��
expansion:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Find coefficient of the term containing;
1. x8y8 in binomial (2x2 + y2)12
Then solve for the middle term r = 5. 2. x3y3 in binomial (3x + 2)6
�! ��−�+1 ��−1 9! (3�2 )9−5+1 ( − 4�2 )5−1 3. x14y4 in binomial (2x2 + y2)9
=
�−�+1 ! �−1 ! 9−5+1 ! 5−1 ! 4. x7y5 in binomial (3x + 2)12
= 7, 838, 208�10 �8 5. x2y10 in binomial (2x2 + y2)6
 ROMBLON STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering and Technology
Civil Engineering Department

SOLUTION SHEET AREA

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