DEVELOPMENT
Geography revision
Development is change for the better, for countries this
generally means improvement in
people's quality of life.
Quality of Life Is the standard of health, comfort, and happiness
experienced by
people.
Happy Planet Index uses ‘happiness’, life expectancy, inequality and
ecological footprint.
HIC are High Income countries
NIC are newly industrialised countries/middle income
LIC are Low Income countries
GDP per capita (Gross Domestic Product) is the total amount of
goods and services produced in a country per year; measured per
person (an average)
GDP (Gross Domestic Product) is the measure of the market value of
all final goods and services produced in a period of time within a
country.
Human Development Index measures, health, education and
income:
-GDP per capita
-Life expectancy
-Education(Measured in length of schooling and literacy)
{And produces a number between 0 and 1, closer to 1 the better}
Indicator Definition Trend
Birth rate Average number of live births per 1000 decrease
people
Death rate Average number of deaths per 1000 decrease
people
Infant mortality The death of children under the age on 1 decrease
Urban population The number of people living in urban increase
environments
Life expectancy An average age that people in a country increase
live up to
Literacy The percentage of people in a country increase
that can read and write
% in agriculture Proportion of people working in farming decrease
Developing country is one with a lower standard of living, limited
industrialization, and a weak economy.
Inequality in geography refers to the idea that different people
experience different standards of living.
Inequality Definition
Gender Decision making that favours men over women
Political Laws that favour some groups over others
Economic The difference in groups in terms of their
income and wealth
Opportunity Some groups have more opportunity because
of thor background
Access Unequal access to healthcare, education….
Poverty is the state of being very poor, and not having enough income
to meet your
material needs
Absolute poverty Relative poverty
People living on $2 per People who lack the
day (~£1.50) or less, characterised by the income to afford the lifestyle that is
deprivation of basic needs- food, water, customary of that country, household
shelter, and clothing income
is considerably below the national average
Poverty cycle is a self-perpetuating pattern where poverty
is passed down through generations due to a combination
of factors like poor education, lack of opportunity, and poor
health
Absolute poverty Relative poverty (UK)
-Likely to have an income of less than $2 a day -Income of between £150-£400 per week
depending on household size
-Food will be scare, many people will have to live
off what they can grow (subsistence farming) -Can afford basics like food and clothing but will
have to be very careful when making these
-Minimal clothing and footwear purchases not to overspend.
-Unlikely to be able to afford much in terms of –Can just about afford shelter (house/flat) but may
housing/shelter, may have to construct own house, need to access government help for this.
often poor quality
–Will have electricity and water supply, and will
-Limited access to safe water generally be able to pay for it.
-Limited access to electricity -May have a computer to share in the house with
internet access.
–Unlikely to own possessions such as a computer.
-Unlikely to be able to afford many ‘luxury’ items,
–No other luxury items owned. such as days out, holidays, cars but may have
these things occasionally.
-Access to medical care will be limited and
expensive. -Access to the NHS
-People living in relative poverty may not have
access to all the items listed here as individual
circumstances can differ quite dramatically.
-Difficulty saving or borrowing
Barrier Explanation
Geography If a country is landlocked, it will find it harder to trade, worsening the economy
History Depopulation due to slavery resulted in fewer workers and more disease
Corruption Governments keep money for themselves, rather than spending it on education
Rural isolation Poor road connections make access to trade, healthcare and education very difficult, reducing development
Primary Product Primary products are low value compared to manufactured goods, LICs mainly produce primary products
dependency
Gender equality Countries where culturally women are excluded. This means that half of the population is unable to contribute
economically, and so it restricts a country's development potential.
Debt Poorer countries have less money so often need to borrow money to pay for things they need, like schools,
hospitals and roads.
Disease Countries in the Tropics have climates that allow diseases to spread quickly
Development Gap is the difference between the worlds wealthiest people
and the world's poorest people
Imports are a good or service brought into a country from abroad for sale
Exports are goods or services sent to another country for sale
The Brandt Line was a line drawn by a German in the 1970s to
group the World into a rich ‘North’ and a poor ‘South’
Scheme+ Definition Advantage Disadvantage
e.g
Bottom up Small scale schemes, often Targeted to the specific needs Small scale- does little to close
(Fairtrade, funded by for the communities. (Provides the development gap
Water aid) charities and local people, clean water, education and
planned and controlled by better wages)
local
communities, and specific to
the needs of their local area.
Top down Development driven by Investment in infrastructure and Loans from international org
Belt and national governments and new industries, creates better create debt. Some people were
Road Trans National Corporations paid jobs on a large scale and forced out of their homes to build
antiave (TNCs). Usually these are allows countries to grow new infrastructure- does not
expensive, large scale income rapidly always benefit the poorest in
projects, the benefits of which society
are expected to ‘trickle down’
to the population.
Bilateral Aid: When money is given directly from the government of one country to
another to support development projects
Charitable Aid: Funded by donations from the publi through organisations such as
Water Aid or Fairtrade.
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): When a company spends money investing in
another country. This could be by buying a business, building a factory or
infrastructure, or outsourcing.
Multilateral Aid: Money given through international organisations such as the World
Bank rather than by one specific country.
Sanitation: Clean water + toilet facilities
Water Aid Fairtrade Belt and road initiative
Provide clean water and sanitation Guarantees farmers a fair and Increase trade and economic growth
for people in LIC stable minimum price for their
products
Providing good sanitation will A fair and stable income allows Job opportunities, improve
decrease water-borne illnesses. communities to have a better quality economy, allow easier trade
This means there will be a stronger of life, afford schools, hospitals,
workforce and a longer life lifting them out of poverty and
expectancy allowing more people to work in
specialist jobs.
Sustainable development goals are 17 goals agreed by the world leaders in 2015 for a
better world in 2030, the main 4 overall goals are: Climate and planet, inequality, justice
and human rights, gender equality.