© PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, Bhopal 2024

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted,

in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or other-
wise without the prior permission of the publisher.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

 ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX

Preface

Vocational Education is a dynamic and evolving field, and ensuring that every student has ac-
cess to quality learning materials is of paramount importance. The journey of the PSS Central
Institute of Vocational Education (PSSCIVE) toward producing comprehensive and inclusive
study material is rigorous and time-consuming, requiring thorough research, expert consulta-
tion, and publication by the National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT).
However, the absence of finalized study material should not impede the educational progress
of our students. In response to this necessity, we present the draft study material, a provi-
sional yet comprehensive guide, designed to bridge the gap between teaching and learning,
until the official version of the study material is made available by the NCERT. The draft study
material provides a structured and accessible set of materials for teachers and students to uti-
lize in the interim period. The content is aligned with the prescribed curriculum to ensure that
students remain on track with their learning objectives.
The contents of the modules are curated to provide continuity in education and maintain the
momentum of teaching-learning in vocational education. It encompasses essential concepts
and skills aligned with the curriculum and educational standards. We extend our gratitude to
the academicians, vocational educators, subject matter experts, industry experts, academic
consultants, and all other people who contributed their expertise and insights to the creation
of the draft study material.
Teachers are encouraged to use the draft modules of the study material as a guide and sup-
plement their teaching with additional resources and activities that cater to their students'
unique learning styles and needs. Collaboration and feedback are vital; therefore, we welcome
suggestions for improvement, especially by the teachers, in improving upon the content of the
study material.
This material is copyrighted and should not be printed without the permission of the NCERT-
PSSCIVE.

Deepak Paliwal
(Joint Director)
PSSCIVE, Bhopal
Date: 05 August, 2024

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

 ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX

STUDY MATERIAL DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE

Members
Deepak D. Shudhalwar, Professor (CSE), Head, Department of Engineering and Technology,
PSSCIVE, NCERT, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh
Member Coordinator
Deepak D. Shudhalwar, Professor (CSE), Head, Department of Engineering and Technology,
PSSCIVE, NCERT, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

 ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX

TABLE OF CONTENTS
S. No. Title Page No.

1 Module 1: Fundamental of Computer and Peripherals 1

Module Overview 1

Module Structure 1

Session 1: Basic Functionality of Computer System 1

Check Your Progress 13

Session 2. Internal Components of Computer 15

Check Your Progress 28

Session 3: Input and Output Devices 30

Check Your Progress 44

Session 4: Storage and Peripheral Devices 46

Check Your Progress 62

Module 2. Installation and Configuration Of Windows Operating

2 64
System

Module Overview 64

Module Structure 64

Session 1: Basic Of Operating System 65

Check Your Progress 71

Session 2: Install Windows Operating System 73

Check Your Progress 89

Session 3: Configure Windows Operating System 91

Check Your Progress 121

Module 3. Installation and Configuration of Linux Operating

3 124
System

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

 ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX

Module Overview 124

Module Structure 124

Session 1. Installation of Ubuntu Linux 124

Check Your Progress 171

Session 2. Perform Post Installation Task in Linux Operating System 173

Check Your Progress 192

Session 3. Install and Configure Peripheral Devices 193

Check Your Progress 216

4 Glossary 217

5 Answers 219

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 1

Module 1 Fundamental of Computer and

Peripherals

Module Overview

Computer has become indispensable in today’s life. It has become difficult to imagine the
world without computer. Everywhere computers are used whether it is office, bank, school,
college, business, hospitals etc. You must have seen Computers at your home, school or
office.
Computer is an electronic device which accepts input, processes it and produces the desired
results. Computer is a machine which performs mathematical operations and logical decisions
at an extremely fast speed. Computer not only do calculations but also handles different
applications at a time. In this unit, you will learn about computers, its parts, and its uses in
real life.

Module Structure
Session 1: Basic Functionality of Computer system
Session 2. Internal Components of Computer
Session 3: Input and Output Devices
Session 4: Storage and Peripheral Devices

Session 1: Basic Functionality of Computer system

Computers are an essential tool of information technology (IT). They are multi-purpose
machines that are used to solve a variety of problems in different fields. The basic working
principle of a modern computer is based on the analytical engine designed by Charles
Babbage in the 19th century. Computers have changed our daily routine as the entire task
performed by us in our daily routine is automated. Our lives are directly or indirectly affected
by the computers. It was in the past era where computers were used in industries. In this era
of information, we are dependent on the storage, flow, and processing of data and information
which can only be possible with the help of computers. This is the reason a computer is called
a multi-purpose machine. The purpose of this Session is to introduce you to a computer.
Computer System
The term ‘computer’ is derived from the word ‘compute’, meaning ‘to calculate’. A computer is
a programmable electronic machine that accepts data from the user, processes it by

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 2

performing calculations and operations on it, and generates the desired output results.
Computer performs both simple and complex operations, with speed and accuracy as shown
in Figure 1.1.
Computing is not restricted to only mathematical computing but to a variety of logic-based
tasks. Computer, process the data as per the given set of instructions. It can perform
operations like generating bills, reserving tickets, printing mark-sheets, printing business
reports, or communicating messages. Data can be text, number, audio, video, graphs, or
animations.

Fig. 1.1: Block diagram of computer system

Characteristics of A Computer
Speed: Computers work at very high speed and are much faster than humans. Computers
can process millions (1,000,000) of instructions per second. The time taken by computers for
their operations is microseconds and nanoseconds.
Storage: Computer can store large amount of data (text, video, picture etc) permanently. we
can use this data at any time. computer memory storage capacity is measured in Bytes,
Kilobytes (KB), Megabytes (MB), Gigabytes (GB), and Terabytes (TB).
Accuracy: When a computer performs a computation or operation, the chances of errors
occurring are low. Errors in a computer are caused by human’s submitting incorrect data. A
computer can do a variety of operations and calculations fast and accurately.
Communication: Today's Computers have capability of communicating with other
Computers. we can connect two or more computers.
Automatic: A computer as a machine cannot start itself but it can perform some work
without human intervention. For example, our have large amount of data and we want to
perform some calculation on it. For getting the result, we have to run the appropriate
software and all the calculation will be done by Computer.
Diligence: Unlike human being, computer is free from dullness and lack of concentration. It

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 3

can work for hours without any error until job is finished.
Versatility: Versatility is a most important characteristic of computer. we may use computer
to prepare salary slip and at the same time we can use the same computer for paying
electricity bill and etc. It means we can perform completely different type of work on a single
computer simultaneously.

Fig. 1.2: Characteristics of a computer

Development of Computers
Development of Computers
The history of calculation is very old. In ancient times, people used their fingers to count.
Later, tally sticks were used, which are considered the first counting tools. Gradually, people
began using clay balls and cones to count and record numbers. Over time, counting sticks
and stones were used, forming the foundation for digital counting devices. This evolution led
to the invention of the Abacus, which is considered the first calculating device. With the
advancement of human intelligence and technology, newer computing devices were
developed.
Major Calculating Devices
• Abacus — The oldest counting device.
• Pascal’s Calculator — Invented by Blaise Pascal for addition and subtraction.
• Leibniz Calculator — Could perform multiplication and division operations.
• Arithmometer — The first commercially successful mechanical calculator.
• Comptometer and Comptograph — Devices made for faster calculations.
• Difference Engine — Designed by Charles Babbage for complex calculations.
• Analytical Engine — The device that laid the foundation of the modern computer.
Mark I

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 4

A major change in the history of computers began in 1937 when Howard Aiken proposed the
idea of creating a machine capable of performing large calculations. In 1944, IBM and
Harvard University jointly developed the Mark I Computer. It was the first programmable
digital computer, marking the beginning of a new era in computer technology.
Von Neumann Model
The architecture of computers has evolved over time. Over the past several decades, there
have been many improvements in computer hardware and algorithms. However, the
fundamental design concept remains the same as proposed by John Von Neumann.
Main Concept of von Neumann
A computer can store both program instructions and data in its memory. Earlier computing
devices were built for specific purposes and had to be manually rewired to change their
programs, which made debugging difficult. Von Neumann’s design solved this problem and
laid the foundation for the modern computer.
Three Main Components of von Neumann Architecture
• Central Processing Unit (CPU) — Performs calculations and controls operations.
• Memory — Stores both data and programs.
• Input/Output (I/O) Interface — Handles data input from and output to the external
environment.

Fig. 1.3: Architecture of von Neumann

GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER
Computers were once large and slow machines, but today they have become smaller, faster,
and much more powerful. The development of computers is classified into generations. Each
new generation introduced new technology, making computers better, cheaper, and more
efficient.
There are five main generations of computers:
First Generation (1940–1956) — These computers used vacuum tubes. They were large in size

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 5

and consumed a lot of electricity. Examples: ENIAC, UNIVAC

Fig. 1.4: First Generation of a computer

Second Generation (1956–1963) — These used transistors, making them smaller, faster, and
more energy-efficient than earlier ones. Example: IBM 1401

Fig. 1.5: Second Generation of a computer

Third Generation (1964–1971) — These computers used Integrated Circuits (ICs), which made
them even smaller, faster, and cheaper. Example: IBM 360

Fig. 1.6: Third Generation of a computer

Fourth Generation (1971–Present) — These use microprocessors, making them compact, fast,
affordable, and suitable for personal use. Example: Personal Computer (PC)

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 6

Fig. 1.7: Fourth Generation of a computer

Fifth Generation (Present and Future) — These incorporate Artificial Intelligence (AI) and
advanced technologies, leading to even faster, smarter, and more powerful computers.

Fig. 1.8: Fifth Generation of a computers

Table 1.1: Generations of Computers and Their Characteristics
Generation Years Main Technology Features Examples
First 1940–1956 Vacuum Tube Large, slow, high power ENIAC, UNIVAC
consumption
Second 1956–1963 Transistor Smaller, faster, lower power IBM 1401
consumption
Third 1964–1971 Integrated Circuit Even smaller, faster, and IBM 360
(IC) cheaper
Fourth 1971–Present Microprocessor Compact, fast, suitable for Personal Comput-
personal use er (PC)
Fifth Present and Artificial Intelli- Smart, powerful, and faster Future AI Com-
Future gence (AI) puters
HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE
Hardware: It consists of mechanical and electronic devices which we can see and touch. A
CPU, keyboard, mouse, and monitor are examples of hardware. All the parts of the computer
that you can see and touch, even those hidden inside the case, are listed below. The typical
hardware for ICT may include: computer system, input/output and storage device, network
card, modem, web camera, scanner, and digital camera.
Software: Programs, Operating systems, and data stored in memory and storage devices make
up the system. Some example of software includes windows, Microsoft office, LibreOffice, and
Photoshop. Only a computer system that includes both hardware and software is practical.
Two types of Software:

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 7

• System Software: Operating system such as Windows, Ubuntu etc.

• Application Software: MS Office (Word, Excel, Power Point), Browser (Internet explorer,
Netscape Navigator),
In a human analogy the Brain is the hardware, and the thoughts are the software. A computer
system is useful only if it consists of both hardware and software.

Fig. 1.9: Hardware and Software

Activity 1
Practical Activity 1.1: Identify whether the following are a part of the computer hardware or software.
Component Hardware/Software
Motherboard
Monitor
DVD drive
Hard disk
Microphone
MS Office "
Keyboard
CorelDraw
LibreOffice
RAM

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 8

Tally
MS Paint

Classification of Computers
Generally, the word computer refers to a personal computer such as a desktop or laptop.
However, we see different types of computers in our daily lives performing various tasks, for
example while operating an ATM, purchasing groceries at the store, Customer servicing KIOSK
available in Banks, Shopping Mall or at Railway Station. etc.
Purpose
According to purpose, computers can be classified into two types:
• General purpose computers: These computers are used for general use such as office
applications, banking, invoice, sales analysis, and financial accounting. They are used at
home, offices, and educational institutions.
• Special purpose computers: These computers are designed to perform scientific applications,
weather forecasting, space applications, etc.
A. Based on Working principle
According to the technology used, computers can be classified into three types—analog,
digital, and hybrid computers.
1. Analog computers:
These deal with analog data which represents the continuously varying physical quantities,
such as current, voltage, or frequency. They are used to measure physical quantities like
pressure, temperature, speed, etc., and to perform computation on these measurements.
Examples are thermometer and speedometer.

z
Fig. 1.11: Analog Computer
2. Digital computers:
These operate on digital data. Input and output are in the form of on/ off type (digit 1 and 0).
Digital computers are based on counting operation. Any data to be manipulated by a digital
computer must be converted to a discrete (1,0) representation. The digital computers are
mainly used in office, home, and industry.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 9

Fig. 1.12: Digital Computer

3. Hybrid computers:
These use the combination of digital and analog computers. These computers use digital-to-
analog (DAC) and analog-to-digital (ADC) technology to deal with both types of data. They
store and process both analog and digital data. Hybrid computers are mainly used in artificial
intelligence. The ECG machine used in hospitals is an example of hybrid computer. ECG
machine reads the heart beat as an analog signal and then converts it into digital signal to
print the graph.

Fig. 1.13: Hybrid Computer

B. Classification of computers according to size and storage capacity
1. Supercomputer
This is designed by interconnecting a number of processors. It has the highest processing
speed with multiprocessing technology. It is mainly used in weather forecasting, biomedical
research, aircraft design, remote sensing, and other areas of science and engineering. A
supercomputer focuses on executing a few programs as fast as possible. Examples of
supercomputers are CRAY YMP, CRAY2, NEC SX-3, CRAY XMP, and PARAM.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 10

Fig. 1.14: Super Computer

2. Mainframes
These are slower than the supercomputers in speed and processing power. They can support
hundreds of users simultaneously. In one way, mainframes are more powerful than
supercomputers because they support more programs simultaneously, while the
supercomputer can execute a single program faster than a mainframe. Mainframes have a
very large storage capacity and can handle large database systems, such as patient
information system in a big hospital or student information system in a university. Example of
mainframes are DEC, ICL, and IBM 3000 series. The capacity of a mainframe can be a
hundred or even a thousand times that of a modern PC.

Fig.1.15: main frame Computer

3. Minicomputer
This uses multiprocessing. It is capable of supporting hundreds of users simultaneously. It
has a large storage capacity and operates at a higher speed. The minicomputer is used in
multi-user system where various users can work at the same time. This type of computer is
generally used for processing a large volume of data. It is also used as a server in Local Area
Networks (LAN).

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 11

Fig. 1.16: mini Computer

4. Microcomputer
This has the lowest speed and storage capacity. Its CPU is a microprocessor. The 4-bit
microprocessor chip was invented first. The 8-bit microprocessor chip was used in the first
microcomputer. The microprocessor chip continues to improve 16-bit, 32 bit, and 64 bit chips.
Examples of microcomputer are IBM PC, PC-AT. The PC supports a number of input and
output devices. Today's microcomputer is so powerful that it can serve the purpose of a server,
or sometimes that of a minicomputer that can be used as a server. The microcomputer can be
categorized as below
5. Desktop computers
Desktop computers are also known as personal computer (PC). They are intended for use at a
fixed location. They consist of CPU, monitor, speaker, keyboard, and mouse. Desktop
computers are easy to upgrade and expand. They are also less expensive.

Fig 1.17: Desktop Computer

6. All in one computer
All in one computer are the new form of desktop PC. They have inbuilt CPU and monitor like
that of a laptop. They can also have a touch screen monitor and are mounted on a desk like a
standard monitor. CPU is mounted on the back side of the monitor. It has a USB port for
connection of a mouse and keyboard.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 12

Fig. 1.18: All in one computer

7. Laptop computers
A laptop has a built-in monitor, keyboard, touch-pad, and speakers to make a fully functional
computer. The modern laptops also have touch screen, which minimizes the use of a keyboard
or mouse. They are called laptops because of their small size and being light enough to be
used while being placed on one's lap. A laptop can perform almost all jobs of a desktop. The
main components of laptop are—touchpad, battery, AC adapter and ports. A user can work on
a fully charged laptop without connecting it to a power supply for three to seven hours depend
on battery life status. A laptop has a power cable and AC adapter designed to be used with
specific type of laptop. The laptop also has 3-4 USB ports to connect peripheral devices, a VGA
or HDMI port to connect the projector and a slot to insert a memory card.

Fig. 1.19: Laptop Computer

8. Mobile computers
Many mobile devices work as specialized computers. These are normally used for internet, e-
mail, photography, capturing and storing images and videos. These devices are portable and
consume very less space. The various mobile computers are categorized as—tablets,
smartphones, wearable devices, vehicle-mounted, handheld computers, e-book readers, etc.
The most common are tablets and smartphones, which are discussed here.
(i) Tablets
They are handheld computers and are more portable than laptops. They use a touch sensitive
screen for typing and navigation. The size of a tablet is about 7 to 10 inches. They work on
specialized operating systems such as Android, Windows, and iOS. The iPad is an example of
a tablet.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 13

(ii) Smartphones
In addition to providing telephone services, a smartphone is designed to run a variety of
applications (apps). They are small tablet computers and can be used for web browsing,
watching videos, reading e-books, and playing games. Many apps can be installed on the
smartphone which we use in our daily lives for booking tickets, bill payment, etc.

Fig. 1.20: Smartphone

Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs)
They are just like a mobile phone with a touch screen and keypad. They have bigger screens
than mobile phones. They use handwriting recognition software to enter text and are
extremely portable and fit into pockets. They are a powerful computer that includes satellite
navigation facilities (GPS), mobile phone capability, and versions of application software that
have a limited range of functions.

Fig.1.21: PDA
Summary
A computer is an electronic machine that processes data. It works through input, processing,
output, and storage operations. The main functions of a computer are to process data quickly
and accurately, store large amounts of information, and deliver the required information when
needed. This makes our work easier and faster.

Check your Progress

A. Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ)
1. Who is known as the "Father of Modern Computer"? (a) John Napier (b) Blaise Pascal (c)
Herman Hollerith (d) Charles Babbage
2. Which device was the earliest used for counting? (a) Pascal’s Calculator (b) Aba-cus (c)
Leibniz Calculator (d) Napier’s Bones

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 14

3. The Second Generation of Computers used ______ instead of vacuum tubes. (a)
Microprocessors (b) Integrated Circuits (c) Transistors (d) Silicon Chips
4. Which of the following is an example of an input device? (a) Monitor (b) Keyboard (c)
Printer (d) Speaker
5. The Von Neumann architecture consists of which of the following components? (a) CPU,
Memory, Input/Output (b) CPU, Registers, Modem (c) ALU, Cache, USB (d)
Microprocessor, Sensors, Display

B. Fill in the Blanks

1. The word computer is derived from the word ________.
2. The first programmable digital computer was ________.
3. The ________ unit of a computer is responsible for processing data and instruc-tions.
4. A computer’s storage capacity is measured in ________.
5. A ________ computer is the fastest and used in weather forecasting and research.

C. True or False
1. Computers are free from tiredness and lack of concentration.
2. The Fourth Generation of Computers used Integrated Circuits (ICs).
3. Napier’s Bones was invented in the 19th century.
4. Hybrid computers combine the features of both analog and digital computers.
5. RAM and ROM are examples of secondary memory.

D. Short Answer Questions

1. Define a computer.
2. What are the main characteristics of a computer?
3. Explain the use of Abacus.
4. Name two examples of input devices and output devices.
5. What is the difference between hardware and software?

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 15

SESSION 2- INTERNAL COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER

The motherboard is the main circuit board inside a computer. The important system
components like the central processing unit (CPU) and random-access memory (RAM) modules
are connected directly to the motherboard via slots or sockets designed specifically for those
components. The motherboard will also provide a number of expansion slots designed to
accommodate add-on cards such as video graphics adapter (VGA) cards and network interface
cards (NICs). In this Chapter, we will understand the main features of the motherboard, types
of motherboard, motherboard form factors, and various components of motherboard.

Fig. 2.1: Internal Components of Computer

MOTHERBOARD
The motherboard is also known as main board or system board. The motherboard connects
the components of a computer and provides power to the systems that need low power. The
motherboard contains a socket in which one or more processors are attached. In addition, it
has slots that allow connecting peripheral cards such as video cards, sound cards, and
networking cards. The internal structure of a motherboard is shown in the Figure 2.2.

Fig. 2.2: Motherboard

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 16

Types of Motherboard
Motherboards are classified as either integrated or nonintegrated.
Integrated motherboard
This has several components integrated into the board itself. These may include the video
card, sound card, and various controller cards. The maintenance is of a specific nature as the
repairing of the whole board is a complex task. The integrated structure of a motherboard is
shown in the Figure 2.3.

Fig. 2.3: Integrated Motherboard

Non-integrated motherboard
This motherboard uses installable components and expansion cards. In non-integrated
motherboard, if any component fails, it is possible to replace that component instead of
changing the entire motherboard. For example, you can remove the old video card and install
a new one. Non-integrated motherboards typically have several PCI Expansion slots as well.
Basic Components of Motherboard
The modern motherboard has the following components—
• sockets (or slots) to install one or more microprocessors.
• slots to install main memory RAM.
• a chipset which forms an interface between the CPU’s front side bus, main memory, and
peripheral buses.
• non-volatile memory chips usually flash ROM in modern motherboards, containing the
system’s firmware or BIOS.
• a clock generator which produces the system clock signal to synchronise the various

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 17

components. slots for expansion cards. These interface to the system via the buses
supported by the chipset.
• power connectors, which receive electrical power from the computer power supply and
distribute it to the CPU, chipset, main memory, and expansion cards.

Fig. 2.4: Motherboard components

Motherboard Form Factors
Motherboards are classified by form factors. The form factor of motherboard refers to its
overall dimensions and layout. Form factors essentially define the layout of the actual
motherboard including the dimensions, component positioning, mounting holes, number of
expansion slots, and so on. There are several different types of form factors as explained
below.
Computer Motherboard Form Factors
Computer motherboards are made in different sizes and types, which are called form factors.
Each form factor has a different number of expansion slots. Table 2.1 Motherboard Form
Factors
Form Description
Factor
ATX This form factor is commonly used in tower and desktop systems. It supports
a maximum of seven expansion slots.
MicroATX This form factor is a smaller version of ATX. It supports a maximum of four
expansion slots.
FlexATX This form factor is the smallest version of ATX. It supports a maximum of
three expansion slots.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 18

NLX This form factor can be found in smaller desktop and mini towers. The
number of expansion slots supported, varies.
BTX This form factor is commonly found in newer tower and desktop systems. It
supports a maximum of seven expansion slots.
PicoBTX This form factor is the smallest version of BTX. It is commonly used in
smaller low-end systems and supports a maximum of one expansion slot.
MicroBTX This form factor is slightly smaller than the regular BTX. It is commonly
found in newer mid-range systems and supports a maximum of four
expansion slots.
NLX This form factor can be found in smaller desktop and mini towers. The
number of expansion slots supported varies.
CPU (Central Processing Unit)
The processor is commonly known as central processing unit or CPU. It is an electronic circuit
which executes computer programs containing a processing unit and a control. A central
processing unit (CPU) processes the instructions by performing the basic arithmetical, logical,
and input/output operations of the system. Although the form and design of CPUs is changing
with generation but its main working principle remains the same.
History of CPU
In 1971, the first microprocessor Intel 4004 was invented. It was a 4-bit calculation device
with a speed of 108 kHz. A microprocessor is also known as a central processing unit in which
a number of peripherals are fabricated on a single chip.
Architecture of Microprocessor
A microprocessor is a single integrated circuit (IC) chip. A number of useful functions are
integrated and fabricated on a single silicon semiconductor chip. The system bus consists of
data bus, address bus, and control bus for transfer of data and instructions in a proper
manner. The central processing unit consists of arithmetic logic unit (ALU), registers, and
control unit. Based on the registers, the generations of microprocessors can be classified. A
microprocessor consists of general-purpose registers and special types of registers to execute
instructions and to store the address or data while running the program. The ALU computes
all arithmetic as well as logic operations on data and specifies the size of microprocessor like
16 bit or 32 bits. The memory unit holds the program as well as data and is divided into
processor, primary, and secondary memory. The input and output unit interface the I/O
peripheral devices to microprocessor for accepting and sending information as shown in
Figure 2.5.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 19

Fig. 2.5: Architecture of CPU

Generations of Microprocessors
Generation Years Features / Description Examples
First Generation 1971–1973 First microprocessor cre- Intel 4004
ated. Speed: 108 kHz.
Second Generation 1973–1978 8-bit microprocessors, Motorola 6800, Intel
faster and better than 8085, Zilog Z80
first generation.
Third Generation 1979–1980 16-bit processors, built Intel 8086, 80186,
using HMOS technology. 80286, Motorola 68000
Four times faster than
second generation.
Fourth Generation 1981–1995 32-bit processors, built Intel 80386, Motorola
using HCMOS technolo- 68020/68030
gy.
Fifth Generation 1995–Present 64-bit processors, very Pentium, Celeron, Dual-
fast and powerful. Core, Quad-Core Pro-
cessors
These processors include Pentium, Celeron, Dual-Core, and Quad-Core processors. A brief
overview of some fifth-generation processors and their specifications is given below—
Intel Celeron- This was introduced in April 1998. It refers to a range of Intel’s X86 CPUs for
value personal computers. It is based on Pentium 2 and can run on all IA-32 computer
programs.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 20

Fig. 2.6: Intel Celeron processor

Pentium
This was introduced on March 2 in 1993 after Intel 486, the 4 here in 486 indicates the fourth
generation.
Pentium refers to Intel’s single core x86 microprocessor which is based on the fifth-generation
micro-architecture. This processor’s name was derived from the Greek word ‘penta’ meaning
‘five’. The Pentium MMX with a data bus of 64 bits was developed in 1996. More improved
versions of pentium processors were designed from the year 2000.

Fig. 2.7: Pantium Celeron processor

Xeon
This is a 400 MHz Pentium processor from Intel for use in workstations and enterprise
servers. This processor is designed for multimedia applications, engineering graphics,
internet, and large data base servers.

Fig. 2.8: Xeon processor

Functions of a CPU
A CPU or processor carries out certain instructions and manipulates data. The main function

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 21

of a CPU is to execute a sequence of stored instructions called a program. It can execute only
machine code and fetches the machine coded instructions from memory and executes them.
CPU processes instructions in four steps—fetch, decode, execute, and write back.
Fetch- The CPU reads data and instruction from memory.
Decode- The data and instructions are decoded to determine what action is required.
Execute- The instructions are executed by performing arithmetic or logical operation on data.
Write- The result of an execution is written to memory or an I/O module.
Concept of Program Execution
The instructions to be executed by a computer are loaded in sequential locations in its main
memory. To execute instructions, the CPU fetches one instruction at a time and performs the
functions specified. Instructions are fetched from successive memory locations until the
execution of a branch or a jump instruction.
The CPU keeps track of the address of the memory location where the next instruction is
located through the use of a dedicated CPU register, referred to as the program counter (PC).
After fetching an instruction, the contents of the PC are updated to point at the next
instruction in sequence as shown in Figure 2.9.
For simplicity, let us assume that each instruction occupies one memory word. Therefore,
execution of one instruction requires the following three steps to be performed by the CPU:
1. fetch the contents of the memory location pointed out by the PC (program counter). The
instructions are stored in the instruction register (IR).
2. increment the contents of the PC by 5.
3. carry out the actions specified by the instruction stored in the IR.

Fig. 2.9: Basic instruction cycle

The first two steps are the fetch phase and step three is the execution phase. Fetch cycle
involves reading of the next instruction from the memory into the CPU and updating the
contents of the program counter. In the execution phase, it interprets the opcode and
performs the indicated operation. The instruction fetch and execution phase together are
known as the instruction cycle. The instruction cycle is shown in the Figure 1.29.
In cases where an instruction occupies more than one word, step one and step two can be
repeated as many times as necessary to fetch the complete instruction. In these cases, the
execution of an instruction may involve one or more operands in memory, each of which
requires a memory access. Further, if indirect addressing is used, then additional memory

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 22

accesses are required.

Major components of the CPU:
The three major components of the CPU are— arithmetic and logic unit (ALU), control unit
(CU), and registers.
Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU): This performs arithmetic and logical operations. For
example, it can add together two binary numbers either from memory or from some of the CPU
registers.
Control unit: This controls the action of the other computer components so that instructions
are executed in the correct sequence.
Registers: These are temporary storage inside the CPU. It is internal memory of CPU which
can read and write at a high speed. It is used to hold data and instructions temporarily while
processing. It also holds the location of the last instruction. With this it can find the location
of the next executable instruction.

Fig. 2.10: Major components of the CPU

Activity 1
Practical Activity 2.1 Installation/Connectivity of CPU
The CPU and motherboard are sensitive to electrostatic discharge. So, place them on a
grounded anti-static mat and wear an anti-static wrist strap while handling the CPU.
When handling a CPU, do not touch the CPU contacts at any time. The CPU is secured to
the socket on the motherboard with a locking assembly.
Thermal compound which is used to conduct heat away from the CPU is applied on top of
the CPU. In case of an old CPU, first clean the top of the CPU and then apply the thermal
compound. Clean the top of the CPU and the base of the heat sink with isopropyl alcohol
and a lint free cloth. This removes the old thermal compound. Then apply a new layer of
thermal compound.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 23

Fig.2.11: Installing CPU on the Fig. 2.12: Applying thermal compound on

motherboard CPU
CPU heat sink
This is an important component of a modern computer. It is an attachment for the chip that
prevents it from overheating. The computer’s CPU operates at high speed, which causes it to
heat up quickly. If the CPU gets too hot, the computer may shut down and could get damaged.
A heat sink is used to keep the CPU cool. It is a metal device that draws heat away from the
CPU and releases it outside. Usually, a fan is attached to the heat sink to expel hot air. Heat
sinks are mostly made of copper and aluminum because these metals help dissipate heat
efficiently:
• Copper — Excellent conductor of heat but heavy.
• Aluminum — Lighter than copper and does not put much load on the motherboard.
Some computers also use a liquid cooling system, which uses a special liquid to remove heat.
The liquid is pumped to a radiator to expel the heat.
Main functions of a heat sink:
• Protect the CPU
• Prevent excessive heating
• Ensure the computer runs properly for a long time

Fig. 2.13: Heat sink with cable and connector

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 24

Activity 3
Practical Activity 2.2 Installation of heat sink
Heat sink and fan assembly: Heat sink is a cooling device. The heat sink draws heat away
from the CPU. The fan moves the heat away from the heat sink. The assembly has a 3-pin
power connector. Figure 1 shows the cable and the motherboard connector for the heat
sink.

Fig. 2.14.: Screwing the heat sink

To install a CPU fan and heat sink, follow these steps:
• align the heat sink and fan assembly with the holes on the motherboard.
• screw in the heat sink.
Primary storage
In a computer, primary storage is also called main memory. It is the part of the computer
where program instructions and data currently in use are stored. It is located on the mother-
board and allows fast reading and writing of data, enabling the processor to work quickly.
Need for Primary Storage
• Fast Data Access — Provides quick access to data and programs, speeding up operations.
• Temporary Storage — Data remains here only while the computer is running.
• Loading Operating System — The operating system is loaded into primary storage when the
computer starts.
• Running Applications — Software and apps run in primary storage.
• Faster Performance — Frequently used data is kept nearby for quick access.
• Buffering — Temporarily holds data and delivers it to the processor at the correct speed.
• Computation and Processing — Handles temporary data generated during program execu-
tion.
• CPU Support — Provides the CPU with instructions and data instantly.
• Better Performance — Ensures smooth and fast computer operation.
Types of Primary Storage
Primary storage in a computer consists of different types of memory, each with distinct func-
tions and characteristics.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 25

1. Read-Only Memory (ROM) — Data in ROM can only be read, not modified; it is perma-
nent memory. Booting instructions are stored in ROM to start the computer.
Types of ROM:
• PROM (Programmable ROM) — Data can be written only once.
• EPROM (Erasable PROM) — Can be erased using ultraviolet (UV) light and rewritten.
• EEPROM (Electrically Erasable PROM) — Data can be erased and rewritten multiple times,
but it is slower.
• MROM (Masked ROM) — Data is pre-written and cannot be changed.
2. Random Access Memory (RAM) — RAM is temporary memory. Data remains in RAM on-
ly while the computer is on; it is erased when the computer is turned off. Data can be
read and written in RAM.
Types of RAM:
• Dynamic RAM (DRAM) — Requires periodic refreshing of data. Slower but inexpensive.
• Static RAM (SRAM) — Provides faster access to data. Expensive and used in cache memory.
3. Flash Memory — A non-volatile memory, meaning data remains safe even when the
computer is off. Used in pen drives, memory cards, and SSDs.
4. Cache Memory — Located very close to the CPU and works very fast. Stores data that
the CPU frequently needs, further speeding up computer performance.
Types of Primary Storage in Table 2.2
Type of Memory Volatile / Non-Volatile Features Example / Use
Read-Only Non-volatile Data can only be read Booting process to start
Memory and cannot be changed. the computer
Random Access Volatile Data remains only while Programs or apps are
Memory the computer is powered loaded into RAM when
on. run
Flash Memory Non-volatile Can be erased and re- Pen drives, memory
written multiple times. cards, SSDs
Data remains safe when
the computer is off.
Cache Memory Volatile Located near the CPU Used to increase CPU
and works very fast. speed and overall per-
Stores frequently used formance
data needed by the CPU.
HDD (Hard disk drive)
A computer hard disk drive (HDD) is a non-volatile data storage device. Non-volatile refers to
storage devices that maintain stored data when turned off. All computers need a storage

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 26

device, and HDDs are just one example of a type of storage device.
HDDs are usually installed inside desktop computers, mobile devices, consumer electronics
and enterprise storage arrays in data centers. They can store operating systems, software
programs and other files using magnetic disks.
More specifically, hard disk drives control the reading and writing of the hard disk that
provides data storage. HDDs are used either as the primary or secondary storage device in a
computer. They are commonly found in the drive bay and are connected to the motherboard
via an Advanced Technology Attachment (ATA), Serial ATA, parallel ATA or Small Computer
System Interface (SCSI) cable, among other formats. The HDD is also connected to a power
supply unit and can keep stored data while powered down.
SSD (Solid State Drive)
Solid-state drive (SSD) is a solid-state storage device that uses integrated circuit assemblies as
memory to store data. SSD is also known as a solid-state disk although SSDs do not have
physical disks. There are no moving mechanical components in SSD. This makes them
different from conventional electromechanical drives such as Hard Disk Drives (HDDs) or
floppy disks, which contain movable read/write heads and spinning disks. SSDs are typically
more resistant to physical shock, run silently, and have quicker access time, and lower
latency compared to electromechanical devices.
It is a type of non-volatile memory that retains data even when power is lost. SSDs may be
constructed from random-access memory (RAM) for applications requiring fast access but not
necessarily data persistence after power loss. Batteries can be employed as integrated power
sources in such devices to retain data for a certain amount of time after external power is lost.
Difference Between SSD and HDD
Table 2.3 Difference between SSD and HDD
HDD SSD
HDDs are more reliable for long-term SSDs are comparatively less reliable for long-
storage. term storage due to data leaks that can occur if
kept unpowered for more than a year.
The data accessing speed is slower as The data accessing speed is much higher as
compared to SSD. compared to HDD.

The performance suffers because of The performance does not suffer because of
fragmentation. fragmentation.
HDDs are suitable for SSDs are suitable for
• Extensive storage • Fast data retrieval
• Long-term storage • Laptop or desktop because of low power
consumption and size.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 27

Graphics Card
The Graphics Card, also referred to as a Video Adapter, is an essential component that
enhances a personal computer's display capabilities by plugging into an expansion slot on the
motherboard. It facilitates the transmission of visual data to the monitor, enabling users to
interact with the computer through graphical interfaces. Two primary display modes are
supported: text mode, which displays ASCII characters, and graphics mode, which renders
bit-mapped images. Unlike older setups where the computer's RAM handled display storage,
modern graphics cards incorporate dedicated memory, alleviating the burden on system
resources. Furthermore, advanced graphics cards boast their own graphics coprocessors,
often termed graphics accelerators, designed to efficiently handle complex graphics
calculations, resulting in smoother and more immersive visual experiences for users.

Fig. 2.15.: Graphics card

sound card
Sound cards are indispensable components within personal computers, seamlessly integrating
into expansion slots to deliver immersive audio experiences. They serve as the conduit
between digital data and the vibrant sounds emanating from speakers, translating binary
signals into rich, analog audio waves. Crucial for multimedia endeavors, they enable the
seamless playback of CD-ROMs and enhance gaming experiences with dedicated connections
for peripherals. Moreover, their versatility extends to recording capabilities, effortlessly
capturing sound input from microphones for various applications. In essence, sound cards
serve as the auditory backbone of modern computing, bridging the gap between digital
information and tangible, resonant.

Fig. 2.16.: sound card

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 28

Power supply
The Switch Mode Power Supply (SMPS) serves as the primary power supply unit for computer
systems, delivering the low voltage DC power essential for their operation. This vital
component ensures the steady provision of power ranging from 5 to 12 volts, meeting the
diverse energy needs of various system components and peripherals. Through its efficient
conversion of alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC) at different voltage levels, the
SMPS enables the stable and reliable functioning of the computer, powering critical
components such as the motherboard, processor, memory modules, and peripherals. Its
compact design and advanced switching technology not only optimize power delivery but also
minimize energy loss and heat generation, contributing to the overall performance and
longevity of the computer system. Thus, the SMPS plays a crucial role in sustaining the
functionality and efficiency of modern computing devices.
Summary
The main internal components of a computer include the motherboard, CPU, RAM, hard disk,
and others. The CPU is the brain of the computer and performs all calculations. RAM is
temporary memory that holds data while the computer is running, and the hard disk provides
permanent data storage. The combined operation of all these components ensures the
computer functions properly.

Check Your Progress

A. Multiple choice questions (MCQs)

1. Which is called the brain of the computer? (a) RAM (b) CPU (c) Motherboard (d) Hard
Disk
2. Which component connects all the internal parts of a computer? (a) Motherboard (b)
Graphics Card (c) Storage Device (d) Sound Card
3. A graphics card is mainly used for (a) Sound processing (b) Video and image rendering)
(c) Data storage (d) Internet connectivity
4. Which device stores data permanently even when the power is off? (a) RAM (b) ROM (c)
Storage Device (HDD/SSD)) (d) CPU
5. Expansion slots on the motherboard are used for (a) Adding extra keyboard (b)
Connecting USB drives (c) Storing files (d) Installing add-on cards like graphics and
sound cards)

B. Fill in the blank questions

1. -------------------- is the main circuit board of a computer.
2. -------------------- performs arithmetic and logical operations inside the CPU.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 29

3. -------------------- is high-speed storage that retains data even without power.

4. A ------------------- improves visuals and graphics quality in games or design software.
5. ---------------------- allows the computer to process and output audio.

C. True or False
1. CPU is directly connected to the motherboard.
2. Sound card is used for audio processing, not displaying visuals.
3. Storage devices like HDD and SSD store data permanently.
4. Graphics cards are connected to the motherboard via expansion slots.
5. RAM is a type of volatile (temporary) memory.

D. Short Questions
1. What is the function of the motherboard?
2. Name the main parts of the CPU.
3. Why is a graphics card important for gaming?
4. Difference between RAM and ROM?
5. What is the role of a sound card in a computer?

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 30

Session 3. Input and Output Devices

Input and output devices are required to communicate with the computer. These devices are
connected to the CPU through various ports or with the help of wireless technologies. Input
devices feed data and instructions into the computer, and output devices present information
from a computer system. Output gene
rated by the output devices may be hardcopy or softcopy output. Hardcopy outputs are
permanent outputs which can be used later when required. They produce a permanent record
on paper. Printer is a common output device, that produces hardcopy outputs. Softcopy
outputs are electronic and are available on the screen in a digital form. They do not produce a
permanent record. Monitor is a common softcopy output device.
INPUT DEVICES
An input device is used to feed data into a computer. It is also defined as a device that
provides communication between the user and the computer.
3.1.1 Text Input Devices
These are the devices which are commonly used to give text input to the computer like
alphabets, numbers and other special symbols etc.
1. Keyboard: This is the most common input device. It is designed just like a conventional
typewriter. It allows the user to input alphabets, numbers, and other characters. It provides
keys for additional functions. It detects the key being pressed and generates the
corresponding ASCII code which can be recognized by the computer. The standard US
keyboard introduced in 1986 has 101 keys. It has a keyboard layout called the QWERTY
design. QWERTY gets its name from the first six letters across in the upper left-hand corner
of the keyboard as shown in Figure 3.1.

Fig. 3.1: Keyboard

2. Numeric keypad
It is a small keyboard having only numbers. It is used to enter only numeric data such as
those in ATMs. The computer keyboards also have a numeric keypad as shown in Figure 3.2.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 31

Fig. 3.2: Numeric Keyboard

3. PIN pad
This is a device with a numeric keypad used to enter a personal identification number (PIN) of
debit card or credit card while doing the transaction as shown in Figure 3.2.

Fig. 3.3: PIN pad

3.1.2 Pointing Devices
These devices are used to move an onscreen pointer or cursor (usually an arrow). They are
commonly used with graphical user interfaces (GUIs).
1. Mouse
It is a small handheld device used to indicate the position of a cursor or its movement on a
computer's screen by rolling it over a mouse pad or flat surface. A mouse has one or more
buttons and possibly a scroll wheel. This scroll wheel is used to scroll the screen vertically or
horizontally. The different types of mouse are ball, optical, and laser mouse. Ball mouse works
on the principle of the movement of the ball, whereas optical mouse uses LED and laser
mouse uses laser beams for sensing the movement. Laser mouse has more precise movement
when compared to other types of mouse. Wired mouse uses serial, PS/2, and USB ports, to
communicate, as shown in Figure 3.4, 3.5 and 3.6. Whereas a wireless mouse communicates
with the computer via radio waves.

Fig. 3.4: Wireless Mouse Fig 3.5: USB port Mouse Fig. 3.6: PS2 Port Mouse
2. Light Pen: It is a pointing device shaped like a pen. The tip of the light pen contains a light-
sensitive element which when placed against the screen detects the light from the screen,

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 32

enabling the computer to identify the location of the pen on the screen. Light pens have the
advantage of drawing directly on the screen. They are used by engineers, artists, and
fashion designers for Computer Aided Designing (CAD) and other drawing purposes.

Fig. 3.7: Light pen

3. Touch Screen: It is an input device that allows the user to operate by simply touching on
the display screen. Some computers, tablets, smartphones, etc., have touch-sensitive
display screens. It can also be operated using a stylus which gives more precision.
Information kiosks at railway stations and bank ATMs also use touch screens as input
device. Nowadays, touch screens are the most common hardware interface for electronic
gadgets.

Fig. 3.8: Touch Screen

4. Graphic Tablet: This consists of an electronic writing area and a special pen that works
with it. It allows artists to enter natural hand movements to create graphical images with
motions and actions similar to traditional drawing tools. A stylus is used like a pen and
moved over the surface of the tablet. Stylus' movement data is then sent to the computer.
The pen of the graphics tablet is pressure sensitive. Hard or soft pressure on the tablet
using the pen can result in brush strokes of different widths in an appropriate graphics
program.

Fig.3.9: Graphic tablet

5. Touchpad: This is a pointing device found on the laptop computers in place of a mouse to
control the pointer. It allows the user to move the finger across the touchpad just as a

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 33

mouse pointer does and this movement in the form of data is sent to the computer.
Touchpad is operated with fingers and dragging it across the flat surface, as the finger
moves on the surface, the mouse cursor will move in that same direction. The touchpad
also has two buttons below the touch surface that enables clicking.

Fig. 3.10 Touchpad

6. Joystick: This is an input device used for playing video games, controlling training
simulators and robots. Joysticks and other game controllers can also be used as pointing
devices. The joystick has a vertical stick which can move in any direction. It can be used to
control objects in a video game or to make menu selections by the movement of a cursor
displayed on the screen. It has a button on the top that is used to select the option pointed
by the cursor.

Fig. 3.11 Joystick

3.1.3 Audio Visual Input Devices
Audio-visual input devices are essential components of modern computing systems,
facilitating the interaction between users and computers through audio and visual mediums.
These devices capture and transmit data in the form of sound, images, or video, enabling
users to communicate, create, and interact with digital content.
1. Scanner
Scanning is a process of taking a close-up photograph. Scanner is an input device which
functions like a photocopying machine. It has a glass plate to place the paper which is to be
scanned. Scanners can capture information, like pictures or text, and convert it into a digital
format that can be edited using a computer. The scanned image or document is captured by
the laser beams and converted to digital data. The scanned picture or document can be saved
in the computer. The quality of the image depends on the resolution of the scanner. The
resolution of the image scanned is expressed in dots per inch (DPI). The higher the DPI, the
better will be the resolution of the scanned image.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 34

The different variants of scanners are flat bed, sheet feed, and hand-held scanner. A sheet
feed scanner can scan a single sheet, whereas a flatbed can scan even from a book but they
are not portable. A hand-held scanner is portable but the scanning action is not smooth as
the scanner is moved manually.

Fig. 3.12 Scanner

2. Microphone
This is used to input human voice into the computer. It is attached to a computer for the
input of sound. It accepts sound which is analogue in nature as input and converts it to
digital format. The digitized sound can be stored in the computer for processing or playback.
The headphones come with microphones to use chat applications. A computer loaded with
speech recognition software like the one pre-installed in Windows 7 can convert what a person
has said into text, which can be saved for word processing. A voice recognition program can
process the input and convert it into machine recognizable commands.

Fig. 3.13 Microphone

2. Digital camera
This can take pictures and videos and convert them into digital format. Pictures or videos
taken using a digital camera are stored inside its memory and can be transferred to a
computer by connecting the camera to it. It is a kind of small computer that controls camera
focus, stores images, etc. It runs a very simple operating system (stored on ROM) and usually
provides a menu-based GUI for the user.

Fig. 3.14 Digital Camera

The quality of the lens, the density of charge coupled device (CCD), resolution (measured in
megapixel), optical zoom, and the software used in the camera determines the quality of the

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 35

picture. Each picture is made up of thousands of tiny pixels (picture elements) and the camera
stores the data on the colour of each dot. The quality of the picture is determined by the
number of pixels in each picture. Digital cameras have resolutions ranging from 2 mega pixel
to 24 megapixels and optical zoom ranging from 3x to 60x.
4. Webcam
It is a compact and less expensive version of a digital camera. It is used in computers for video
chatting. It does not have an internal memory. It is a very basic video camera used to feed live
video into a computer. The video data from a web cam is low quality compared to a full video
camera. It is positioned on top of the laptop monitor and for desktop computers it can be
connected externally. Applications like Skype, Yahoo Messenger, etc., use webcam to capture
images. Now, laptops also come with an inbuilt web camera.

Fig. 3.15 Webcam

5. Closed circuit TV (CCTV)
CCTV captures the images and videos fed as input to the computers. (Figure 3.16). CCTVs are
commonly used to maintain road safety and the security on premises.

Fig. 3.16 Closed Circuit TV

3.1.4 Input card Readers
1. Smart card or chip reader
This is a plastic card that stores and transacts data. It has a tiny 'chip' of computer memory
embedded inside. Data can be stored in the chip's memory and read back using a 'chip'
reader. The data card may contain a memory or a microprocessor. Memory cards simply store
data, while a microprocessor card on the other hand can add, delete, and manipulate
information in its memory. The smart card is used in most banking, healthcare, telephone
calling, electronic cash payments, and other applications.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 36

Fig. 3.17 Smart card or chip reader

Smart card readers are used to access data in a smart card. It can be contact type or contact
less. A contact type of reader requires physical contact with the cards, which is made by
inserting the card into the reader. A card is inserted into the reader where metal contacts
connect to the metal pads on the front face of the card. The reader can access the data stored
on memory chip. A contact less type of reader works with a radio frequency that
communicates when the card comes close to the reader. Many contact less readers are
designed specifically for toll gate payment in transportation applications and person identity
applications. Satellite TV decoders use smart cards to store data regarding subscription of
channels by the user. The data is encrypted so that it is not easy to alter. Many types of
cards—ID cards, phone cards, credit cards, and door security cards use this system.
2. Magnetic strip reader
The credit cards have a magnetic strip. This strip stores the user's data in the form of
magnetized dots (for example, the credit card number, card expiry date, and customer name).
The strip allows inputting of this data to a computer system faster and more accurately than
typing. A magnetic strip reader is used to read the data by swiping the card through a slot on
the reader.

Fig. 3.18 Magnetic strip reader

3.1.5 Input-reading Text or Codes
Entering the data in a computer using a keyboard may be a slow process and it is prone to
mistakes. Sometimes speed and accuracy may be essentially required. In such cases, the
following input devices are used to read and input the data.
1. Barcode & Quick Response (QR) code reader
It is a set of vertical lines of different thickness and spacing that represent a number. These
lines are read by a barcode reader or scanner. Barcode readers are devices that are used to
input data from such set of barcodes (Figure 3.18). This code is converted to an alphanumeric

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 37

value and is fed to the computer connected to it. The bar code reader reads and enters the
value quickly and accurately than entering the data by using a keypad. Barcode is used to
code items in a shop and books in a library. Handheld scanners are commonly seen in shops
to scan codes and price information for each of the items to make billing easier. Mobile phones
with camera and special software can also be used as a barcode reader.

Fig. 3.19: Bar Code Fig. 3.20: Quick Response (QR) Code
QR codes are similar to barcodes. Barcodes are single dimensional, whereas QR codes are two
dimensional as shown in Figure 3.20. The two-dimensional way of storing data allows QR code
to store more data than a standard barcode. This code can store website URLs, plain text,
phone numbers, email addresses, and any other alphanumeric data. The QR code can be read
using a barcode reader or a mobile phone which has a camera and special software installed.
2. Optical Mark Reader (OMR)
It is an input device that recognizes marks made by a pencil or pen in a multiple-choice type
form. It is commonly used to check forms filled with pen or pencil and to correct MCQs of
exam papers. It can read the mark s and feed that data to a computer (Figure 3.21).
OMR technology scans a printed form and reads predefined positions and records the marks
on the form. This technology is useful for applications in which large number of forms needs
to be processed quickly with great accuracy, such as objective type tests and questionnaires.

Fig. 3.21: Optical Mark Reader (OMR)

3. Magnetic Ink Character Reader (MICR)
It reads the data written by the magnetic ink. The cheque number is printed at the bottom of each bank cheque by
special magnetic ink using a special font. It can be detected by a MICR reader. MICR reads this data and feeds it to
the computer quickly and accurately.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 38

Fig. 3.22: Magnetic Ink Character Reader (MICR)

4. Optical Character Recognition (OCR)
This is a software technology that converts images of text into an actual text file. To use this
technology, first scan the document using the scanner. Then the scanned image is analyzed
by the OCR software. The result is such that it seems the text has been typed by hand.

Fig. 3.23: Optical Character Recognition (OCR)

3.1.6 Input Sensors
A sensor is a device that senses the real-world data (for instance, temperature) and converts it
into digital data to be processed by the computer. A computer system cannot sense the real-
world data such as light or dark, hot or cold, quiet or noisy. We use our senses (eyes, ears,
mouth, nose, and skin) to read such data. In the same way, the sensor reads this kind of data
and converts it into its digital equivalent. The sensors are connected to a computer.
Biometric sensor
It is a device that identifies unique human physical features with high accuracy. It is an
essential component of a biometric system which uses physical features like fingerprints,
retina, iris patterns, etc., to identify, verify, and authenticate the identity of the user. The
three major types of biometric sensors are semiconductor sensor, optical sensor, and
ultrasound sensor. Figure 3.23 shows a biometric sensor.

Fig. 3.24 Biometric sensor

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 39

3.2 Output Devices

These can be categorized into three types based on the output produced by the computer in
the following form:
1. Soft copy
2. Hard copy
2. Sound output
3.2.1 Soft copy output device
The output on the screen is called a soft copy. The soft copy output can be provided on the
following devices.
Visual Display Unit (VDU)
This is an output device that visually conveys text, graphics, and video information.
Information shown on a display device is called softcopy because the information exists
electronically and is displayed for a temporary period of time.
Display devices include Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) monitors, Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
monitors, Thin Film Transistor (TFT) monitors, Light Emitting Diode (LED) monitors, and gas
plasma monitors.
Flat panel monitors
These are very thin, lightweight, and need very less power. Flat panel displays are thinner,
lighter in weight, consume less power, and emit less heat as compared to CRT monitors. They
are most commonly used in computers, especially in laptops. Different types of flat panel
monitors are LCD (Liquid Crystal Display), LED (Light Emitting Diode) and OLED (Organic
LED). LCD uses liquid crystal molecules for display, LED uses light emitting diodes for
display, and OLED uses a special organic compound for display. LED displays have better
brightness.

Fig. 3.25: Flat panel monitor

Liquid crystal display (LCD): This display consists of liquid crystals sandwiched between two
plastic plates. These crystals rearrange to form an image when an electric current pass
through them. A light source at the back of this plate makes the picture visible. This light
source can be a fluorescent lamp or LED.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 40

Fig. 3.26: Liquid crystal display (LCD) monitor

Light emitting diode (LED) monitor:
This uses LED directly behind the liquid crystal display (LCD) in order to light up the screen.
This technique is very effective and gives each area of the screen its own light, which can be
on or off. LED screens can produce massive contrast ratios resulting in better color quality
and clarity. Further, wider viewing angle, faster refresh rates, and power saving are its other
advantages, making this technology expensive.

Fig. 3.27: Light emitting diode (LED) monitor

Plasma monitors: A flat panel display consists of sandwiching neon or xenon gas between two
sealed glass plates with parallel electrodes deposited on their surfaces. When a voltage pulse
is passed between two electrodes, the gas lights up as different colours creating images on a
monitor. Plasma monitors provide high resolution but are also expensive.

Fig. 3.28: Plasma monitor

Organic light emitting diode (OLED) monitors: The panel of OLED is made up of millions of
tiny LEDs. The 'O' in OLED stands for organic which means there is carbon in the light
emitting layer of the panel. OLED screens are thinner and lighter than LCDs and LEDs. They

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 41

can produce better quality images and have a better viewing angle. OLEDs consume less
power but are again very expensive.

Fig. 3.29: Organic light emitting diode (OLED) monitors

LCD projector
This is a type of video projector used for displaying videos, images, or computer data on a
large screen or any other flat surface. Several people in a classroom can view the output on a
wide screen at the same time. It is a modern equivalent of the slide projector or overhead
projector. A beam of high-intensity light travels through thousands of shifting pixels in a LCD
display. This beam of light then passes through a lens which projects and focuses the image
on the surface.

Fig. 3.30: LCD projector

3.2.2 Hard copy output devices
Hard copies are tangible computer outputs. Printer and plotter are used to get a hard copy
output.
Printer
The function of a printer is to print the information from a computer onto paper. The quality of
a printer depends on its resolution (DPI) and speed. Speed is measured in characters per
second (CPS), lines per minute (LPM), or pages per minute (PPM).
Based on technology, printers are of two types:
1. Impact Printers
2. Non-Impact Printers
(1) Impact Printers
These printers print by striking a ribbon with pins or print heads against the paper, which
produces noise.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 42

• Dot Matrix Printer — It uses small pins that strike the ribbon to form characters. The
print quality is low, and it makes considerable noise, but it can produce multiple copies
simultaneously. These printers are commonly used in shops and billing counters.

Fig. 3.31:
2.30: Dot Matrix
matrix printer
Printer
• Line Printer — Similar to a dot matrix printer, but it prints an entire line at once. It
works very fast and is used in large offices and organizations.

Fig. 3.32: Line Printer

(2) Non-Impact Printers
These printers do not touch the paper while printing and are therefore quiet.
• Inkjet Printer — It sprays tiny droplets of ink through nozzles to create text or images.
The print quality is high, and it is used for photo printing. These printers are
inexpensive, but ink cartridges can be costly.
• Laser Printer — It uses a laser beam and toner powder to produce very clear and fast
prints. These are commonly used in offices and schools. Color laser printers are more
expensive.

Fig. 3.34: Laser Printer

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 43

• Thermal Printer — It prints on heat-sensitive paper using heat. These printers are
small, lightweight, and consume very little power. They are used for printing receipts in
ATMs and shops.

Fig.3.35: Thermal Printer

The features of all the above printers are summarized in the Table 3.1.
Type of Printer Technology Speed Quality Uses
Dot Matrix Prints characters Slow Low Shops and cash
Printer using pins and rib- counters
bon
Line Printer Prints one com- Very fast (up Medium Large offices and
plete line at a time to 3000 LPM) companies
Inkjet Printer Sprays droplets of Medium Very good Home, photo
ink (photo-like) printing
Laser Printer Uses laser beam Fast Very clear Offices, schools,
and toner powder and sharp professional work
for printing
Thermal Print- Prints using heat Fast Average ATMs, shop re-
er on heat-sensitive ceipts, label print-
paper ing
3.3.3 Sound output device
The device which gives a sound output is called a speaker. Speaker devices are designed for
personal and public use.
The audio output is the ability of the computer to produce sound. Speakers are the output
devices that produce sound. They are connected to the computer through audio ports. They
produce sound by the movement of the diaphragm in the speaker, forward and backward
according to the electrical signals coming out of the audio port. For high quality sound
reproduction, computers use 2.1 (3 speakers), 5.1 (5 speakers), and 7.1 (7 speakers) speaker
systems.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 44

Fig. 3.35: Speaker

Summary
Input devices such as the keyboard and mouse provide information to the computer. On the
other hand, output devices such as the monitor and printer display or print the processed
information. The importance of these devices lies in the fact that they enable us to
communicate with the computer and retrieve information.

Check Your Progress

A. Multiple choice questions (MCQs)
1. Which of the following is a text input device? (A) Mouse (B) Keyboard (C) Printer (D)
Scanner
2. Which of the following is a pointing device? (A) Monitor (B) Scanner (C) Mouse (D)
Microphone
3. Which of the following is an audio-visual input device? (A) Scanner (B) Keyboard (C)
Microphone (D) Printer
4. Which device is used for input-reading text or codes? (A) Printer (B) Scanner (C) Mouse
(D) Monitor
5. Which of the following is a soft copy output device? (A) Printer (B) Monitor (C) Plotter (D)
Speaker
6. Which device is considered a hard copy output device? (A) Speaker (B) Monitor (C)
Plotter (D) Scanner
7. Which device is commonly used for reading data from credit or debit cards? (A) Scanner
(B) Keyboard (C) Microphone (D) Magnetic Stripe Reader

B. Fill in the blank questions

1. ________________ are used for entering text, such as letters, numbers, and symbols, into
a computer system.
2. A ________________, such as a mouse or touchpad, allows users to interact with
graphical user interfaces by moving a pointer on the screen.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 45

3. ________________ capture both audio and visual data, such as videos or live streams,
and input them into a computer system.
4. ________________ are devices used to read data from magnetic stripes or chips,
commonly found in credit cards or identification cards.
5. Devices capable of ________________ are able to interpret and input text or codes, such
as those found on barcodes or QR codes.
6. ________________ produce visual or auditory output that can be viewed or heard on a
screen or speakers connected to the computer.
7. A ________________ produces output that is displayed on a screen or monitor, allowing
users to view digital content.
8. A ________________ is a type of output device that produces sound or audio output,
allowing users to listen to music, voice recordings, or system alerts.

C. Ture or False
1. A keyboard is an example of a pointing device.
2. Input card readers are used to read data from magnetic stripes or chips, commonly
found in credit cards.
3. Output devices produce data that can be physically touched or held.
4. Soft copy output devices produce physical copies of data, such as printed documents.
5. Input sensors detect and input physical phenomena into a computer system.
6. Hard copy output devices produce output that can be viewed on a screen or monitor.
7. Pointing devices allow users to interact with graphical user interfaces by moving a
pointer on the screen.
8. Text input devices are only capable of inputting handwritten text.

D. Short Questions
1. What are text input devices? Provide examples.
2. What is audio visual input devices? Provide an example.
3. What is the function of input card readers? Give an example of their application.
4. What are input sensors? Give an example of their use.
5. Define output devices. Give two examples.
6. Explain the difference between soft copy and hard copy output devices. Provide
examples of each.
7. What is the purpose of a sound output device? Give an example.
8. How do input devices contribute to the functioning of a computer system?

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 46

Session 4. Storage and Peripheral Devices

Digital Data Storage Devices
The digital storage devices market has experienced remarkable growth in recent years, driven
by the exponential increase in data generation and the growing demand for data storage and
management solutions. Characterized by a diverse range of products, including hard disk
drives (HDDs), solid-state drives (SSDs), USB flash drives, and memory cards, this industry
has seen significant advancements. SSDs, in particular, have surged in popularity due to their
superior performance, faster data transfer speeds, and enhanced reliability compared to
traditional HDDs. Furthermore, the need for higher storage capacities and compact devices
has fueled the development of microSD cards and NVMe SSDs. Furthermore, with the
widespread adoption of cloud computing and the Internet of Things (IoT), the digital storage
devices sector is poised for further expansion and innovation.
Memory or storage devices
Memory is required in a computer to store programs and the data processed by programs.
Computer memory is made up of a large number of cells. Each cell is capable of storing one
bit of information in the form of binary numbers.
Capacity and measuring unit of Memory
In the realm of computing, memory capacity is a crucial concept often discussed in terms of
various measuring units. Memory capacity refers to the amount of data that a memory storage
device can hold. It is typically measured in units such as bytes, kilobytes (KB), megabytes
(MB), gigabytes (GB), terabytes (TB), and beyond. These units represent increasing orders of
magnitude, with each subsequent unit being exponentially larger than the previous one. For
instance, a byte is the smallest unit of memory, capable of storing a single character, while a
kilobyte can hold approximately a thousand bytes of data, and so on. Understanding memory
capacity and its measuring units is essential for effectively managing digital data and selecting
appropriate storage devices to meet specific needs.
The storage capacity of the memory is expressed in various units of memory. These are as
follows:
Table 4.1 for Computer Data Storage Memory Unit.
Unit Description
Bit (Binary Digit) A binary digit is logical 0 & 1
Nibble 1 Nibble = 4 bits
Byte (B) 1 Byte = 8 bits
Kilobyte (KB) 1 KB = 1024 B
Megabyte (MB) 1 MB = 1024 KB

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 47

Gigabyte (GB) 1 GB = 1024 MB

Terabyte (TB) 1 TB = 1024 GB
Petabyte (PB) 1 PB = 1024 TB
Exabyte (EB) 1 EB = 1024 PB
Zettabyte (ZB) 1 ZB = 1024 EB
Yottabyte (YB) 1 YB = 1024 ZB
Memory System
Memory in a computer system is required for the storage and subsequent retrieval of
instruction and data. A computer system uses a variety of devices for storing instructions and
data required for its operations. Normally, the information to be stored on a computer is
classified in two basic categories – data and instructions.
Although a memory system is a very simple system, it exhibits a wide range of technology. But
unfortunately, faster memory is more costly. On the other hand, memories with smaller cost
have very high access time. This is the time taken by the CPU to access a location in memory.
This results in slower operation of the CPU. Thus, the cost versus access time has led to a
hierarchy of memory where we supplement fast memories with larger, cheaper and slower
memories. Therefore, memory system may have different types, costs, organizations,
technologies and performances. (Figure 4.1)

Fig. 4.1 The Memory Hierarchy

Types of Memory
A memory system can be considered to consist of three types of memories. These are as
follows:

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 48

1. Internal processor memories

2. Primary memory or main memory
3. Secondary or auxiliary memory
Any storage unit of a computer may have the following characteristics:
Storage capacity is the amount of information/data a storage unit can hold. Accessing the
data to/from these memories may be fast or slow.
The speed and availability of inexpensive memory has had enormous impact on computer
technology. The highspeed memory devices are more expensive and occupy less space in
comparison to the slow speed memory devices.
Internal Processor Memories
These consist of the small set of high-speed registers and highspeed buffer memory (cache)
which are internal to a processor and are used as temporary locations where actual
processing is done.
Register is a small amount of storage available on the CPU whose contents can be accessed
more quickly than storage available elsewhere. Processor registers are at the top of the
memory hierarchy and provide the fastest way for a CPU to access data.
Cache Memory
Cache memory is a small highspeed buffer memory used to hold instructions temporarily
during processing.
The CPU of a computer system commonly uses cache memory (Figure 4.2) where it holds or
buffers the contents of the main memory because the CPU runs much faster than the main
memory. Thus, to reduce the waiting time of the CPU the cache is used. Cache memory
reduces traditional system bottlenecks because system RAM is much slower than CPU. This
prevents the processor from having to wait for a program and data from slower main memory.
A cache typically operates by retaining copies of blocks of storage, each containing recently
used information. This memory (or caches) is usually transparent or invisible to the processor.

Fig. 4.2 Cache memory

Cache is a collection of data duplicating original values stored elsewhere or computed earlier,
where the original data is expensive to fetch (owing to longer access time) or to compute,
compared to the cost of reading the cache. In other words, a cache is a temporary storage area
where frequently accessed data can be stored for rapid access. Once the data is stored in the
cache, future use can be made by accessing the cached copy rather than prefetching or

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 49

recomputing the original data, so that the average access time is reduced.

Fig. 4.3 CPU memory cache

Primary Memory
Primary memory is the main memory of a computer. The CPU can directly read and write data
in it. It is essential for the functioning of the computer. It is divided into two parts – ROM and
RAM.
Read Only Memory (ROM)
ROM stands for Read Only Memory. The data in ROM can only be read but cannot be
modified. The essential programs required to start the computer are stored in ROM.
Types of ROM:
• PROM (Programmable ROM): Data can be written only once.
• EPROM (Erasable PROM): Data can be erased using ultraviolet (UV) light.
• EEPROM (Electrically Erasable PROM): Data can be erased and modified electrically.
• Flash Memory: The entire block or chip can be erased and rewritten at once.
Random Access Memory (RAM)
RAM stands for Random Access Memory. It is called temporary memory because when the
computer is turned off, the data in RAM is lost. It provides data to the CPU at high speed.
Types of RAM:
• SRAM (Static RAM): Faster but more expensive. It retains data as long as power is
supplied.
• DRAM (Dynamic RAM): Cheaper and has higher capacity but needs to be refreshed
frequently.
Table 4.2 Comparison between ROM and RAM
ROM RAM
Read Only Memory Random Access Memory
It stores information permanently. It holds information temporarily.
Information is not lost even if the Information is lost when power supply is

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 50

computer is switched off. switched off.

Known as non-volatile memory. Knows as volatile memory
Holds system software such as Boot Holds operating system and application
Loader. programs which are currently in use.
Types of ROMs are PROM, EPROM Type of RAMs are Dynamic RAM and Static
EEPROM. RAM.
Secondary Memory
Secondary memory is also called auxiliary memory. It is slower than the main memory but has
a larger storage capacity. It is long-term and non-volatile, meaning the data remains safe even
when the power is turned off. The processor cannot use it directly. It is used to store programs
and data for a long time and to create backups.
Types of Secondary Memory
Floppy Disk
It is a magnetic disk, available in 5¼-inch and 3½-inch sizes. Its storage capacity was very low
(up to 1.44 MB). It was slow and less reliable but inexpensive and portable.

Fig. 4.4 Floppy

Optical Disk
Data is written and read using a laser. It can store up to 6 GB of data. It is of three types: CD-
ROM – read-only, WORM – write once, read many times, and Erasable Disk – can be written
and erased multiple times.

Fig. 4.5 Optical disks

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 51

Hard Disk
It is a magnetic disk with large storage capacity. It is faster and more reliable than a floppy
disk and is the most commonly used storage device in computers.

Fig. 3.6 Hard Disk

Magnetic Tape
It is a long plastic strip on which data is recorded. Data has to be read sequentially. It is
inexpensive and has large storage capacity but is slow. It is used for backup and long-term
data storage.

Fig. 4.7 Magnetic tape

Table: 3.3 Primary Storage vs. Secondary Storage
Primary Storage Secondary Storage
It is the main memory as part of the CPU. It is auxiliary memory which works under the
control of CPU.
It is most expensive. Relatively less expensive than primary memory.
Storage capacity is generally in MB or GB. Storage Capacity is in GB and TB.
Retrieval and processing are very fast. Retrieval and processing are comparatively
slower.
Based on semiconductor technology Based on magnetic or optical technology.
OVERVIEW OF HARD DISK DRIVE (HDD)
Hard Disk Drive (HDD) — The hard disk drive is the main and long-term storage device used
in a computer. It is installed inside the computer case and is firmly fixed with screws. Its disks
spin at a very high speed (about 5,400 to 15,000 RPM). Data is stored magnetically, so it re-

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 52

mains safe even when the power is turned off.

Types of Hard Disk Drives
• Internal Hard Disk Drive: This is present in every computer and serves as the main
storage device. It allows quick and instant access to data.
• External Hard Disk Drive: This connects to the computer externally through a USB
port. It is useful for storing and transferring large amounts of data and can be easily at-
tached or removed from the computer.
Main Components of a Hard Disk Drive
• Platter: It has a magnetic coating where data is stored.
• Spindle: Rotates the platter at high speed.
• Read/Write Head (R/W Head): Reads data from and writes data to the platter.
• Actuator Arm: Moves the head to the correct position on the platter.

Fig. 4.8: Disk drive component

Working of Hard Disk
The data on the hard disk is stored in the magnetic domains on the magnetic material. It
performs the recording function through its concentric circles or tracks.
When you initiate a command to store some data on the disk, the data flows into a cache.
From there, the data is encoded using mathematically derived formulae. This is done to detect
and correct the possible errors from the data. Further, free sectors on the disk are selected.
Then the actuator moves the heads over those free sectors. These processes are followed just
before the writing function.
When the writing time arrives, a pattern of electrical pulses passes through the writing
element coil. This process produces a related pattern of magnetic fields.
The fields alter the magnetic orientations of bits and as a result, the bits represent the data.
The reading process continues in a reverse direction. After consulting the locations of the

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 53

stored data, the actuator moves the head over those tracks, wherein the chosen data is
located.
When the sectors receive the correct sensors, the magnetic fields from the bits induce
resistivity changes. The changes locate the reading elements. The elements are further
connected to electronic circuits. When the current flows from the electronic circuits, it helps in
decoding the data stored in the disk.

Fig. 4.9 working of hard disk

Activity 1
Practical Activity 4.1 Installation of Internal HDD
Materials need
The process of installing an internal hard drive involves mounting it and connecting a
couple of cables.
Drive cages, bays, and mounting options
Procedure
Internal 3.5-inch hard disk drives are mounted in a drive cage or drive bay. Placement and
orientation of the cages or bays will vary from case to case. Drive cages/bays will most often
be mounted perpendicular to the bottom of the chassis, while drives mounted in the cages
usually sit parallel to the bottom of the case. The drive connectors are on the rear side of the
hard disk drive.
Installation of internal HDD in a computer

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 54

Fig. 4.10 Fir the Hard drive in case on Fig. 4.11 Screwing the hard disk drive
proper place
Step 1: Fit hard disk into a bay.
To fit a hard disk, identify a spare 3.5 inch drive bay. Four screws are required to secure the
drive to a cage on the sides or bottom of the drive. Some drives have screw less fittings.
Such hard drive come with tool-less brackets that make mounting hard drives easy. Slide
the hard disk into a spare drive bay until the screw holes in the side of the drive line up with
the holes in the drive bay. Then secure the disk with four screws, two on either side. Use
magnet-tipped screw drivers. The screws are provided with the hard disk or case. Screw
them tightly to prevent the drive.
When mounting drives in a system, try to leave as much space between them as possible to
maximize airflow over the tops and bottoms. Positioning the drives directly in front of an
intake fan also helps.
Step 2: Connect the hard drives with SATA.
Once the drive is mounted, connect it to system. The SATA interface hard drive uses SATA
cables. One end of SATA cable is connected to the hard drive and other end to motherboard
connector.
Step 3: Plug in SATA power.
Locate the correct connector from power supply unit (PSU) and plug it into the back of the
hard disk. Be careful when plugging it in, as downward pressure can break the clip
surrounding the power connector.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 55

Fig. 4.12 SATA data and power cable port on hard drive
Step 4: Plug in SATA data cable.
Unlike IDE, SATA uses a simple and thin connector to carry data. The motherboard has
several SATA cables. Take one of these and plug it gently into the rear of the hard disk. Be
careful to plug it in, as downward pressure can break the connector and prevent the SATA
cable plugging in.

Fig. 4.13 Plug in SATA data cable

Step 5. Plug SATA data cable into motherboard.
Next, find a spare SATA port on motherboard. These are usually located at the bottom-right
of the board and are numbered. The lowest number has the higher boot order in case of
multiple disks. So plug the SATA cable into the lowest numbered port.

Fig. 4.14 Connecting SATA-data cable

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 56

Fig. 4.15 Plugging SATA data cable into the motherboard

Activity

Practical Activity 4.2 Installation of internal HDD in a laptop

Different laptops have different methods for accessing the storage drive.
Material required
Laptop, mini screwdriver, anti-static wrist strap, magnifying glass.
Procedure
There are several types of small screws that are used throughout the laptop. Place these in
small envelopes and write the component name on the envelope. Be organized and keep
track of all the screws. We have to figure out how to remove the back panel.
Step 1: Start the disassembly process by removing the battery. Turn the notebook upside
down and remove all screws securing the bottom case. There are two screws (green circles)
hidden under bottom.

Fig. 4.16 Remove battery and optical drive

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 57

Fig. 4.17 Back panel of laptop

Step 2: Remove three screws fixing the hard drive bracket to the case. Disconnect the hard
drive cable from the motherboard.

Fig. 4.18 Open connector and release hard drive cable

Fig. 4.19 Remove old hard drive assembly

Step 3: Remove the old hard drive from the notebook and replace with new hard disk.
SOLID STATE DRIVES
These do not have any moving components. They use only electronics to store and retrieve

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 58

data. You can think of a SSD as a huge bank of random access memory (RAM). Most SSDs are
non-volatile, meaning that they will not lose data when power is removed. The most common
type of memory used with SSDs is flash based RAM, the same type of non-volatile RAM used
in USB flash drives. SSD drives are lightning-fast when compared with mechanical hard
drives. Additionally, they don’t require motors to spin the platters and move the actuator, so
they are lighter and draw less power.
Mobile devices such as tablets, commonly use SSDs, and many hobbyists replace laptop hard
drives with SSDs. With the price of memory continuing to fall, SSD drives have become very
affordable. For example, you can purchase a 128 GB SSD drive for about the same price as a
2 TB mechanical drive. Some people use a SSD drive for the operating system and
applications, and use a mechanical drive for data. Most SSD drives use SATA and will install
just like any other SATA drive. In addition to SSD drives and USB flash drives, several types of
flash memory are used in digital cameras and recorders, including the following:
Compact flash (CF)
These are manufactured by SanDisk and are very popular. The outer dimensions are 43 x 36
mm. Type I CF devices are 3.3 mm thick, and Type II devices (known as CF2) are 5 mm thick.
They can hold up to 128 GB of data.

Fig. 4.20 Compact flash

SD (Secure digital)
It supersedes Multi Media Card (MMC) which is the same size. The dimensions of SD are 24 x
32 mm. They can hold up to 2 GB of data.

Fig. 4.21 SD card

OPTICAL DISCS AND DRIVES
The modern PC comes with a DVD writer drive. The common types of discs which can be used
in these drives include Blu-ray discs, different types of DVDs, and compact discs. An optical
disc drive uses either electromagnetic waves or laser beams very close to the visible spectrum

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 59

of light to write or read the data on optical discs.

Apart from the general and exclusive applications in a computer, the optical disc drives are
used as DVD players, CD players, and DVD recorders. They are most extensively used in
computers for various purposes like archiving of data, reading software, recording discs, and
to distribute the consumer media for exchange purpose.
Table 4.4 Capacity of different Discs and Drive
Types Capacity Comments
CD-ROM 700 MB The standard size is 12 cm (4.7 inch).
Mini CD-ROM 194 MB The size is 6 to 8 cm
DVD-ROM 4.7 GB Dual sided DVD-ROM holds 4.7 GB on each side.
Dual layer DVD-ROM 8.5 GB Dual sided dual-layer DVD-ROM holds 8.5 GB on each
side.
Blu-ray single layer 25 GB Blu-ray disk uses a blue laser, and CD and DVDs use
a red laser.
Blu-ray double layer 50 GB This is the common size used for movies. Triple layer
holds 100 GB, and quad layer holds 128 GB.

Practical Activity 4.4 Installation of optical drive

Material required
Computer system, optical drive, screw driver
Procedure
Step 1. To install an optical drive, first check the position of the optical drive so that it
aligns with the 5.25-inch drive bay.
Step 2. Insert the optical drive into the drive bay so that the optical drive screw holes align
with the screw holes in the case (Figure 4.22).

Fig. 4.22 Insert optical drive

Step 3. Secure the optical drive to the case using the proper screws (Figure 4.23).

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 60

Fig. 4.23 Tighten screws of optical drive

Step 4. Connect the power cable coming from the SMPS to the power socket of optical drive.
Step 5. Connect SATA data cable from optical drive socket to the motherboard socket.

Fig. 4.24 Connect the SATA data cable

Step 6. Connect the SATA data cable to the optical drive as shown in Figure 3.28
Step 7. Connect the other end of the SATA data cable to the motherboard.

Fig. 4.25 Connect SATA data cable to the optical drive and in motherboard
Cloud Storage
Cloud storage services like Dropbox and Google Drive have revolutionized the way we store
and manage our digital files. These platforms offer a convenient and efficient solution for
storing documents, photos, videos, and more, allowing users to access their files from
anywhere with an internet connection. With features like automatic syncing across devices,
file sharing capabilities, and robust security measures, Dropbox and Google Drive have
become essential tools for individuals, businesses, and educators alike. Whether you're

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 61

collaborating on a group project, backing up important documents, or accessing files on the

go, these cloud storage services provide a seamless and reliable solution for managing your
digital content.

Dropbox
Dropbox is a popular cloud storage service that allows you to store your files securely online
and access them from any device with an internet connection. It's like having your own virtual
filing cabinet where you can keep all your important documents, photos, and videos safe. With
Dropbox, you can easily upload files from your computer or smartphone, and they'll be
automatically synced across all your devices. This means you can start working on a project
on your laptop at home, and then pick up right where you left off on your phone while you're
on the go. Dropbox also makes it easy to share files with classmates, friends, or teachers by
simply sending them a link. Plus, with features like file versioning and recovery, you can rest
assured that your files are always protected. Whether you're working on homework
assignments, collaborating on group projects, or storing personal files, Dropbox is a
convenient and reliable solution for managing your digital content.

Google Drive
Google Drive is a powerful cloud storage platform provided by Google, offering a safe and
convenient way to store, access, and share digital files. It's like having your own virtual
storage locker accessible from any device with an internet connection. With Google Drive, you
can upload documents, presentations, spreadsheets, and more, ensuring that your important
files are always backed up and accessible whenever you need them. One of the most beneficial
features of Google Drive is its collaboration tools, which allow multiple users to work on the
same document simultaneously, making it ideal for group projects and assignments.
Additionally, Google Drive integrates seamlessly with other Google Workspace apps like Docs,
Sheets, and Slides, enabling you to create, edit, and share files directly from the cloud.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 62

Whether you're working on school projects, organizing study materials, or collaborating with
classmates, Google Drive provides a user-friendly and versatile solution for managing your
digital content.

Summary
Storage devices save data for future use, such as hard disks and pen drives. Peripheral
devices are those that enhance the functionality of the computer, such as printers and
scanners. These devices make the computer’s operation easier and more efficient.

Check Your Progress

A. Multiple choice questions (MCQs)

1. Which of the following is a primary memory storage device? (a) Floppy Disk (b) Hard
Disk (c) Magnetic Tape (d) Cache Memory
2. What is the capacity unit commonly used to measure memory? (a) Kilobyte (KB) (b)
Megahertz (MHz) (c) Gigabyte (GB (d) Terabyte (TB)
3. Which type of memory is also known as volatile memory? (a) Cache Memory (b) Primary
Memory (c) Secondary Memory (d) Magnetic Tape
4. Which memory is used for long-term storage of data? (a) Cache Memory (b) Primary
Memory (c) Secondary Memory (d) Optical Disk
5. Which storage device is commonly used for storing large amounts of data for backup
purposes? (a) Floppy Disk (b) Optical Disk (c) Hard Disk (d) Solid State Drive (SSD)
6. Which of the following is a component of a hard disk drive (HDD)? (a) Flash Memory (b)
Platters (c) Optical Sensors (d) Laser Diodes
7. Which interface is commonly used for connecting hard disk drives (HDDs) to a
computer system? (a) SCSI (b)) USB (c) HDMI (d) SATA
8. Which type of storage device has no moving parts and is known for its fast
performance? (a) Floppy Disk (b) Optical Disk (c) Solid State Drive (SSD) (d) Magnetic
Tape
9. What is the function of an optical drive in a computer system? (a) Reading and writing
data onto optical discs (b) Reading magnetic tape (c) Storing data in cache memory (d)

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 63

Retrieving data from floppy disks

10. Which type of digital data storage device uses laser technology to read and write data?
(a) Hard Disk (b) Magnetic Tape (c) Optical Disk (d) Solid State Drive (SSD)

B. Ture or False
1. Floppy disks are a primary memory storage device.
2. The capacity of memory is commonly measured in units such as kilobytes (KB),
megabytes (MB), and gigabytes (GB).
3. Secondary memory is also known as volatile memory.
4. Magnetic tape is commonly used for short-term storage due to its fast access times.
5. Hard disks are non-volatile storage devices commonly used for long-term data storage.
6. The working of a hard disk involves data being stored magnetically on platters that spin
at high speeds.
7. Solid State Drives (SSDs) use mechanical components to store data.
8. Optical discs, such as CDs and DVDs, use laser technology to read and write data.
9. SATA drives are a type of interface commonly used to connect hard disk drives (HDDs)
to a computer system.
10. Disk drive performance refers to the speed and efficiency at which data can be read
from and written to storage devices.

C. Fill in the blank questions

1. ________________ is commonly measured in units such as kilobytes (KB), megabytes
(MB), and gigabytes (GB).
2. ________________ is non-volatile memory that retains data even when the computer is
turned off, commonly used for long-term storage.
3. A ________________ is a thin, flexible magnetic storage medium commonly used for
storing and transferring data.
4. ________________ use laser technology to read and write data onto discs, such as CDs
and DVDs.
5. ________________ store data magnetically on spinning platters and are commonly used
for long-term data storage in computers.
6. ________________ is a type of optical storage device commonly used for distributing
software, movies, and music.
7. ________________ involve data being stored magnetically on platters that spin at high
speeds inside a sealed unit.
8. ________________ refers to the speed and efficiency at which data can be read from and

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 64

written to storage devices.

9. ________________ are interfaces used to connect hard disk drives (HDDs) to a computer
system, providing fast data transfer rates.

D. Short Questions
1. What is the primary function of cache memory in a computer system?
2. Describe the difference between primary memory and secondary memory.
3. What are the two main types of memory in a computer system?
4. How does a hard disk store data?
5. Explain the working principle of a solid-state drive (SSD).

MODULE 2 INSTALLATION AND CONFIGURATION OF

WINDOWS OPERATING SYSTEM

Module Overview

Windows operating system installation and configuration is a crucial process for setting up a
computer. It begins with booting the system from installation media like a USB drive or DVD.
The user selects the desired language, time, and keyboard preferences, then proceeds with the
installation by choosing the partition where Windows will be installed. After the files are
copied, the system will restart, and the initial setup will commence, prompting for user
preferences such as account creation, network settings, and privacy options. Once configured,
Windows will finalize the settings, installing necessary drivers and updates. Finally, the
system is ready for use, with the option to further customize settings like display resolution,
power management, and installing additional software as needed. Proper installation and
configuration ensure the operating system runs smoothly, providing a stable environment for
users to work efficiently.

Module Structure

Session 1: Basic of Operating System

Session 2: Install Windows operating system

Session 3: Configure Windows Operating System

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 65

Session 1. Basic of Operating System

CPU is the main processing unit of a computer. It processes the data based on the
instructions received. Even for a simple calculation, it performs a series of instructions. Also,
operating the several peripheral devices attached to, the computer requires executing certain
instructions. The computer system has several resources such as a CPU, memory, storage
devices, and network devices. All these resources are accessed by several users and several
programs. The CPU manages all these resources. A computer also requires a basic user
interface to interact with the user and provides consistent support to the processor, memory,
and devices. An operating system (OS) is a software that satisfies all these needs of the user.
In this Chapter, we will discuss the components of operating system, the different types of
operating systems and the functions of operating system. A brief description of some operating
systems is also given.
Overview of operating System
A computer cannot perform any tasks on its own. In any computing process, both the
hardware and software work together to accomplish a task. This applies to all the computing
devices, including basic calculators, watches, mobile devices, and any other gadgets which
use hardware components as well as integrated software components. Different files which are
interrelated and accomplish a certain set of tasks make up the operating system. These files
are system level files which do scheduling, interrupting, data transferring, managing the flow
of data, and are a low-level software component of the computer itself. The standard definition
of an operating system would be—an operating system is a set of program files which control
the resources of the computer system and allows the communication of hardware components
of a computer to the software components of the computer system.
Booting process of operating System
When you start the computer, it is observed that some initial text information is displayed on
the screen. This is displayed by the firmware. The booting instructions are stored in ROM
(read-only memory). Then the booting process starts. After booting, an operating system gets
loaded in the main memory (RAM) of the computer. Let us understand the complete booting
process.
• When you power on the computer, the CPU (central processing unit) activates the BIOS
(basic input output system).
• The first program activated is POST (power on self-test). Using the CMOS (complementary
metal oxide semiconductor) memory it checks all the hardware and confirms that they are
functioning properly.
• After that it reads the MBR (master boot record) in boot drive in accordance with the
firmware ‘bootstrap loader’ which is provided by the computer manufacturer.
• Then the computer loads in the operating system in boot drive to the RAM.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 66

• Once this is performed, the operating system takes over the control of the computer and
displays an user interface to the user.
Types of operating systems
Operating systems are normally preloaded on the computer that you purchase. But it is
possible to upgrade or install the operating system on your computer. There are three most
common types of operating systems—Microsoft Windows, Mac OX, and Linux. For mobile
devices, such as smartphones and tablet computers, the commonly used operating systems
are Apple iOS and Google Android.
Microsoft Windows:
It is a graphical user interface (GUI) based operating system. A typical desktop image of a
computer system on which a Microsoft Window 10 is installed is shown in Figure 4.13. In this
GUI system, all the programs or commands of the operating system are available in the form
of icons, buttons, and menus. Everything within the operating system is clearly displayed on
the screen by making a combination of graphics and text. Whenever we want to execute any
command or program, then the corresponding icon needs to be clicked.
There are various versions of Microsoft Windows OS available. Most recent version of Microsoft
Windows OS is Windows 10, which was released in 2015. The earlier versions are Windows 8,
released in 2010, and Windows 7, released in 2004. Microsoft Windows is one of the most
popular operating systems.

Fig. 1.1 Microsoft Windows

Mac OS
It is an operating system that is created by Apple. It is a preloaded OS on Macintosh computer
or Macs. A typical image of a Mac desktop is shown in Figure 1.2. Observe that this operating
system also has a graphical user interface (GUI). But the GUI of Mac OS is different from that
of Microsoft Windows. All the commands and programs available in Mac OS are displayed in
the form of icons or buttons. By clicking appropriate buttons, we can execute that program.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 67

Fig. 1.2 Mac OS

Linux
It is a family of open source operating systems. It means that it can be modified and
distributed by anyone around the world. Earlier OS that we have discussed such as Windows
and Mac OS are proprietary software. It means that they can be modified only by the company
that owns it. Whenever you want to use proprietary software on your computer system, you
need to purchase it by paying a cost so that you can get a user license. Linux is a freeware,
meaning that you need not to pay any cost and you can use it on your computer system.

Fig. 1.3 Linux

A typical desktop image that runs Linux is shown in Figure 1.3. Observe that Linux is also
available in the form of GUI. Every program in the Linux OS is displayed in the form of an
icon, button, or graphics. By clicking on the icon or button, we can execute that program.
There are many distributors of Linux, for example Ubuntu, Linux Mint, Fedora, Suse, Red
Hat, and so on.
Classification of OS
Operating systems can be classified based on the following:
A. Classification based on Processing Method
Multi-programming OS: In this, two or more programs are executed simultaneously by a

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 68

single processor. It is used in a multi-user environment.

Fig. 1.4 Multi-programming with three programs

Multitasking OS: It is capable of running several tasks or programs at the same time. Most of
the present operating systems like Microsoft Windows, Linux, and Mac OS are multitasking
operating systems.

Fig. 1.5 Multitasking with three programs

Multiprocessing OS: It supports running a program in more than one CPU. Two or more
processors (CPU) are used to control the different activities or execution of many program
instructions simultaneously. Servers are designed to support multiple processors. UNIX is an
example of multiprocessing OS.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 69

Fig. 1.6 Multiprocessing OS

Time-sharing system: In this, the processor is shared among many users. The CPU switches
so rapidly from one user to another, that every user gets the impression of getting the services
of CPU for all the time.

Fig. 1.7 Time sharing system

Multithreading OS: This has the ability to divide the process into sub-processes known as
threads and execute them concurrently. Threads are individual processes that execute
simultaneously in multi-tasking OS.
Batch processing OS: In this, similar jobs are grouped together for processing. It consists of
programs, data, and system commands. The time taken between job submission and job
completion is very high. It is suitable for programs with large computation time where user
involvement is not necessary. Examples are payroll, forecasting, and statistical analysis.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 70

Fig. 1.8 Batch processing

Online processing operating system: In this, transactions are processed immediately and
output is provided to the user. Most of the present systems use online processing. Bank
transactions are an example of online processing system.

Fig. 1.9 Online processing

Real-time OS: This method receives data, processes it, and returns results quickly to affect
the functioning of the system at that time. It is an online processing system where the
processing time is critical. Monitoring and controlling nuclear power stations, rocket
launching systems, are examples of real time systems.
B. Classification of OS based on User Interface
As we have already learned, there are two types of user interface. One is command line
interface (CLI) and other is graphical user interface (GUI). The operating system is also
classified on the basis of user interface.
Classification of OS based on Mode of User:
Under this classification, the OS is classified as single user or multi-user.
Single user OS: The majority of small microcomputer-based systems have single user OS,
which allows a single user to operate the machine in an interactive mode. It allows only one
user program to use the system. MS-DOS, PC-DOS are single user operating system.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 71

Fig. 1.10 Single user OS

Multi-user OS: A multi-user OS allows two or more users to run programs at the same time.
The multi-user OS shares computer resources among these users, allowing each a small slice
of the processor time. This concept is known as time sharing. Example of multi-user OS are
UNIX, LINUX.

Fig. 1.11 Multi-user OS

Summary
The operating system is the main software of a computer that acts as an interface between the
hardware and the user. Without it, the computer cannot function properly. It manages files,
ensures security, and controls other important operations.

Check Your Progress

A. Multiple choice questions (MCQs)
1. What is an operating system? (a) A type of application software (b) Hardware used for pro-
cessing data (c) Software that manages computer hardware and software resources (d) A
programming language
2. Which of the following is not a function of an operating system? (a) Memory Management
(b) Process Management (c) Internet Browsing (d) File System Management
3. Why do we need an operating system? A) To perform arithmetic operations B) To manage

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 72

hardware resources and provide a user interface C) To edit videos and images D) To design
web pages
4. Which step comes first in the booting process of a computer? (a) OS Initialization (b) Load-
ing the Bootstrap Loader (c) Power-On Self-Test (POST) (d) User Login
5. What type of operating system allows multiple users to interact with the computer at the
same time? (a) Single-User OS (b) Multi-User OS (c) Batch Processing OS (d) Real-Time OS
6. Which of the following operating systems is designed for real-time applications? (a) Win-
dows 10 (b) MacOS (c) Linux (d) Real-Time Operating System (RTOS)
7. Which type of user interface involves typing commands to interact with the operating sys-
tem? (a) Graphical User Interface (GUI) (b) Command-Line Interface (CLI) (c) Touch Inter-
face (d) Voice Interface
8. What is the role of device drivers in an operating system? (a) To manage user interfaces (b)
To allocate memory (c) To enable communication between hardware and software (d) To
manage files and directories

B. Fill in the blank questions

1. An __________ is a software that acts as an intermediary between the computer hardware
and the user.
2. The primary purpose of an operating system is to manage __________ and software
resources.
3. Without an __________, a computer would be useless to users and application software.
4. The __________ process involves powering on the computer and loading the operating
system into memory.
5. The operating system's __________ management function involves allocating and
deallocating memory space as needed by programs.
6. The __________ interface of an operating system provides a user-friendly way to interact
with the computer, often through graphical elements like windows and icons.

[Link] or False
1. An operating system is a type of hardware device.
2. The operating system acts as an intermediary between computer hardware and the user.
3. We do not need an operating system to run application software on a computer.
4. During the booting process, the operating system is loaded into memory after the Power-
On Self-Test (POST).
5. One of the main tasks of an operating system is to manage memory allocation and
deallocation.
6. A multi-user operating system allows multiple users to use the computer simultaneously.

D. Short Questions
1. How does an operating system manage computer hardware and software resources?
2. Why is an operating system necessary for a computer?
3. What are the main steps involved in the booting process of an operating system?
4. Name and briefly describe two key functions of an operating system.
5. List three different types of operating systems.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 73

Session 2. Install Windows operating system

Windows 10 operating system is available for many devices such as phones, tablets, laptops,
and desktop computers. It is also available in multiple editions and in both 32-bit and 64-bit
versions. First, one needs to choose the appropriate edition and architecture of Windows to
provide the necessary features, such as Secure Boot, Client Hyper-V, Cortana, and others. It
is also important to verify the compatibility of existing hardware such as printers, scanners,
and other peripherals with Windows 10.
In a new computer, a clean installation of Windows 10 is the preferred option. For a new
computer, the user needs to select another appropriate installation option as per their
requirements. This installation will resolve startup and shut down problems as well as
memory usage and app issues. Also, you can get rid of viruses and other types of malware, fix
system corruption, and improve battery life.
SYSTEM REQUIREMENT TO INSTALL WINDOWS OPERATING SYSTEM
To install the Windows operating system, the system requirements vary depending on the
version. The table below provides a summary of the general system requirements for installing
Windows 10 and Windows 11 (Table 2.1 Summary of System Requirements for Installing the
Windows Operating System).
Requirement Windows 11 Windows 10
Processor 1 GHz or faster with 2 or more 1 GHz or faster processor or SoC
cores on a 64-bit processor or
SoC
RAM 4 GB or more 1 GB for 32-bit or 2 GB for 64-bit
Storage 64 GB or more available 16 GB for 32-bit or 32 GB for 64-
bit
System Firmware UEFI, Secure Boot capable No specific requirement
TPM TPM version 2.0 No specific requirement
Graphics Card DirectX 12 compatible with DirectX 9 or later with WDDM 1.0
WDDM 2.0 driver driver
Display High-definition (720p) display 800 x 600 resolution
>9” with 8 bits per color chan-
nel
Internet Connection Required for Windows 11 Home Not required for setup
during setup
It is also recommended to have an internet connection to download and install updates.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 74

Types of Windows 10 installation – Clean installation and Upgrade installation,

Windows 10 installation
When installing Windows 10, there are different types of installations you can choose from
depending on your needs. These options include:
Clean Installation: A clean installation of Windows involves erasing all data on the target
drive and installing a fresh copy of the operating system. This process can help improve
performance, resolve software issues, and provide a fresh start with Windows. Here's a step-
by-step guide to performing a clean installation of Windows:
1. Prepare for the Installation
• Backup Your Data: Before you begin, back up any important data and files as the
clean installation will erase all data on the target drive.
• Create Installation Media: Download the Windows installation media from the official
Microsoft website using the Media Creation Tool.
• Follow the tool's instructions to create a bootable USB drive or DVD.
2. Boot from Installation Media
• Insert the Installation Media: Insert the bootable USB drive or DVD into the
computer.
• Access Boot Options: Restart your computer and access the boot menu. The key to
access the boot menu varies by manufacturer, often F12, F10, Del, or Esc.
• Select Boot Device: In the boot menu, select the bootable USB drive or DVD to start
the installation process.
3. Begin Windows Installation
• Start Setup: The installation process will begin automatically when you boot from the
installation media.
• Choose Language and Preferences: Select your preferred language, time and currency
format, and keyboard or input method.
• Click "Install Now": Click the "Install Now" button to begin the installation process.
4. Choose Installation Type
• Custom Installation: When prompted to choose the installation type, select "Custom:
Install Windows only (advanced)".
• Manage Partitions: Select the drive where you want to install Windows. Delete any
existing partitions to clear the drive and prepare it for the clean installation.
• Optionally, create new partitions if you want to organize your data differently.
5. Install Windows
• Begin Installation: Once you have chosen the drive, click "Next" to start the
installation process.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 75

• Windows will copy files, install features and updates, and complete the installation.
This may take some time and your computer may restart multiple times.
6. Complete Setup
• Follow On-Screen Instructions: After installation is complete, follow the on-screen
instructions to set up Windows.
• This includes creating a user account, connecting to a network, and choosing other
settings.
7: Post-Installation
• Install Updates: Once Windows is set up, check for and install any available updates to
ensure your system is up to date.
• Install Drivers: Install necessary drivers for your hardware devices to ensure
everything works properly.
• Restore Data: Restore any backed-up data to your new installation if necessary.
Upgrade Installation:
An upgrade installation of Windows involves updating your existing version of Windows to a
newer version while retaining your data, applications, and settings. This process is relatively
straightforward and ensures that your files and preferences remain intact. Here's how to
perform an upgrade installation of Windows:
1. Check Compatibility
• Verify Hardware Compatibility: Ensure your system meets the minimum hardware
requirements for the new version of Windows. Check Microsoft's website for the most
current system requirements.
• Check Software Compatibility: Some older applications may not be compatible with the
new version of Windows. Verify compatibility with critical applications.
• Check for Firmware Updates: Make sure your BIOS/UEFI firmware and drivers are up
to date.
2. Prepare for the Installation
• Backup Important Data: Although your data should remain intact during an upgrade,
it's a good practice to backup important files as a precaution.
• Create Windows Installation Media: Download the Windows installation media from the
official Microsoft website using the Media Creation Tool.
• Follow the tool's instructions to create a bootable USB drive or DVD.
3. Start the Installation
• Run the Installation: Insert the installation media (USB or DVD) into your computer
and run the [Link] file directly from the media, or mount the ISO file in File
Explorer.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 76

• Choose Language and Preferences: When the setup launches, select your preferred
language, time and currency format, and keyboard or input method.
• Click "Install Now": Click "Install Now" to begin the installation process.
4. Choose the Upgrade Option
• Select Upgrade: When prompted to choose an installation type, select "Upgrade: Install
Windows and keep files, settings, and applications." This option will upgrade your
current version of Windows while retaining your existing data.
5. Proceed with the Installation
• Complete the Upgrade: Follow the on-screen prompts to proceed with the upgrade
installation. Windows will copy files, install features, and update the system.
• The installation may take some time, and your computer may restart several times
during the process.
6. Post-Installation
• Complete Windows Setup: After the upgrade, follow any on-screen instructions to
complete the setup, such as signing in with your Microsoft account.
• Install Updates: Check for and install any Windows updates to ensure your system is
up to date.
• Verify Applications: Test your applications and peripherals to make sure everything is
working properly.
• Restore Backups: If you made backups, ensure your data and applications have been
restored properly.
Configuring Correct Boot Order
Configuring the boot order on a Windows operating system involves adjusting the settings in
your computer's BIOS or UEFI firmware to specify which devices your system should boot
from first. This is essential when you want to boot from a specific device such as a USB drive,
DVD, or a different hard drive. Follow these steps to configure the boot order:
1. Enter BIOS/UEFI Firmware
• Restart Your Computer: Restart your computer.
• Enter BIOS/UEFI: During the initial boot process, press the key to access your BI-
OS/UEFI settings. This key is often displayed on the screen during startup and varies
by manufacturer (commonly F2, Del, F10, or F12).
2. Navigate to Boot Options
• Locate the Boot Menu: In the BIOS/UEFI settings, navigate to the boot or boot order
menu. This section may also be labeled as "Boot Options" or something similar.
3. Configure the Boot Order
• Select the Boot Device Order: Look for a list of bootable devices such as hard drives,

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 77

USB drives, and optical drives.

• Change the Boot Priority: Adjust the order of the devices by moving the desired device
(such as a USB drive or DVD drive) to the top of the list. This tells the system to at-
tempt booting from that device first.
• Save Changes: Once you've set the boot order, save your changes. This is typically done
by pressing a key such as F10, though this can vary by manufacturer. Follow the on-
screen prompts if available.
4. Exit BIOS/UEFI and Boot from the Chosen Device
• Exit BIOS/UEFI: Exit the BIOS/UEFI settings, usually by selecting the "Save and Exit"
option.
• Boot from the Device: Your computer will restart and boot from the device you priori-
tized in the boot order. If you chose a USB drive or DVD, the installation or other pro-
cess will begin from that media.

Activity

Practical Activity 2.1: Demonstrate to configure boot order before installation of Win-
dows.
In modern systems, you can adjust the boot order to prioritize a bootable USB drive and set
its path on the BIOS settings page. The key to access the BIOS settings may vary depending
on the manufacturer and system model. A quick way to find out the correct key is to search
online for your system's BIOS key.
Step1. Access the BIOS settings on your system. To do this, turn off your PC, then press
and hold a specific key (such as "F2") while turning on your computer. This key varies by
manufacturer and will allow you to enter the BIOS settings when the system starts up. For
newer systems, make sure to connect the bootable USB drive before you access the BIOS
settings.

Fig. 2.1

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 78

Step 2. Go to the “Boot” options to change the boot order.

To go through the options in the toolbar, press the left or right arrow keys.

Fig. 2.2
Step 3. Set up a new boot order.

Fig. 2.3
Step 4. If you have any external drives with a different boot order, it will pop up here. In the
drive, select the boot order, then go back to the boot option and select that as Boot Option
#2. It will be as shown below.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 79

Fig. 2.4
Step 5. Save and Exit the BIOS Information
After selecting the boot option, save the changes and exit the BIOS system. For that, navi-
gate to the Save & Exit option.

Fig. 2.5
Disk Management
Disk Management is a Windows utility that allows you to perform advanced storage opera-
tions. Here are some tasks you can accomplish with Disk Management:
1. Set up a new drive: Initialize new disks to prepare them for use.
2. Extend a volume: Increase the size of a volume by adding unallocated space on the same

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 80

drive.
3. Shrink a partition: Reduce the size of a partition, which can then allow you to extend a
neighbouring partition.
4. Change or assign a drive letter: Modify existing drive letters or assign new ones to drives.
Disk Management shows whether a disk is online (accessible) or offline. In Windows, newly
discovered disks are automatically brought online with read and write access by default. In
Windows Server, newly discovered disks are also brought online with read and write access
unless they are on a shared bus (such as SCSI, iSCSI, Serial Attached SCSI, or Fibre Chan-
nel). Disks on a shared bus remain offline upon initial detection. If a disk is offline, you must
bring it online before you can initialize it or create volumes on it. To bring a disk online or take
it offline, follow these steps:
Open Disk Management:
Search for "Computer Management" in the taskbar search box and select Storage > Disk Man-
agement.
Right-click the Disk:
Right-click the disk you want to manage and choose the appropriate action from the context
menu.

Fig. 2.6
5.4 Performing a Clean Installation of Windows 10
Perform a Clean Install on an Empty Hard Disk/SSD or Reinstall by Booting from Install
Media (DVD or USB Thumb Drive) Follow the steps below for clean installation of Windows 10:
Step 1. Once your computer is set to boot from the DVD, you should see this option. If you

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 81

are installing from a retail Windows 10 USB thumb drive, you will be asked to select either 32-
or 64-bit Windows 10.

Fig. 2.7 Boot from CD and DVD

Step 2. The Windows logo will appear on screen, this might be here for a while, as long as you
see the animating dots, everything should be ok.

Fig. 2.8 Installing Windows

Step 3. Select your Language, Time and Keyboard method then click Next.

Fig. 2.9 Select language, time, and currency

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 82

Step 4. Click Install now.

Fig. 2.10 Installation window and input

Step 5. Windows 10 setup will prompt you for a product key during installation a couple
times. If you originally upgraded from Windows 7 or Windows 8/8.1 click the option 'I don't
have a key' and 'Do this later'. If you have a Windows 10 product key, you can proceed to
enter it.

Fig. 2.11 Installing Windows

Step 6. Setup will also prompt you to select the edition you have a license for - Home or Pro.
Please make sure you choose the right edition. If you choose the wrong edition, your only
option will be to perform a clean install again.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 83

Fig. 2.12 Select Window 10 edition

Step 7. Wait while setup prepares to copy files.

Fig. 2.13 Setup prepare

Step 8. Accept the license terms then click Next.

Fig. 2.14 License terms

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 84

Step 9. Click Custom: Install Windows only (advanced).

Fig. 2.15 Selecting installation setup window

Step 5. Select the drive then click New.

Fig. 2.16 Partition window

Step 11. Select the unallocated drive listed, click New, click Apply then OK.

Fig. 2.17 Drive 0 unallocated space

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 85

Step 12. This will split the drive into multiple partitions, select the Primary partition then
click Next.

Fig. 2.18 Drive 0 allocated space

Step 13. Wait while Windows installs.

Fig. 2.19 Copy setup files Installing Windows

Step 14. When this phase of setup is complete, Windows will automatically restart then
reboot into setup again.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 86

Fig. 2.20 Setup is complete

Step 15. Windows is detecting and installing your hardware. After this is complete, Windows
will restart one last time.

Fig. 2.21 Window setup is completed

Step 16. After complete installation, the initial, window will appear on the computer screen as
shown in Fig.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 87

Fig. 2.22 Home window of windows 10

Post Installation Tasks
After installation of Windows 10, you need to perform certain post installation tasks.
(i) Check whether Windows is activated or not. To confirm that you’re running an activated
copy of Windows 10, open ‘Settings’. For this, press the windows key and type settings in
the textbox. The Windows setting will be displayed as shown in Figure 5.23.

Fig. 2.23 Windows setting

(ii) Click on ‘Update & Security’ as shown in Figure 2.24.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 88

Fig. 2.24 Selecting update and security

(iii) Click on ‘Activation’ as shown in Figure 2.25.

Fig. 2.25 Selecting activation

(iv) Under the ‘Activation’ head, Windows edition and activation status is displayed as
‘Windows is activated with a digital license’ as shown in Figure 2.26. This confirms that
your Windows 10 is activated. Instead of this if it shows the message ‘Windows is not
activated’, then you need to activate the Window by entering the product key.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 89

Fig. 2.26 Selecting activation

(v) To install the latest updates:
(i) Open ‘Settings’.
(ii) Click on ‘Update &’ Security’.
(iii) Click on ‘Windows Update’.
Summary
To install Windows, a bootable device is required. During the boot process, installation steps
must be followed—such as selecting the disk, setting time and language preferences, and
creating a user account. After installation, the computer becomes ready to use with the new
operating system.

Check Your Progress

A. Multiple choice questions (MCQs)
1. When was the first version of the Windows Operating System released? (a) 1980 (b) 1985
(c) 1990 (d) 1995
2. Which Windows version introduced the Start menu and taskbar? (a) Windows 1.0 (b)
Windows 3.1 (c) Windows 95 (d) Windows XP
3. What is the minimum required RAM for installing the 64-bit version of Windows 10? (a) 1
GB (b) 2 GB (c) 4 GB (d) 8 GB
4. Which tool is used to create a bootable USB drive for Windows 10 installation? (a) Device
Manager (b) Media Creation Tool (c) Task Manager (d) Windows Update
5. What is the primary difference between an upgrade installation and a clean installation of
Windows 10? (a) Upgrade installation retains files and settings, while clean installation
erases all data. (b) Upgrade installation erases all data, while clean installation retains

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 90

files and settings. (c) Both methods retain all data. (d) Both methods erase all data.
6. Which setting must be configured to boot from a USB drive for Windows 10 installation?
(a) Control Panel (b) Disk Management (c) BIOS/UEFI (d) Task Manager
7. How do you access Disk Management in Windows 10? (a) Right-click the Start button and
select "Disk Management" (b) Open Task Manager and go to "Disk Management" (c) Use
Control Panel to open "Disk Management" (d) Press Ctrl + Alt + Delete and select "Disk
Management"
8. What task is NOT performed after installing Windows 10? (a) Install updates (b) Configure
user accounts (c) Install drivers (d) Uninstall Windows 10
9. Which version of Windows OS is known for significant performance improvements over
Windows Vista? (a) Windows XP (b) Windows 7 (c) Windows 8 (d) Windows 10

B. Fill in the blank questions

1. The first version of the Windows Operating System was released in the year _______.
2. To install the 64-bit version of Windows 10, a minimum of _______ GB of RAM is required.
3. The _______ tool is used to create a bootable USB drive for Windows 10 installation.
4. During a clean installation of Windows 10, all existing data is _______.
5. To configure the correct boot order for Windows 10 installation, you need to access the
_______ settings.
6. In Windows 10, Disk Management can be accessed by right-clicking on the _______ button
and selecting "Disk Management."
7. One of the main features introduced in Windows 10 is the _______ assistant.

C. Ture or False
1. Windows XP was released before Windows 95.
2. The minimum required RAM for installing the 64-bit version of Windows 10 is 4 GB.
3. A clean installation of Windows 10 retains all files and settings from the previous version.
4. To install Windows 10 from a USB drive, you must configure the boot order in BIOS/UEFI
settings.
5. Disk Management in Windows 10 can be accessed by right-clicking the Start button.
6. Windows 8 introduced the Start screen instead of the Start menu.
7. The first version of the Windows Operating System was released in 1990.

D. Short Questions
1. Describe the evolution of the Windows Operating System from its inception to the present
day. Include major versions and their significant features.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 91

2. What were the major features introduced in Windows 95, and why were they significant?
3. Explain the system requirements for installing the 64-bit version of Windows 10. Why are
these requirements important?
4. Outline the steps involved in installing Windows 10 from a bootable USB drive. What
preparations must be made before beginning the installation?
5. Compare and contrast an upgrade installation and a clean installation of Windows 10.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of each method?
6. Explain how to configure the BIOS/UEFI settings to boot from a USB drive. Why is this
step necessary for installing Windows 10?
7. What are the functionalities of the Disk Management tool in Windows 10? Describe how to
access and use this tool.
8. Detail the process of performing a clean installation of Windows 10. What are the key
steps and considerations?

Session 3. Configure Windows Operating System

Windows Desktop
An operating system or GUI (graphical user interface), the desktop is the primary place to
display and organize icons on a screen. The Microsoft Windows desktop was introduced with
Microsoft Windows 95 and is included with every version of Windows since then. The Figure
3.1 below is an example of the Microsoft Windows 10 desktop.

Fig. 3.1 Microsoft Windows 10 desktop

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 92

In this example, there are no icons on the desktop, and the wallpaper is a blue screen with the
Windows 10 logo. Also, the taskbar is at the bottom of the desktop and contains the Start,
taskbar icons, Windows Notification Area, and the time and date.
Common icons on the desktop include those for My Computer, Recycle Bin, your Internet
browser (e.g., Internet Explorer), and My Documents. On the Windows desktop, you can find
the Windows Start menu through the Start on the taskbar, and the Windows Notification
Area.
If some or all of these icons are missing on the desktop, you can change which icons are
displayed. Follow the steps to show or hide these icons.
Missing icons in Windows 10
Step1. Right-click an empty area on the desktop and select Personalize.
Step 2. In the window that opens, click Themes in the left navigation menu.
Step 3. Scroll down and click Desktop icon settings under Related Settings.
Step 4. In the Desktop Icon Settings window, select the check boxes next to the icons you
want to display.
Step 5. Click Apply, and then OK.
or
Step 1. Click Start or press the Windows key.
Step 2. Type themes and related settings and press Enter.
Step 3. Scroll down and click Desktop icon settings under Related Settings.
Step 4. In the Desktop Icon Settings window, select the check boxes next to the icons you
want to display.
Step 5. Click Apply, and then OK.
The date and time are also shown on the desktop in the notification area on the taskbar. If the
date and time are incorrect, you can change the date and time from the desktop.
Setting date and time in the operating system
Note: Windows 10 and Windows 11 automatically adjust the date and time for you and only
let you adjust the time if you disable the automated feature. If the wrong date and time are
set, or you must change the time or time zone, follow the steps below.
Step 1. Right-click or tap the date and time in the Windows Notification Area in the bottom-
right corner of the screen.
Step 2. Select Adjust date/time from the pop-up menu.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 93

Fig. 3.2 Windows notification area

Step 3. If you want the time set automatically, ensure the toggle switch for the Set time auto-
matically option is in the On position and your Time zone is correct.

Fig. 3.3 Setting Date & Time

Step 4. To manually adjust the time, click the toggle switch under Set time automatical-
ly option so that it's in the Off position, then click the Change button.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 94

Fig. 3.4 Set time automatically option current date & time
Step 5. In the window, adjust the date or time as desired, and click the Change button.

Fig. 3.5 Adjust the date or time

Windows taskbar
The Windows taskbar is one of the core components of the operating system's GUI (Graphical
User Interface) and has many features and uses. The taskbar is located at the bottom (by
default) of the Microsoft Windows desktop. In addition to showing the running programs, the
taskbar also displays the Start button and Start menu, pinned programs, the time,
notification area and, in some versions, Quick Launch. The following Figure shows various
iterations of the taskbar in the different versions of Windows.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 95

Fig. 3.6 Window Taskbar

If you don't see the taskbar, it's usually because it is hidden or was dragged down too far.
Follow these steps to resolve this issue.
How to toggle auto-hide for the taskbar
Step 1. Press the Windows key, type Taskbar settings, and press Enter.
Step 2. In the Taskbar window, look for the "automatically hide" option.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 96

Step 3. Click the toggle switch or uncheck the box next to the Automatically hide the taskbar
entry to restore its default functionality (showing at all times).
Load to Safe Mode to fix the taskbar
If you still cannot get the taskbar to show, reboot the computer in Safe Mode. Then, restart
the computer again to restore the taskbar.
Restore Windows to an earlier point or version
If, after trying the three options above, the taskbar is still not showing, your computer may
have corrupt system files that are preventing the taskbar from showing. To fix this issue, try
restoring Windows to an earlier version or previous restore point.
How to do a System Restore in Windows 11
Step 1. Press the Windows key, type restore point, and press Enter.
Step 2. At the top of the System Properties window that opens, on the System Protec-
tion tab, click the System Restore button.

Step 3. In the System Restore window that opens, the date of the most recent change or up-
date to your computer is recommended, by default. To restore Windows to that date, click
the button.

Step 4. Alternatively, if you know the date your problem started, select the Choose a differ-
ent restore point option and click the button. Select a restore point and
click again.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 97

Step 5. Click the button to start the restore process.

My taskbar moved to the left, top, or right side of the screen
Sometimes, users mistakenly move the taskbar to the left, top, or right side by accidentally
dragging it to one of these locations. To return the taskbar to the default position (the bottom
of the screen), follow the steps below.
Step1. Move the mouse cursor to where the time is displayed on the taskbar. In later versions
of Windows, like Windows 10, move your cursor to an empty area of the taskbar.
Step 2. Press and hold the left mouse button, then move the cursor to the area on the screen
where you want to move the taskbar.
Step 3. Once you see the taskbar move to its new location, release the left mouse button.
Resize the taskbar
To resize the taskbar, move your mouse cursor to the top edge of the taskbar. When the
mouse is in the correct position, the cursor should change to a double-headed arrow pointing
up and down. Press and hold the mouse button and move the taskbar up or down to increase
or decrease its size.
File Explorer
Alternatively called Windows Explorer or Explorer, File Explorer is a file browser found in
every version of Microsoft Windows since Windows 95. It is used to navigate and manage the
drives, folders, and files on your computer. The Figure below shows File Explorer in Windows
10.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 98

How to open Windows Explorer

There are several ways to open a new Explorer window, which vary slightly depending on
which version of Windows you are running.
In all versions of Windows
Press Windows key+E (hold down the Windows key and press E).
Click Start, select Run (or press Windows key+R), type explorer or [Link], and press
Enter.
If displayed on the Windows desktop, click or double-click the My Computer icon (named
Computer in Windows Vista & 7, and This PC in Windows 8 & 10).
File Explorer sections
Below is a diagram of the different sections of File Explorer, with brief explanations of each.

Toolbar - A quick menu for navigating around File Explorer. You can customize what is shown
here by clicking Customize Quick Access Toolbar.
Ribbon - Each section of the Ribbon, Home, Share, and View, has multiple options for
accessing features and executing actions in File Explorer. For example, Home has standard
features like copy and paste, and adding a new folder.
Back, Forward, Up - Pressing Back takes you to the last folder you were viewing. Pressing
Forward, moves to the next folder. Pressing Up takes you to the drive or folder location of the
object you're viewing, or to the Desktop folder, depending on your location in File Explorer.
Left Pane - Shows all the main devices and drives connected to your computer. It also shows
the network your computer is connected to, if any.
Status Bar - Shows the number of files or folders in each location and each file or folder's size.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 99

Address Bar - Shows your current location in File Explorer. You can also use this to type a
drive or file you want to access.
Search Bar - Allows you to search for a drive, folder, or file name.
File List - Displays the current list of files in the selected drive or folder.
Region and language support in Windows 10
Windows 10 supports 111 languages of 190 countries and regions. If you want to change the
language, you can download any of the additional languages for Windows 10. The following
activity demonstrates how to add an input language to your PC.

Activities

Practical Activity 3.1 Configure Windows 10 for language support

Step 1. Open ‘Settings’> ‘Time and Language’> ‘Region & Language’.
Step 2. Under ‘Languages’ select ‘Add a Language’.
Step 3. Select the language you want to use from the list, as shown in Figure 1.

Fig. 3.7 Time and language window

Step 4. Windows 10 searches ‘Windows Update’ for the desired language and then installs it
on your computer.
Step 5. Click the ‘Check for updates’ button as shown in Figure 3.8

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 100

Fig. 3.8 Selecting ‘Windows update’ Fig. 3.9 Check for updates
Device driver
Step 3. To confirm that all the device drivers have been installed correctly, invoke the
‘Device
Manager’ through the Windows key as shown in Figure 3.10.

Fig. 3.10 Invoke device manager through the Windows key

Step 7. Search for ‘Device Manager’ as shown in Figure 3.11. The device manager window
will open.
Step 8. Observe that the drivers for all the devices are installed. In the case of any missing
driver, download the latest available driver for the device manufacturer and install it.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 101

Fig. 3.11 Search device manage

Windows 10 automatically updates the device driver. If you do not want to update the device
driver, then you can turn off the automatic installation of device driver. The following
activity will demonstrate how to turn on or off the automatic installation of device driver.

Fig. 3.12 Device manager window

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 102

Practical Activity 3.2 Turning off automatic installation of device driver

Step 1. Open ‘Control Panel’, click on ‘Devices and Printers’.
Step 2. The icons of the various devices will be displayed. Right-click on the ‘Desktop’ icon.
The Desktop icon shows your computer name. Then select and click on the ‘Device
installation settings’, as shown in Figure 3.13.
Step 3. ‘Device installation settings’ dialog box will appear as shown in Figure 3.13. By
default, the ‘Yes’ option is selected. Choose the option ‘No’ and then click on the ‘Save
Changes’ button.

Fig. 3.13 Disabling the automatic device driver software installation

Step 4. The changes will be saved which will turn off the automatic updates.

Fig. 3.14 Device installation setting dialog box

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 103

Static IP address configuration in Windows 10

To access Internet on your computer, you need to configure the network settings in
Windows. Internet connection availability and access in Windows is indicated via an icon
residing on the taskbar. If you see a yellow triangle exclamation mark on the network icon,
it means that, it has limited network connectivity.

Fig. 3.15 Open ‘Network & Internet setting’

Step 5. Right click the network icon in the taskbar and select ‘Open Network & Internet
settings’ as shown in Figure 3.16.

Fig. 3.16 Open ethernet setting Fig. 3.17 Change adapter options
Step 6. In the ‘Open Network & Internet Setting’ window, click on ‘Ethernet’ as shown in
Figure 3.18, to see the settings of your connection. You can change the related settings.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 104

Fig. 3.18: Ethernet properties

Step 7. Right click your active network adapter and choose ‘Properties’, as shown in
Figure 3.18.
Step 8. Under ‘This connection is using the following items’, double click on ‘Internet
Protocol Version 4 (TCP/ IPv4)’, as shown in Figure 3.19 to change the current IP address
and the DNS server.
Step 9. Select ‘Use the following IP address’ as shown in Figure 3.20, and you will be able to
edit the IP and DNS fields. You should know what IP address to put as the gateway and
subnet mask.
Step 10. Enter the valid IP address, subnet mask, and default getaway as shown in Figure
3.21.

Fig. 3.19 Selecting IPv4 Fig. 3.20 IPv4 properties Fig. 3.21 Giving IP address

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 105

Step 11. You can see the network connection details by clicking on the ‘Details’ as shown in
Figure 3.22. The connection details will be displayed as shown in Figure 3.23.

Fig. 3.22 Ethernet status Fig. 3.23 Network connection details

3.5 Performing a Clean Installation of Windows 11
Performing a clean installation of Windows 11 involves wiping your hard drive completely and
installing a fresh copy of the operating system. Here's a step-by-step guide:
Practical Activity 3.3 Clean install of windows 11
Step1. Navigate to the Windows 11 ISO page.
Step 2. Select Windows 11 from the menu under "Download Windows 11 Disk Image (ISO)."
If you want to go straight to creating a USB Flash drive, you can download the Windows 11
Installation Media tool from here. See the section below for step-by-step details on how to do
that.

Fig. 3.24 download iso image

Step 3. Click Download.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 106

Fig. 3.25 select windows edition

Step 4. Select your language and click confirm.

Fig. 3.26 Product language

Step 5. Click the download button that appears.

Fig. 3.27: Download window 11 64 bit

The ISO file will now download to your computer.
Create a Windows 11 Install Disk with Media Creation Tool
If you don't want to keep a copy of the latest Windows 11 ISO on your storage drive and just
want to have a bootable USB Windows 11 install disk, the easiest way is to use Microsoft's
media creation tool. Here's how.
1. Connect a USB Flash drive to your PC. It must be at least 8GB and have no data on it
you want to keep. This process will overwrite the whole disk.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 107

2. Navigate to Microsoft's Windows 11 Download page.

3. Click Download Now under Create Windows 11 Installation Media to download the
Media Creation Tool.

Fig. 3.28 windows 11 installation media

4. Launch the Media Creation Tool.
5. Click Accept when shown the license agreement.

Fig. 3.29 window 11 setup accept license terms

3. Select your language and Edition and click Next. The default choices will probably be
correct.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 108

Fig. 3.30 Select language and edition

7. Select USB flash drive and click Next. You can also select ISO file here and create an ISO
file instead if you don't have a drive ready.

Fig. 3.31 choose a media

8. Select your USB Flash drive (if there's more than one choice) and click Next.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 109

Fig. 3.32 Select USB flash drive

9. You will now have to wait several minutes while your computer downloads Windows 11.

Fig. 3.33 window 11 downloading process

5. Click Finish when it says your USB Flash drive is ready.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 110

Fig. 3.34 USB flash drive ready

Making a Bootable Windows 11 Install Disk
Unless you're just installing Windows 11 onto a virtual machine, you will need to create a
bootable Windows 11 install disk from the data in your Windows 11 ISO file. For that, you'll
need an empty USB Flash drive that's at least 8GB. To write or "burn" your ISO file to a
USB Flash drive, it's best to use Rufus, a free, third-party utility that will take care of
arranges the partitions properly and making the disk bootable. You can also use Rufus to
bypass Windows 11's TPM and Secure boot requirements if you choose.
1. Connect your USB Flash drive. Please note that you will be erasing all the data on it.
2. Download and launch Rufus (it does not install).
3. Select your USB drive if it's not already selected by default.

Fig. 3.35 Rufus bootable drive

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 111

4. Click Select and choose the ISO file from your storage drive.

Fig. 3.36 Select the ISO image

5. Click Start at the bottom of the window.

Fig. 3.37 Ready to boot the pen drive

6. Create a second partition and format it as NTFS. It should take all the remaining disk
space.

Fig. 3.38 New simple volume wizard

7. Check remove requirement for TPM, 4GB and data collection if you want. These are
optional, but recommended and you must click Ok.

Fig. 3.39 window user experience

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 112

8. Click Ok if warned that the process will destroy all data on your USB Flash drive.

Fig. 3.40 warning message to continue this operation

Rufus will now take a few minutes to drive to your drive. When it is done, you will have a
USB Flash drive that can boot to install windows.
Installing Windows 11 on the Target PC:
1. Boot your target PC off of the USB installation drive. You may need to hit a key or re-
arrange the boot order to boot from USB.
2. Select your language (if it's not already selected) and click Next.

Fig. 3.41 Window setup

3. Click Install now.

Fig. 3.42 Install now

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 113

4. Enter your product key or click "I don't have a product key" if you don't have one. You
can always enter it later or use Windows 11 as inactivated.

Fig. 3.43 Activation window setup

5. Select the Windows edition if given a choice of editions.

Fig. 3.44 Choose windows edition

6. Accept the license agreement and click Next.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 114

Fig. 3.45 windows accept license

7. Select Custom Install if prompted.

Fig. 3.46 choose type of installation

8. Choose the installation drive and click Next.

Fig. 3.47 drive unallocated space

9. The installer will copy some files and may reboot at this point.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 115

Fig. 3.48 Installing windows copy files

10. Select your country or region (if it's not selected) and click Yes. Also, select your
keyboard layout when prompted.

Fig. 3.49 choose the region

11. Name your device and click Next.
12. Sign in with your Microsoft account.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 116

Fig. 3.50 add Microsoft account

13. Create a PIN for quick logins.

Fig. 3.51 create a pin

14. Click "Set up as new device" (or you can restore a previous config).
15. Click Skip if asked to customize your user experience. This is not necessary.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 117

Fig. 3.52 choose the customize

13. Click Next on the Microsoft Account and OneDrive screen.

Fig. 3.53 add Microsoft account

17. Windows will now (finally) finalize the installation of Windows 11 using all of the settings
you selected up to this point. Windows will ask you to wait will the installation wraps up,
which only takes a few minutes on average.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 118

Fig. 3.54 add Microsoft account

3.8 Old version- Performing a Clean Installation of Windows 10
To perform a clean installation of Windows 10, insert a bootable media DVD or USB pen drive
in your computer system, and press any key to boot from the bootable disk as shown in
Figure 3.55. Let the disk allow the loading of the setup file as shown in Figure 3.56. Follow the
steps below for clean installation of Windows 10.

Fig. 3.55 Press any key for booting Fig. 3.56 Loading setup file
(i) Insert a bootable media DVD or USB pen drive in your computer system. Provide the
details of language, time zone, and keyboard layout as shown in Figure 3.57. Then click
on the ‘Next’ button.
(ii) Click the ‘Install now’ button as shown in Figure 3.58.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 119

Fig. 3.57 Select language, time, and currency Fig. 3.58 Installation window and input
(iii) In the next window, you will be asked to enter the product key. Enter it and click on the
‘Next’ button to proceed. In case you don’t have the product key currently, then you can
skip to enter the product key by clicking on the option ‘I don’t have a product key’ to
continue the installation as shown in Figure 3.59 below.
(iv) A new window as shown in Figure 3.60 will appear where you have to accept the licence
terms by putting the tick ( ) on the checkbox ‘I accept the license terms.
(v) Click the ‘Next’ button.
(vi) Click on the ‘Custom: Install Windows only (advanced)’ option.

Fig. 3.59 License terms Fig. 3.60 Selecting installation setup window
(vii) Select the partition with the current installation of Windows (usually “Drive 0”), and click

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 120

the ‘Delete’ button to remove it from the hard drive.

Fig. 3.61 Partition window

(viii) Click the ‘Yes’ button to confirm the deletion.
(ix) Select the empty drive (‘Drive 0 Unallocated Space’) and click on the ‘Next’ button as
shown in Figure 3.63.

Fig. 3.62 Drive 0 unallocated space Fig. 3.63 Installing Windows

(x) After completion of these steps, the set-up will proceed to install Windows 10 as shown in
Figure 3.68.
(xi) After complete installation, the initial, window will appear on the computer screen as
shown in Figure 3.69.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 121

Fig. 3.64 Home window of windows 10

Summary
After installation, certain settings must be configured to ensure Windows functions properly.
This includes network setup, display settings, time and language preferences, user control,
and application installation. These steps make the system secure and user-friendly.

Check Your Progress

A. Multiple choice Question (MCQ)
1. What might cause icons to go missing from the Windows 10 desktop? (a) Corrupted files
(b) Incorrect display settings (c) Malware or viruses (d) All of the above
2. Where can you set the date and time in Windows 10? (a) Control Panel (b) Task
Manager (c) Settings app (d) File Explorer
3. How can you access the taskbar settings in Windows 10? (a) Right-click on the taskbar
(b) Open Task Manager (c) Go to Control Panel (d) Use File Explorer
4. What is Safe Mode used for in Windows? (a) To speed up the computer (b) To fix
hardware issues (c) To troubleshoot software problems (d) To update Windows
5. How can you resize the taskbar in Windows 10? (a) By dragging the edge of the taskbar
(b) Using Task Manager (c) Through the Control Panel (d) In File Explorer
6. Which shortcut opens File Explorer in Windows 10? (a) Ctrl + E (b) Windows Key + E (c)
Alt + E (d) Shift + E
7. Which of the following is NOT a section in File Explorer? (a) Quick Access (b) System
Restore (c) This PC (d) Network
8. Where can you change the region and language settings in Windows 10? (a) Control
Panel (b) Settings app (c) Task Manager (d) File Explorer
9. Where can you configure a static IP address in Windows 10? (a) Control Panel (b)
Settings app (c) Network and Sharing Center (d) Device Manager
10. What is the first step in performing a clean installation of Windows 11? (a) Download
the ISO file (b) Backup important data (c) Create a bootable USB drive (d) Install the
operating system

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 122

B. Fill in the Blank

1. One possible reason for missing desktop icons in Windows 10 is a __________ issue.
2. The date and time settings in Windows 10 can be adjusted through the __________ app.
3. To access taskbar settings in Windows 10, you can right-click on the __________.
4. Safe Mode is used in Windows to troubleshoot __________ problems.
5. You can resize the taskbar in Windows 10 by dragging the __________ of the taskbar.
6. The shortcut to open File Explorer in Windows 10 is __________ + E.
7. One of the sections in File Explorer is called __________ Access.
8. Region and language settings in Windows 10 can be changed through the __________
app.
9. A static IP address can be configured in Windows 10 using the __________ and Sharing
Center.
10. The first step in performing a clean installation of Windows 11 is to __________
important data.

C. True or False
1. Missing desktop icons in Windows 10 can sometimes be caused by incorrect display
settings.
2. The date and time in Windows 10 can only be set through the Control Panel.
3. You can access the taskbar settings in Windows 10 by right-clicking on the taskbar.
4. Safe Mode is used to speed up the computer by disabling unnecessary software.
5. In Windows 10, the taskbar cannot be resized.
6. The shortcut to open File Explorer in Windows 10 is Windows Key + E.
7. One of the sections in File Explorer is called System Restore.
8. You can change the region and language settings in Windows 10 through the Settings
app.
9. A static IP address can be configured in Windows 10 using the Network and Sharing
Center.
10. The first step in performing a clean installation of Windows 11 is to download the ISO
file.

D. Short Question?
1. Describe the possible reasons for desktop icons going missing in Windows 10 and
outline the steps you would take to troubleshoot and resolve this issue.
2. Explain how to set the date and time in Windows 10, including how to configure the
system to automatically adjust for daylight saving time and synchronize with an

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 123

internet time server.

3. Discuss the functionalities of the Windows 10 taskbar. How can you customize the
taskbar to better suit your workflow? Include details on pinning applications, moving
the taskbar, and adjusting its properties.
4. What is Safe Mode in Windows 10? Describe the steps to boot into Safe Mode and
explain how it can be used to troubleshoot and fix issues related to the taskbar.
5. Describe the process of resizing the taskbar in Windows 10. Why might someone want
to resize their taskbar, and what are the potential benefits and drawbacks of doing so?
6. File Explorer is a fundamental tool in Windows operating systems. Explain its main
features and functionalities. How has File Explorer evolved across different versions of
Windows?
7. Identify and describe the different sections of File Explorer in Windows 10. How can
users customize these sections to improve their file management experience?
8. How do you change region and language settings in Windows 10? Discuss the impact of
these settings on date, time, currency formats, and language preferences. How can
these settings be useful for users in a multilingual environment?
9. Explain the process of configuring a static IP address in Windows 10. What are the
advantages and disadvantages of using a static IP address compared to a dynamic IP
address?
10. Describe the steps involved in performing a clean installation of Windows 11. What
preparations should be made before starting the installation, and what are the key
differences between a clean installation and an upgrade?

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 124

MODULE 3 Installation and Configuration of Linux

Operating System
Module Overview
Installing and configuring a Linux operating system involves several steps that ensure the
system is tailored to the user's needs. The process begins by choosing a Linux distribution,
such as Ubuntu, Fedora, or CentOS, and creating a bootable installation media, like a USB
drive or DVD. The technician boots the system from this media and follows the guided
installation steps, which include selecting the language, time zone, and partitioning the
hard drive.

After the OS is installed, the configuration phase begins. This includes setting up user
accounts, configuring network settings, and installing essential software packages through a
package manager like APT or YUM. It's crucial to install updates and security patches to
keep the system secure. Depending on the user's requirements, additional configurations
might involve setting up a firewall, configuring system services, and customizing the desktop
environment for optimal performance and usability.

Module Structure

Session 1: Installation of Ubuntu Linux

Session 2: Perform post installation task in Linux operating system
Session 3: Install and Configure Peripheral devices

Session 1. Installation of Ubuntu Linux

Linux Operating System

Linux, an open-source operating system, made its debut on September 17, 1991, thanks to
Linus Torvalds. Similar to Windows, macOS, and Android, Linux also shares similarities with
Unix operating systems, reflecting in comparable commands. It's freely accessible for both
commercial and non-commercial purposes, enabling programmers to modify the Linux kernel,
creating new distributions.
In recent times, Linux has made remarkable strides, offering numerous beneficial features for
both companies and home users. Consequently, it has emerged as one of the most prevalent
operating systems in the IT industry. Moreover, it's readily available for download at no cost

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 125

from the internet.

Minimum system requirements for Ubuntu 24.04 LTS:
As of my last update, which was in January 2022, Ubuntu 24.04 LTS had not been released
yet, and specific system requirements for it were not available. However, based on historical
trends and the typical progression of system requirements in Ubuntu releases, we can make
an educated guess about the expected minimum system requirements.
For Ubuntu 22.04 LTS, which is the release preceding 24.04 LTS, the minimum system
requirements were as follows:
• Processor: 1 GHz dual-core processor or better
• RAM: 2 GB RAM
• Storage: 25 GB of hard disk space
• Graphics: VGA capable of 1024x768 screen resolution
• Network: Either a wired Ethernet or wireless adapter
It's important to note that these are general guidelines, and actual system requirements may
vary based on factors such as the desktop environment (e.g., GNOME, KDE, Xfce) and specific
software requirements. Additionally, newer releases of Ubuntu may have slightly higher sys-
tem requirements to accommodate improvements and new features.
Linux operating system distributions
Linux operating system distributions, often referred to as "distros," come in various flavors,
each tailored to different user needs and preferences. Here's an overview of some popular
Linux distributions, their key features, and typical system requirements:

Linux key features System requirements

distributions

Ubuntu: Ubuntu is known for its user-friendly Minimum requirements

interface and extensive software typically include a 1 GHz
repository. It offers long-term support processor, 2 GB of RAM, and
(LTS) releases with five years of security 25 GB of disk space.
updates, making it suitable for both
desktop and server use.

Fedora: Fedora focuses on integrating the latest Recommended specifications

open-source technologies and serves as include a 2 GHz dual-core
a testing ground for future Red Hat processor, 4 GB of RAM, and
Enterprise Linux (RHEL) releases. It 15 GB of disk space.
includes GNOME as the default desktop
environment and emphasizes security
features.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 126

Debian: Debian is known for its stability, Minimum requirements

reliability, and commitment to free typically include a 1 GHz
software principles. It offers a wide range processor, 512 MB of RAM,
of software packages and supports and 10 GB of disk space.
multiple desktop environments,
including GNOME, KDE, and Xfce.

CentOS CentOS is a community-driven Minimum requirements

distribution based on the source code of typically include a 1 GHz
Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL). It processor, 1 GB of RAM, and
provides a stable and secure platform 10 GB of disk space
suitable for server deployments, with
long-term support and regular updates.

Arch Linux: Arch Linux follows a minimalist Arch Linux has relatively low
philosophy, offering a lightweight and hardware requirements,
customizable system. It employs a typically requiring a 64-bit
rolling release model, providing processor, 512 MB of RAM,
continuous updates to the latest and 2 GB of disk space.
software versions.

Linux Mint: Linux Mint provides an elegant and Minimum requirements

user-friendly desktop environment based typically include a 1 GHz
on Ubuntu LTS releases. It includes processor, 1 GB of RAM (2
proprietary multimedia codecs and GB recommended), and 15
additional software out of the box for GB of disk space.
enhanced multimedia support.
Types of Linux installation
Linux installations can vary depending on the specific distribution and user preferences. Here
are some common types of Linux installations:
1. Graphical Installation: This is the most user-friendly method and typically involves boot-
ing from a live USB or DVD and using a graphical installer to guide the user through the
installation process. The installer often provides options for partitioning the disk, selecting
software packages, and configuring system settings.
2. Text-Based Installation: Some Linux distributions offer a text-based installation option,
which is similar to a graphical installation but uses a text-based interface instead. This
method may appeal to users who prefer a more lightweight or minimal installation envi-
ronment.
3. Network Installation: Network installation involves booting from a network image and
installing the operating system over a network connection. This method is useful for de-
ploying Linux on multiple machines simultaneously or for installing on systems without
optical drives or USB ports.
4. Unattended Installation: Also known as automated or silent installation, this method al-

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 127

lows users to install Linux without manual intervention. It involves creating a configura-
tion file or script that specifies installation options and settings, which the installer then
follows automatically.
5. Dual-Boot Installation: Dual-booting involves installing Linux alongside another operat-
ing system, such as Windows, on the same computer. Users can choose which operating
system to boot into each time the computer starts. This method allows users to try out
Linux without fully committing to it as their primary operating system.
6. Virtual Machine Installation: Users can install Linux in a virtual machine (VM) on their
existing operating system using virtualization software such as VirtualBox or VMware.
This allows for experimentation with Linux without affecting the host operating system.
7. Diskless Installation: Diskless installations run Linux entirely from RAM or over a net-
work without requiring a local disk drive. This method is commonly used for thin clients,
embedded systems, and diskless workstations.
Creating Ubuntu Linux bootable disk
Ubuntu is a popular operating system based on the Linux kernel. It is known for its security,
stability, and ease of use. One of the easiest ways to try out Ubuntu is by creating a bootable
USB startup disk. In this article, we will discuss three ways to create a bootable Ubuntu USB
startup disk.
Using Rufus on Windows
Rufus stands out as a free and open-source utility designed for crafting bootable USB drives.
Tailored for Windows, it offers a straightforward interface. Below are the steps to fashion a
bootable Ubuntu USB startup disk using Rufus on Windows:

Activity 1

Practical Activity: 1 Demonstrate to Create Ubuntu Linux bootable disk

Step 1. Download the Ubuntu ISO image from the official website.
Step 2. Get Rufus from its official website and install it on your Windows PC.
Step 3. Insert a USB flash drive with at least 2GB capacity.
Step 4. Launch Rufus and choose the USB flash drive you want to use.
Step 5. In the "Boot selection" section, click "Select" and pick the Ubuntu ISO image you
downloaded earlier.
Step 6. For "Partition scheme," choose "MBR" for BIOS systems or "GPT" for UEFI systems.
Step 7. For "File system," select "FAT32."
Step 8. Click "Start" and let Rufus create the bootable Ubuntu USB startup disk.

Using Etcher on macOS

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 128

Etcher is a free and open-source tool that can be used to create bootable USB disks. It is
available for macOS, Windows, and Linux. Here are steps to create a bootable Ubuntu USB
startup disk using Etcher on macOS −

Practical Activity: Demonstrate to Create Ubuntu Linux bootable disk using macOS
Get the Ubuntu ISO image from the official website.
Step 1. Download Etcher from its official website and install it on your macOS device.
Step 2. Insert a USB flash drive with at least 2GB capacity.
Step 3. Open Etcher and choose the Ubuntu ISO image you downloaded previously.
Step 4. Select the USB flash drive you wish to use.
Step 5. Click the "Flash!" button and allow Etcher to create the bootable Ubuntu USB
startup disk.

Using dd Command on Linux

If you are using a Linux machine, you can use dd command to create a bootable Ubuntu USB
startup disk. Here are steps to create a bootable Ubuntu USB startup disk using dd command
on Linux −

Practical Activity: Demonstrate to Create Ubuntu Linux bootable disk using dd Command
Step 1. Download the Ubuntu ISO image from the official website.
Step 2. Insert a USB flash drive with at least 2GB capacity.
Step 3. Open the terminal and run the following command to check the name of the USB
flash drive: sudo fdisk -l
Step 4. Identify the name of the USB flash drive from the list of devices, such as "/dev/sdb"
or "/dev/sdc".
Step 5. Unmount the USB flash drive by running the following command: sudo umount
/dev/sdb1 Replace "/dev/sdb1" with the name of the USB flash drive you identified earlier.
Step 6. Write the Ubuntu ISO image to the USB flash drive by running the following
command: sudo dd bs=4M if=/path/to/[Link] of=/dev/sdb
conv=f Replace "/path/to/[Link]" with the path to the Ubuntu
ISO image you downloaded earlier, and "/dev/sdb" with the name of the USB flash drive you
identified earlier.
Step 7. Wait for the "dd" command to complete. This may take a few minutes.
Step 8. Once the process is complete, you can safely remove the USB flash drive from your
Linux machine and use it to boot into Ubuntu.

Create a bootable USB stick with Rufus on Windows Requirements

You will need:

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 129

• A 4GB or larger USB stick/flash drive

• Microsoft Windows XP or later
• Rufus, a free and open source USB stick writing tool
• An Ubuntu ISO file. See Get Ubuntu for download links.

USB selection
Here are the steps to configure your USB device in Rufus:
1. Open Rufus.
2. Insert your USB stick.
3. Rufus will automatically detect and display the device within the Device field.
4. If the selected Device is incorrect (for instance, if you have multiple USB storage devices),
choose the correct one from the drop-down menu in the device field.
4. Select the Ubuntu ISO file
To select the Ubuntu ISO file you downloaded previously, click the SELECT to the right of
“Boot selection”. If this is the only ISO file present in the Downloads folder you will only see
one file listed.
Select the appropriate ISO file and click on Open.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 130

5. Write the ISO

The Volume label will automatically adjust to match the selected ISO.
Keep all other settings at their default values and click START to begin the writing process.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 131

7. Write warnings
You will then be alerted that Rufus has detected that the Ubuntu ISO is an ISO Hybrid image.
This means the same image file can be used as the source for both a DVD and a USB stick
without requiring conversion.
Keep Write in ISO Image mode selected and click on OK to continue.

Rufus will also provide a warning indicating that all data on your chosen USB device will be
erased. This is an opportune time to double-check if you have selected the correct device
before proceeding. Once you are certain, click OK to continue.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 132

8. Writing the ISO

The ISO will now be written to your USB stick, and the progress bar in Rufus will give you
some indication of where you are in the process. With a reasonably modern machine, this
should take around 10 minutes. Total elapsed time is shown in the lower right corner of the
Rufus window.
9. Installation complete
When Rufus has finished writing the USB device, the Status bar will be filled green and the
word READY will appear in the center. Select CLOSE to complete the write process.
Demonstrate to Clean installation of Ubuntu 24.04 LTS on a new computer.
Canonical has recently unveiled its newest operating system, Ubuntu 24.04, bearing the
codename "Noble Numbat." This release is categorized as an LTS (Long Term Support),
promising users updates and support for the next five years. We will guide you through the
step-by-step installation process of Ubuntu 24.04 LTS desktop, accompanied by screenshots.
Before delving into the installation procedure, let's take a quick look at the fresh and
enhanced features introduced in this edition:
• Introduction of the latest GNOME 46 Desktop Environment.
• Integration of the latest Linux Kernel 6.8.
• Significant enhancements in Software Center and Tweaks.
• Implementation of a much-improved installer for an enhanced user experience.
• Addition of the Dynamic Workspace Indicator.
• Improved Remote RDP Login feature in tandem with GNOME 46.
• Inclusion of Pipe Wire as the default sound server.
• The installer will perform a minimal installation if the 'extended installation' option is
not chosen.
Requirements:
• At least 4 GB of RAM
• A dual-core processor clocked at 2 GHz
• 25 GB of available disk space
• Internet connectivity (optional)

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 133

• Installation media (bootable USB or DVD)

Practical Activity: Demonstrate to clean installation of Ubuntu operating system on a

new computer.
Step 1. Download the Ubuntu 24.04 ISO File
Navigate to the official Ubuntu website ([Link] and
download the ISO file.
After downloading the ISO file, create the installation media by burning the ISO file onto a
USB or DVD drive. If you're using Windows, you can utilize the "Rufus" software to create a
bootable USB drive with the ISO file. On Linux, follow these steps:
Step 2. Boot System with Installation Media.
Start your target system using the installation media, which, in our case, is the bootable
USB drive created in the previous step. (In the BIOS settings, adjust the boot order to
prioritize the USB drive over the hard disk.) Once the system boots up with the installation
media, you will encounter the following screen. Select "Try or Install Ubuntu".

Step 3. Choose Your Language

You'll be asked to select your preferred language in this step. Pick the appropriate language,
then click on Next.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 134

Step 4. Customize Ubuntu 24.04 Settings

In this step, the installer provides you with options to customize your Ubuntu settings, as
shown below. However, you can also customize these settings later after installation.

Step 5. Select Your Preferred Keyboard Layout

Choose the keyboard layout that best suits your needs for this installation, then click Next.

Step 6. Select Install Ubuntu

In case, your system is connected to the internet then choose “Use Wired Connection” else
select “Do not Connect to the Internet”.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 135

In my case, my system is connected to the internet so, I will choose first option.

In the following window, select “Install Ubuntu” and then click Next.

Step 7. Type of Installation

At this step, the installer will prompt you “how do you like to install Ubuntu”.
You have two options:
1. Interactive Installation: This type of installation involves user interaction throughout
the installation process.
2. Automated Installation: As the name suggests, this is an automated installation
method. However, it requires preparation of an "[Link]" file containing all
the necessary settings or parameters for the OS installation.
For this guide, we will proceed with the interactive installation method.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 136

Step 8. Click on Next

In the following window, choose “Extended Selection” to install desktop tools, utilities and
web browser.
If you choose “Default Selection” then installer will install only desktop basic utilities.

Step 9. Install Third-Party Software for Graphics and Wi-Fi. If you wish to install updates
and third-party software for graphics and Wi-Fi during the installation, select both options,
provided your system is connected to the internet. If your system is not connected to the
internet or you prefer not to install updates during the installation, uncheck both options
and then click on Next.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 137

Step 10. Disk Partition Scheme

In this step, the installer will ask you how you want to create the partition scheme on the
disk. You have two options:
1. Erase Disk and Install Ubuntu: With this method, the installer will erase all data on
the disk and create the necessary partitions automatically. This is recommended for
users new to Linux.
2. Manual Installation: With this method, you can manually create partitions on the
disk according to your requirements.

In this guide, I will demonstrate how to create manual partitions by selecting the 'Manual
Installation' method.
Step 11. Click "Next" to continue.
For Ubuntu 24.04, I'll be partitioning an 80GB disk as follows:

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 138

• /boot: 2GB (ext4 file system)

• / (root): 20GB (ext4 file system)
• /home: 50GB (ext4 file system)
• Swap: 2GB
On the subsequent screen, select the unallocated disk space, click on the "+" symbol, and
begin creating partitions.
We'll start by creating the first partition as /boot with a size of 2GB.

Click on OK and similarly create next partition as / of size 20 GB.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 139

Next, again select the free disk space and create /home partition of size 50 GB.

Click OK.
In the last create swap partition of size 2GB as shown below:

Click OK and then click on Next to proceed further with installation.

Step 12. Create a local user and set your system’s hostname, specify the details that suits
to your installation.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 140

Click Next
Step 13. Select Your Location and Time Zone
Choose your preferred location and time zone and then click Next.

Step 14. Ready to Start Installation

Review your choices and click on “Install” option to begin the installation.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 141

At this point of time installation get started and is in progress.

Once the installation is completed, installer will prompt to reboot the system.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 142

Click on “Restart Now”, it will reboot your system and don’t forget to remove the installation
media and change boot medium from USB to Hard disk from the Bios settings.
Step 15. Login and Desktop Screen Post Installation
When the system boots up after the successful installation, we will get the beneath login
screen. Use the same user and its credentials that you have created during the installation.

Step 16. After entering the credentials hit enter and this will take to desktop screen.
We will get following welcome screen, complete the setup with some additional settings.

Step 17. Click on Next

On the following window, disable Ubuntu Pro, choose “Skip for Now” and click Next

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 143

Step 18. Choose “No, don’t share system data”.

Step 19. Click on Finish to start using your Ubuntu 24.04.

Step 20. Next, Open the terminal and install neofetch utility.
$ sudo apt update
$ sudo apt install neofetch -y
$ neofetch
[Link]

VirtualBox
Oracle VM VirtualBox is a cross-platform virtualization application developed by Oracle
Corporation. It enables users to install and run multiple operating systems on virtual hard
disks, including Windows, macOS, Solaris, and Linux.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 144

For instance, you can use VirtualBox to run Windows and Linux on your Mac, Windows
Server on your Linux server, or Linux on your Windows PC, all while continuing to use your
existing applications.
The primary limitations you may encounter when installing multiple virtual machines are disk
space and memory.
VirtualBox Installation
VirtualBox can be downloaded here: VirtualBox Downloads .
[Link]

Practical Activity: Demonstrate to install Ubuntu Linux on Virtual Box.

Step 1: Before we begin with the installation process, we need to Download ISO for
Ubuntu. For that, all the versions of Ubuntu are available on the Official Site.

Step 2: Open VirtualBox and click on the New button.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 145

Step 3: Give a Name to your Virtual Machine and select the Location for it to install.

Step 4: Assign RAM Size to your Virtual Machine.

Step 5: Create a Virtual Hard Disk for the machine to store files.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 146

Step 6: Select the type of Hard disk. Using VDI type is recommended.

Step 7: Either of the Physical Storage types can be selected. Using a Dynamically
Allocated Disk is by default recommended.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 147

Step 8: Select Disk Size and provide the Destination Folder to install.

Step 9: After the Disk creation is done, boot the Virtual Machine and begin installing
Ubuntu.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 148

Step 10: If the installation disk is not automatically detected. Browse the file location and
select the ISO file for Ubuntu.

Step 11: Proceed with the installation file and wait for further options.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 149

Step 12: Click on the Install Ubuntu option, this might look different for other Ubuntu
versions.

Step 13: Select Keyboard Layout, if the defaults are compatible, just click on the Continue
button and proceed.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 150

Step 14: Select Installation Type. By default, it is set to Normal Installation, which is
recommended, but it can also be changed to Minimal Installation if there is no need for all
Ubuntu features.

Step 15: Click on the Install Now button and carry on with the installation. Do not get
worried about the Erase disk option, it will only be effective inside the virtual machine, and
other system files outside the VirtualBox remain intact.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 151

Step 16: Click on the Continue button, and proceed with writing changes on the disk.

Step 17: Select your Location to set the Time Zone.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 152

Step 18: Choose a Name for your computer and set a Password to secure login info.

Step 19: Wait for the installation process to complete.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 153

Step 20: Once the installation process is over, reboot your Virtual Machine.

Step 21: Voila!! You’re finished with the installation process. Now you can use Ubuntu
along with Windows, without creating a dual boot.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 154

Steps to Make Full Screen of Ubuntu OS on VirtualBox

Note: After installing Ubuntu in Virtual Box, you may find that the Operating System is not
suitable for full-screen mode. If you try to make it large by clicking on maximize button, the
visual part remains the same and the outside becomes white/black.

Step 1: To overcome this and make Ubuntu full screen in Virtual Box, click on Devices
then on Insert Guest Additions CD Image.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 155

Step 2: Now you will be able to see a Disk icon on the Taskbar, click on that and it will
open the disk

Step 3: Write right-click inside the folder select Open in the Terminal, and run the
following commands. It will ask for the user’s password, enter the password, and wait till

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 156

completion.
sudo apt update
sudo apt upgrade

Step 4: After updating, run the command ./[Link]

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 157

Step 5: Now it will ask for the password and after checking the password a new tab will
open inside the terminal. Enter Yes there.

Step 6: After installation restart Ubuntu and now you can use Ubuntu in Full-Screen Mode.

So, these are some long steps needed to Download & Install Ubuntu on VirtualBox. You
should go through the entire steps for successfully Launching Ubuntu on VirtualBox in
Full- Screen Mode. If you miss any step or perform any error, the VirtualBox Installation
of Ubuntu will not be successful.

Procedure for installation of Ubuntu Linux in dual booting

Dual booting Linux with Windows is one of the most convenient ways to enjoy both operating
systems on the same computer. With dual booting, both OSes are installed on your hard drive,
allowing you to choose which one to use each time you power on your system. This setup lets
you take full advantage of both operating systems on real hardware.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 158

Compatibility checks
Ensure your system uses UEFI: This tutorial is only applicable for systems with UEFI boot. If
your system was purchased in the last 5-6 years, it likely already uses UEFI with a GPT
partition. However, it is important to verify that your system uses UEFI. If your system uses
legacy BIOS with an MBR partition, please follow this dual boot tutorial instead.
Prerequisites:
To easily and safely install Linux alongside Windows, you will need the following:
• A computer preinstalled with Windows 10.
• A USB drive (at least 4 GB in size) with no data on it.
• An internet connection (to download the Ubuntu ISO image and live USB creation tool).
This can be done on any system, not necessarily the one you are dual booting.
• Optional: An external USB disk for backing up your existing data.
• Optional: A Windows recovery or bootable disk (useful for fixing any major boot issues
you might encounter).

Activity 2

Practical Activity: 2 Demonstrate to install Ubuntu Linux on Windows computer for

dual booting.
Step 1: Make a backup of your Windows system [optional]
It is always nice to have a backup of your data, just in case you mess up with the system
while dealing with disk partitions.
I advise copying all the essential data you cannot afford to lose on an external USB disk.
You can use an external HDD (slower but cheaper) or SSD (faster but expensive) and copy
the important files and folders.
Step 2: Download Ubuntu (or whichever Linux distribution you are using)

Head over to Ubuntu’s website and download the ISO file. The file should be around 2.5 GB
in size. If you need to download Ubuntu via torrents, you can click the ‘alternative

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 159

downloads.’
Download Ubuntu ISO Image
Step 3: Create a live USB/disk of Ubuntu
I presume that you are using Windows to create the live USB. Several free applications allow
you to create a live Ubuntu USB. You can use any of these tools. Since I cannot show all of
them, I’ll go with Rufus.
Download Rufus for free from its website. It will download a .exe file.
Download Rufus
Plug in your USB. This device will be formatted so make sure you don’t have any important
data on this USB disk.
Run the Rufus tool you just downloaded. It automatically identifies the plugged-in USB but
double-check it anyway. Now, browse to the location of the downloaded ISO image and
ensure that it uses GPT partitioning scheme and UEFI target system.

Hit the start button and wait for the process to complete. Your live Linux USB is ready.
📋
Installing Ubuntu and creating the live Ubuntu USB process can be done on any computer.
But the rest of the process takes on the system on which you are dual booting.
Step 4: Make some free space on your disk for Ubuntu installation
In many systems, while installing Ubuntu, it gives the option to make a disk partition for
Ubuntu. However, that is not a surety. This is why making the required free space on the
disk would be better before starting the installation procedure.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 160

In the Windows menu, search for ‘disk partitions’ and go to ‘Create and format hard disk
partitions.’

In the Disk Management tool, right-click on the drive which you want to partition and select
shrink volume.
If you have just one partition like this, you need to make some free space out of it for Linux.
Use any of them except C drive if you have several partitions of considerable size because it
may erase the data.
The 256 GB in my system already had several partitions from the manufacturer but mainly
for backup and other purposes. The primary partition was the C drive, around 220 GB,
where Windows 10 is installed. In my case, I shrunk the C drive to make some free space for
Linux installation.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 161

How much space do you need for Linux in dual boot

This depends on how much total disk space you have. You may install Ubuntu on 15 or 20
GB but you’ll soon start running out of disk space. These days, you should have at least 120
GB of disk. In that case, go for 30-40 GB of disk for Linux. If you have 250 GB disk, allocate
60-80 GB or even more. If you have more disk space, allocate even more free space, if you
want.
What if you have D, E or F drives?
This is a common confusion for many people as they think Ubuntu can only be installed on
the C drive. That’s not true. I had only one C drive, so I shrank it. If you have D, E or F
drive, you may shrink one of those drives. You may also choose to delete the D, E or F drive.
NEVER DELETE C DRIVE.
Step 5: Boot from live Ubuntu USB
You created a live Ubuntu USB in step 3. Plug it into the system. Before you go and boot
from the live USB, let’s have a quick word about the infamous secure boot.
Do I need to disable the secure boot for installing Linux?
6-8 years back, the UEFI secure boot was not well-supported by Linux; hence, you had to
disable secure boot before installing Linux. Thankfully, Ubuntu and many other Linux
distributions currently support secure boot very well. Usually, you should not need to do
anything about it. However, if your system doesn’t allow booting from live USB or if you see
any other related issue, you may disable the secure boot on Windows.
Alright! Let’s see how to boot from the USB. You can go to the boot settings by pressing
F2/F10 or F12 at the system start time and selecting to boot from the USB. However, some

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 162

people find it difficult.

The longer but an easier step is to access the UEFI boot settings from within Windows. In
the Windows menu, search for UEFI and then click on ‘Change advanced startup options’:

Go to the Advanced startup option and click on Restart now button.

On the next screen, click on ‘Use a device’:

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 163

Recognize the USB disk with its name and size. It may also be displayed as EFI USB Device.

Now it will power off your system and reboot into the disk you chose which should be the
live USB disk. You should see a screen like this after a few seconds:

The ‘Try Ubuntu without installing’ option allows you to experience Ubuntu from the live
disk. The option to install Ubuntu can be found on the desktop.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 164

The “Install Ubuntu” option will start the Ubuntu installation immediately.
You can opt for either option based on your preference.
Step 6: Installing Ubuntu along with Windows 10
Start the installation procedure. The first few steps are simple. You choose the language and
keyboard layout.

Choose your language / Choose keyboard layout

On the next screen, choose Normal installation. No need to download updates or install
third-party software just yet. You may do it after the installation completes.
Hit continue. It may take some time to go to the next step.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 165

Note: Some people try to download updates and install media codes while installing. In my
experience, it sometimes creates issues during installation and may also cause the
installation to fail. For this reason, I advise against them.
Important: Installation takes two approaches based on what you see on the next
screen
Since this is a detailed tutorial, I’ll cover both aspects.
Approach 1: You see the “Install Ubuntu alongside Windows Boot Manager”
If you see the “Install Ubuntu alongside Windows Boot Manager” on the Installation type
screen, you can select this method and hit continue.

If you see the “Install Ubuntu alongside Windows Boot Manager”, choose it
The next screen will give you the option to create a partition for Ubuntu by dragging the
divider. You can allocate appropriate disk space to Linux here. Ubuntu will create one
partition of the allocated disk space and it will have root with home and a swap file of 2 GB
in size under root itself.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 166

Approach 2: You don’t see ‘Install Ubuntu alongside Windows Boot Manager’ option or it is
greyed out, But if you are one of the unlucky ones who don’t see this option, no need to
worry. Things are not that bad for you. You can still install Ubuntu with Windows.
On the Installation type screen, go with Something Else.

It will take you to the partitioning screen. Remember you had created some free space
beforehand?
You may allocate the entire free space to root (swapfile and home will be created
automatically under root) or separate root, swap and home partitioning. Both methods are
acceptable.
I show the steps for creating root, swap and home partitions separately. But feel free to use

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 167

a single partition for all of them.

Select the free space and click on the + sign.

It will provide you with the option to create a Linux partition. You are creating the Root
partition. Anything above 25 GB is more than sufficient for it. Choose the size, select Ext 4
as the file type and / (means root) as the mount point.

Clicking on OK in the previous step will bring you to the partition screen. Next, create a
swap. Like previously, click on the + sign again. This time, use the file type as the Swap
area.
Ideal swap size in Linux is debatable. If you have 2 GB or less RAM, use swap double the
size of RAM. If you have 3-6 GB of RAM, use a swap of the same size as RAM. If you have 8
GB or more RAM, you may use swap half the size of RAM (unless you have plenty of disk

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 168

space, and you want to use hibernation and in that case, use a swap of at least the same
size as RAM).
If you feel like you have less swap on your system, don’t worry. You can easily create
swapfile and add more swap space to your systems.

Similarly, create a Home partition. Allocate it maximum space (in fact allocate it the rest of
the free space) because this is where you’ll save music, pictures and downloaded files.

Once you are ready with Root, Swap and Home, click on Install Now:

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 169

Well, you have almost won the battle. You can smell victory now. Select a timezone when
asked.

Next, you’ll be asked to enter a username, hostname (computer’s name) and password.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 170

Now it’s just a matter of waiting. It should take 8-10 minutes to complete the installation.

Once the installation finishes, restart the system.

Restart after installation completes

You’ll be asked to remove the USB disk. You can remove the disk at this stage without

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 171

worrying. The system reboots after this.

Remove USB and press enter

You do not need the live USB disk to use Linux anymore. You have installed Ubuntu on
your computer’s disk. Remove the USB and keep it for later if you want to use it for
installing Linux on some other system. You may also format and use it for regular data
storage or transfer.
If everything goes smoothly, you should see the grub screen once the system powers on.
Here, you can choose Ubuntu to boot into Ubuntu and Windows boot manager to boot into
Windows. Pretty cool, right?

You can choose the operating system from the grub screen

Summary
Ubuntu is a type of Linux operating system that is considered free and secure. A bootable USB
or disk is required for installation, followed by setup steps. After successful installation, the
Linux system becomes ready for use.

Check your Progress

A. Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ)
1. Who first developed the Linux operating system? (a) Richard Stallman (b) Linus
Torvalds (c) Bill Gates (d) Steve Jobs

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 172

2. What is the minimum RAM requirement for Ubuntu 22.04 LTS? (a) 512 MB (b) 1 GB (c)
2 GB (d) 4 GB
3. What is the main objective of Fedora? (a) User-friendly Interface (b) Stability and
Reliability (c) Integrating the latest open-source technology (d) Dual booting
4. Which Linux installation method is considered the easiest and most user-friendly? (a)
Graphical Installation (b) Network Installation (c) Text-based Installation (d) Diskless
Installation
5. What is the most commonly used tool on Windows for creating a bootable USB for
Ubuntu? (a) Etcher (b) VirtualBox (c) VMware (d) Rufus

B. Fill in the Blanks

1. Linux is an ________ operating system.
2. Ubuntu's long-term support (LTS) releases receive security updates for ________ years.
3. VirtualBox is a ________ software used to create virtual machines.
4. Linux Mint is primarily based on the ________ LTS release.
5. Diskless Installation runs entirely in ________ or over the network.

C. True or False
1. Debian is known for its stability and reliability.
2. Arch Linux is a heavy-weight and complex system.
3. A bootable USB can be created from an ISO file in Ubuntu.
4. Dual booting means running two different Linux distributions.
5. Etcher is a tool used to create a bootable USB on macOS.

D. Short Questions (2–3 lines answers)

1. Why is Linux called an "Open Source Operating System"?
2. What is the difference between graphical and text-based installation?
3. What is the use of VirtualBox?
4. What are the advantages of a dual boot installation?
5. Which three tools can be used to create a bootable USB for Ubuntu?

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 173

Session 2: Perform post installation task in Linux operating

system

Installing a Linux operating system is just the first step, but there are several important tasks
to perform afterward, called Post Installation Tasks. For example, a student like Ankit
installed Ubuntu Linux on his laptop. After installation, he faced trouble connecting to the
internet. He configured the network settings and updated the system. Now his computer was
ready with the latest packages and security updates.
Similarly, Priyanka installed Python and other necessary software so she could start
programming. Sometimes, Rahul needs to update his printer or Wi-Fi drivers to make sure the
hardware works properly. In addition, creating new user accounts, setting file permissions,
and configuring security settings are also important tasks.
Performing these small tasks ensures that the Linux system is fully ready and functional.
Every student should complete these post-installation tasks so that their computer remains
secure, fast, and prepared for all projects and daily tasks.

Activity 1

Practical Activity 2.1: Demonstrate Post installation tasks of Ubuntu Linux

Step 1. When the system boots up after a successful installation, you will see the login
screen below. Log in using the username and password you created during the installation.

Step 2. After entering your credentials and pressing Enter, you will be taken to the desktop
screen. You will then see the following welcome screen. Complete the setup by configuring
some additional settings.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 174

Step 3. Click on Next. In the following window, disable Ubuntu Pro by selecting "Skip for
Now," then click Next.

Step 4. Choose “No, don’t share system data”.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 175

Step 5. Click on Finish to start using your Ubuntu 24.04.

Step 6. Next, Open the terminal and install neofetch utility.

$ sudo apt update
$ sudo apt install neofetch -y
$ neofetch

Step 7. Great, output above shows that we have successfully installed Ubuntu 24.04 LTS
on our system.

Procedure to install Desktop and icon themes

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 176

Installing desktop and icon themes in Ubuntu 24.04 is a straightforward process. Here's a
step-by-step guide:

Activity 2

Practical activity 2.2: install Desktop and icon themes.

Step 1. For basic user usage, type “Ubuntu Software” in the search bar, press Enter to
open it, and browse through the search results to find the software you’re looking for.

Step 2. Enable ‘Minimize on Click.

If you prefer to minimize windows by clicking on the app icon, you can enable this feature
using a simple command in the terminal:
# gsettings set [Link]-to-dock click-action 'minimize'.
Step 3. Install GNOME Tweaks
GNOME Tweaks is a powerful tool that allows for extensive customization options such as
changing themes, fonts, window behavior, and more.
You can install GNOME Tweaks through the Ubuntu Software app and access it from the
applications grid by searching for “tweaks “.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 177

Step 4. Enable Night Light

You might want to turn on the “night light” setting in GNOME, which helps to lower the
amount of blue light that comes from your screen. This can be good for your sleep. You can
find this setting in the “Screen Display” part of your Settings.

Step 5. Customize Desktop Environment

Ubuntu offers different desktop environments like GNOME, KDE, and Xfce. You can install
and switch between these environments based on your preferences using terminal
commands as shown.
#sudo apt install kubuntu-desktop.
Step 6. Install Snap Packages

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 178

You might want to try installing Snap packages, a new way of packaging software for Linux.
It lets you get lots of different software applications and tools easily.
# sudo apt install snapd.

Basic commands in Linux:

In Ubuntu 24.04, you can perform various tasks using the command line interface (CLI). Here
are some basic commands to get you started:
1. The ls command is fundamental in Linux, used to list the contents of a folder. It's one of
the initial commands beginners learn. By simply typing ls, you can view the files and di-
rectories within your current location.

2. The cd command is used to change the current directory in Linux. Initially, you start in
your home directory, but you may need to navigate to different directories for various
[Link] instance, suppose you've downloaded a .deb file or a script. While you could ex-
ecute it from your current directory using the full path, changing to that directory simpli-
fies the process. By typing cd, followed by the desired directory path, you can seamlessly
move to another location, making it convenient to perform actions within that directory.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 179

3. The cat command is employed to quickly view the contents of a text file in Linux. When
executed, it displays the contents of the file directly on the screen. To utilize the cat com-
mand, simply type cat followed by the name of the file you wish to view:

4. Less command: When dealing with large text files containing hundreds of lines, using the
cat command can inundate your screen with all the text, making it unwieldy to navigate.
Instead, the less command provides a more manageable solution. By opening a file with
less, it presents the file in pages, allowing you to navigate through the content more effi-
ciently. You can scroll up and down, search for specific text, and perform various other ac-
tions. Using less is recommended for working with large text files to avoid overwhelming
your screen.
Example usage:

5. The touch command offers a simple method for creating new files in the Linux terminal.
While other commands like cat can also accomplish this task, touch is specifically designed
for creating new empty files. To use touch, simply specify the name of the new file you wish
to create:

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 180

6. mkdir is a command in Linux used to create directories or folders. It stands for "make di-
rectory".To use mkdir, simply type the command followed by the name of the directory you
want to create.
Example:

7. The cp command, abbreviated for "copy", is a frequently used command line tool for dupli-
cating files and [Link] utilize cp, simply specify the source file or directory followed
by the destination where you want to copy it.
Example:

8. rm command: Remove files and folders

You use the rm (short for remove) command to delete files in the Linux terminal.

9. The nano command is used to edit files in the Linux terminal. Nano is a simple, user-

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 181

friendly text editor that allows you to create and modify files directly from the command
[Link] open a file in nano, type:
nano filename
This command opens the specified file in the nano text editor, where you can make your edits.
To save your changes and exit, use the following key combinations:
Save: Ctrl + O (then press Enter)
Exit: Ctrl + X

10. The ps command is for handling the processes running on your system. Each process has
an associated ID called PID, which can be used for various purposes, such as terminating a
process.

Here,
• PID: Process ID
• TTY: Controlling terminal associated with the process (Not that important these days)
• TIME: Total CPU usage time
• CMD: Name of command that runs the process
Commands for update, upgrade, install and remove packages
In Ubuntu 24.04, package management is primarily handled using the apt command. Here

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 182

are the commands for updating, upgrading, installing, and removing packages:
1. Update Package List
Updating the package list ensures you have the latest information about available packages
and their versions.
#sudo apt update
2. Upgrade Installed Packages
Upgrading packages installs the latest versions of all currently installed packages.
# sudo apt upgrade
3. Install a Package
To install a specific package, use the install command followed by the package name.
# sudo apt install package_name
4. Remove a Package
To remove a specific package, use the remove command followed by the package name.
# sudo apt remove package_name
5. Remove Unused Packages
After removing packages, you might have some unused dependencies left over. Clean them up
using:
# sudo apt autoremove

Activity 3

Practical Activity 2.3: Demonstrate to update, upgrade, install and remove packages
using commands
Step 1. Update Packages with apt update
The apt update command refreshes the local package repository with the latest metadata,
ensuring you have the most current information about available packages and their
versions. Running this command before any upgrades or installations is essential to ensure
you get the latest versions of packages.
# sudo apt update

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 183

This command will also display a list of packages that can be upgraded.
Step 2. Upgrade Packages with apt upgrade
Use the apt upgrade command to update all installed packages to their latest versions.
Running this command without specifying a package name will upgrade all packages on the
system:
# sudo apt upgrade.

To upgrade a specific package, append the name:

# sudo apt upgrade lsof.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 184

The update and upgrade commands also print output when executed together. To run these
commands in one step and avoid being asked to confirm the process, use the -y flag:
sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade -y

Step 3. Full-Upgrade Packages with apt full-upgrade

The apt full-upgrade command updates all installed packages and removes any packages as
necessary to complete the upgrade. This command is particularly useful at the end of a
distribution release's life cycle to ensure the entire system is fully upgraded.
# sudo apt full-upgrade

Step 4. Install Packages with apt install

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 185

Use the apt install command to install a specific package from the repository.
# sudo apt install ffmpeg

Step 5. Only Download Packages with apt download

The apt download-only feature allows users to use deb files without installing them. To
download packages without starting the installation, run:
# sudo apt download apache2

Step 6. Remove Packages with apt remove

To uninstall a specific package, use the apt remove command.
# sudo apt remove ffmpeg

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 186

Step 7. Remove All Configuration Files with apt purge

The apt remove command deletes the specified packages but may leave behind configuration
files. To delete both the package and its configuration files, use the apt purge command.
# sudo apt purge ffmpeg

Step 8. Remove Unused Dependencies with apt autoremove

When packages are removed, their dependencies may remain on the system. To clean up
these unneeded dependencies and free up space, use the apt autoremove command.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 187

#sudo apt autoremove

Install the Package Using Software Center

For users who prefer the modern 'App Center' introduced in Ubuntu 23.10 and Ubuntu 24.04,
installing it in Ubuntu 22.04 is straightforward. Here's how you can do it:
The new App Center, also known as the snap-store, has been redesigned using Google's
Flutter UI toolkit. It offers improved speed and reliability compared to the previous version.
With the new App Center, you won't encounter issues like the software app getting stuck at
"Downloading Software catalog" or endless loading circles.
The App Center in Ubuntu 23.10/24.04 supports both Snap and native Debian (.deb)
packages. However, in my testing, searching for Debian packages always resulted in "No
results found" in Ubuntu 22.04.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 188

Activity 4

Practical Activity 2.4: Demonstrate to Install Package using Software Center using
command line.
Step 1. First, press Ctrl+Alt+T on keyboard to open a terminal window. When it opens, run
command:
snap refresh snap-store --channel=latest/stable/ubuntu-24.04

Step 2. After that, just press Super (windows logo) key to open overview screen, search and
launch “App Center”.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 189

Demonstrate to download and install Debian Packages

Practical Activity: Downloading and installing Debian packages in Ubuntu 24.04 can be
done using the following steps:
1. Download the Debian Package:
You can download the Debian package (with the .deb extension) from the internet or obtain
it from other sources.
2. Open Terminal:
Open the terminal by searching for "Terminal" in the applications menu or by pressing Ctrl
+ Alt + T.
3. Navigate to the Download Directory:
Use the cd command to navigate to the directory where the Debian package is downloaded.
For example:
# cd ~/Downloads
4. Install the Debian Package:
Install the downloaded Debian package using the dpkg command. Replace
package_name.deb with the actual name of the Debian package.
# sudo dpkg -i package_name.deb
5. Resolve Dependencies (if any):
If the installation fails due to unmet dependencies, run the following command to install the
required dependencies:
# sudo apt install -f
6. Verify Installation:
Once the installation is complete, you can verify if the package is installed correctly.
7. Clean Up (optional):

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 190

You can remove the downloaded Debian package from the download directory to free up
space, if desired.

Connecting to the Internet

Setting up a network in Ubuntu can vary in complexity depending on your needs. Canonical
has designed Ubuntu to be user-friendly, even for those without extensive technical
knowledge. Despite its simplicity, Ubuntu has robust networking capabilities that enable
connections to local devices or servers worldwide.
Typically, Ubuntu's networking settings work seamlessly, but there may be occasions when
you need to troubleshoot or configure settings manually. Whether you're facing issues or just
curious about network configurations, it's helpful to start by checking your Ubuntu system’s
local IP address, public IP address, default gateway, and DNS information.
Software Requirements and Linux Command Line Conventions
Category Requirements, Conventions, or Software Version Used
System Ubuntu 18.04, 20.04, 22.04, 24.04
Software Netplan (installed by default)
Other Privileged access to your Linux system as root or via the sudo
command.
Conventions # – Commands that need to be executed with root privileges, either
directly as the root user or using sudo. <br> $ – Commands that can
be executed as a regular non-privileged user.
[Link]
Ubuntu Network Setup – Local and Public IP Addresses
When your system is connected to the internet, it typically uses two IP addresses:
1. Local IP Address:
• This is the address your system uses to communicate with other devices on your local
network, such as your router and other connected devices.
2. Public IP Address:
• This address is visible to devices on the internet. It is routable on the World Wide Web,
allowing you to connect to servers and other devices globally. Usually, a home network
has a single public IP address shared by all devices connected to the router.
Different networking setups exist, but this is the most common scenario for home networks.
Step 1. To see your local IP address, you can run the following command in terminal:
# ip a

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 191

Step 2. There are several methods to find your public IP address. You can visit a website like
IP Chicken or use one of the following commands in the terminal:
#echo $(wget -qO - [Link]
OR
echo $(curl -s [Link]
Step 3. To check the currently used DNS server IP address, execute the following command:
#systemd-resolve --status | grep Current
Step4. To display the default gateway IP address, run the following command:
# ip r

Step 5. You can also check this information using the Ubuntu desktop GUI. To view the
internal IP address, default gateway, MAC address, and DNS server settings:
1. Open Settings.
2. Click on the Network menu.
3. Select the gear icon next to the desired network interface.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 192

Summary
After installing Linux, software updates, additional application installations, user
settings, and security configurations are performed. These steps make the system
more secure and efficient.

Check Your Progress

A. Multiple choice questions

1. Which utility is installed to display system information after Ubuntu installation? (a)
neofetch (b) top (c) htop (d) dmesg
2. Which command is used to update the package index on Ubuntu? (a) apt upgrade (b)
apt remove (c) apt update (d) apt install
3. Which screen appears after successful Ubuntu installation before login? (a) Desktop (b)
Welcome (c) Bootloader (d) Terminal
4. Which command is used to install packages in Ubuntu? (a) yum install (b) sudo install
(c) apt install (d) rpm install
5. The default user permissions can be managed using which utility? (a) passwd (b)
useradd (c) groupadd (d) All of the above

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 193

B. Fill in the Blanks

1. After installing Ubuntu, the screen you see before login is called the ________ screen.
2. To install new software on Ubuntu, use the command ________.
3. The command used to create a new user in Ubuntu is ________.
4. To check the currently used DNS server in Ubuntu, the command ________ is used.
5. The output of installing all updates is displayed using the ________ command.

C. True or False
1. Linux is not available for download from the internet.
2. You can permanently mount file systems by modifying etc/fstab.
3. The first login after installation requires the root account by default.
4. neofetch is a utility that shows disk space usage.
5. After successful Ubuntu installation, the system should be updated and optimized.

D. Short Questions
1. List two important post-installati on tasks in Ubuntu.
2. What command is used to display system information in Ubuntu?
3. How can users modify system settings after the first login?
4. What is the purpose of updating the package index?
5. How do you check your current default gateway in Ubuntu?

Session 3. Install and Configure Peripheral devices

Overview of Linux Peripheral devices

Peripheral devices, while not essential for basic computer operation, significantly enhance its
functionality by providing input, output, or both. Input devices allow users to interact with the
computer, while output devices display or transmit information.
Examples of input devices include:
• Keyboard: Allows users to input text and commands.
• Mouse: Provides a graphical interface for navigating and selecting items on the screen.
• Scanner: Converts physical documents or images into digital format.
• Microphone: Captures audio input for voice commands, recording, or communication.
Examples of output devices include:
• Printer: Produces hard copies of digital documents or images.
• Speaker: Outputs audio for listening to music, videos, or other multimedia content.
• Display: Presents visual output in the form of text, images, and videos on a screen.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 194

Peripheral devices enhance the overall user experience and functionality of a computer system
by facilitating communication and interaction between users and the digital environment.
User Management in ubuntu 24.04
User management in Ubuntu 24.04 involves creating, modifying, and deleting user accounts,
as well as managing user permissions and groups. Here are some basic commands and steps
to manage users effectively:
1. Adding a New User
The useradd command in Ubuntu is a low-level utility for creating new user accounts. It
provides more granular control compared to the adduser command, which is a higher-level
command with interactive prompts. To add a new user, use the adduser command, which is
more user-friendly than the useradd command.
syntax : sudo adduser username.
Common Options used in ubuntu 24.04
Here are some common options you can use with useradd:
-d, --home HOME_DIR: Specify the home directory for the new user.
-m, --create-home: Create the user's home directory if it does not exist.
-s, --shell SHELL: Specify the login shell for the new user.
-c, --comment COMMENT: Add a comment (usually the full name of the user).
-g, --gid GROUP: Specify the primary group for the new user.
-G, --groups GROUP1,GROUP2: Specify additional groups for the new user.
-u, --uid UID: Specify the user ID for the new user.
-p, --password PASSWORD: Specify the encrypted password for the new user.

Check add user in ubuntu 24.04 :

Syntax : tail /etc/passwd

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 195

2. Deleting a User
The userdel command in Ubuntu is used to delete a user account and optionally remove the
user's home directory and mail spool. This command requires root privileges, so you will need
to use sudo to execute it. To remove a user, use the deluser command:
syntax : sudo deluser username

Common Options
Here are some common options you can use with userdel:
• -r, --remove: Remove the user's home directory and mail spool along with the user ac-
count.
• -f, --force: Force the removal of the user account, even if the user is currently logged in.
This is potentially dangerous and should be used with caution.
Examples
1. Delete a User
To delete a user account without removing the home directory:
# sudo userdel username

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 196

2. Delete a User and Remove Home Directory

To delete a user account and remove the home directory and mail spool:
# sudo userdel -r username

3. Force Delete a User

To force the deletion of a user account (even if the user is currently logged in):
# sudo userdel -f username

4. Modifying a User
The usermod command in Ubuntu is used to modify an existing user account. This command
allows you to change various user account settings such as username, home directory, shell,
group memberships, and more. To modify a user’s details, use the usermod command. Here
are some common options:
Common Options
Here are some common options you can use with usermod:
-l, --login NEW_LOGIN: Change the username of the user.
-d, --home HOME_DIR: Change the user's home directory.
-m, --move-home: Move the contents of the user's home directory to a new location (used with
-d).
-s, --shell SHELL: Change the user's login shell.
-c, --comment COMMENT: Change the comment field (typically the user’s full name).

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 197

-g, --gid GROUP: Change the user's primary group.

-G, --groups GROUP1,GROUP2: Add the user to additional groups.
-a, --append: Add the user to the supplementary groups without removing them from other
groups (used with -G).
-L, --lock: Lock the user account.
-U, --unlock: Unlock the user account.
-u, --uid UID: Change the user ID (UID) of the user.
-e, --expiredate EXPIRE_DATE: Set the expiration date for the user account (in YYYY-MM-DD
format).
-f, --inactive INACTIVE: Set the number of days after a password expires until the account is
permanently disabled.
Change username:
# sudo usermod -l new_username old_username
Change user’s home directory:
# sudo usermod -d /new/home/directory -m username
Add user to a group:
syntax : sudo usermod -aG groupname username
5. Managing User Groups
To create a new group, use the addgroup command:
# sudo groupadd groupname

To check the group in ubuntu 24.04 :

# tail /etc/group

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 198

To add a user to a group:

# sudo usermod -G groupname username

To remove a user from a group:

# sudo deluser username groupname

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 199

6. Changing User Password

To change a user’s password, use the passwd command:
syntax: sudo passwd username.
7. Viewing User and Group Information
List all users:
# cut -d: -f1 /etc/passwd
List all groups:
#cut -d: -f1 /etc/group
Get user information:
# id username
8. Locking and Unlocking User Accounts
To lock a user account:
#sudo usermod -L username
To unlock a user account:
# sudo usermod -U username
9. Managing Sudo Privileges
To give a user sudo privileges, add the user to the sudo group:
# sudo usermod -aG sudo username
Overview of the Linux Filesystem :
Understanding the Linux filesystem hierarchy is crucial for effective system administration
and usage. The Linux filesystem is organized in a hierarchical structure, starting from the root
directory (/). Here's a detailed explanation of the main directories in the Linux filesystem,
particularly in Ubuntu, along with a diagram for visualization.
Linux Filesystem Hierarchy
/
├── bin
├── boot

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 200

├── dev
├── etc
├── home
├── lib
├── lib64
├── media
├── mnt
├── opt
├── proc
├── root
├── run
├── sbin
├── srv
├── sys
├── tmp
├── usr
└── var
In Linux, all files and devices on the system are organized under the "root" directory,
represented by the starting "/". To navigate to the top-level directory of the entire operating
system and view its contents, you can type:

Every file, device, directory, and application is located under this main directory. Here, we can
see the start of the entire directory structure. We'll explain more details below:
In Ubuntu 24.04, the filesystem is organized into a hierarchical structure, starting from the
root directory (/). Here’s a brief overview of the main directories you’ll find:
1. / (Root Directory): At the core of the filesystem hierarchy is the primary root directory. Eve-
ry file and directory stems from this root directory. Only the root user possesses the authority
to write directly within this directory. However, it's essential to note that /root is the designat-
ed home directory for the root user, distinct from the primary root directory.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 201

2. /bin: This directory houses essential command binaries necessary for single-user mode and
universally required commands, such as cat, ls, and cp. It stores binary executables, in-
cluding common Linux commands needed in single-user mode. These commands, utilized
by all system users, encompass functions like ps, ls, ping, grep, and cp.

3. /boot: This directory houses boot loader files, including kernels and initrd. You can find
essential boot files such as kernel initrd, vmlinux, and grub files under /boot. For instance,
examples include [Link]-2.6.32-24-generic and vmlinuz-2.6.32-24-generic.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 202

4. /dev: These files are essential for devices, including terminals, USB devices, and any hard-
ware attached to the system. You'll find terminal devices like /dev/tty1 and USB monitoring
devices like /dev/usbmon0 here, along with other device files such as /dev/null.

5. /etc: These files store host-specific system-wide configuration settings, necessary for all
programs running on the [Link], you'll find startup and shutdown shell
scripts used to manage individual programs. Examples include /etc/[Link] and
/etc/[Link].

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 203

6. /home:These directories serve as the home for users, storing their personal files, prefer-
ences, and configurations. Each user has their own home directory within /home, like
/home/koha and /home/koha.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 204

7. /lib: These directories hold vital libraries required by executables in /bin/ and /sbin/. Li-
brary filenames often start with ld* or lib*.so.*, such as [Link] and [Link].5.7.

8. /lib64: Contains 64-bit libraries.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 205

9. /media: These directories serve as mount points for removable media like CD-ROMs, intro-
duced in FHS-2.3. They act as temporary mount locations for various devices, for instance,
/media/cdrom for CD-ROMs, /media/floppy for floppy drives, and /media/cdrecorder for
CD writers.

10. /mnt: This directory serves as a temporary mount location for filesystems, where system
administrators can mount filesystems as needed.

11. /opt: Directory for installing optional software packages.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

 ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 206

12. /proc: This directory houses optional application software packages, including add-on ap-
plications provided by various vendors. Add-on applications should be installed either di-
rectly under /opt/ or within sub-directories of /opt/.

13. /run: Holds temporary data about the system since it was booted.

14./sbin: Contains essential system binaries typically used by the system administrator.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 207

15. /srv: Contains data for services provided by the system, like web server files.

16./sys: Another virtual filesystem, providing information about the system and hardware de-
vices.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 208

17. /tmp: Directory for temporary files, often cleared on reboot.

18./usr: This directory serves as a secondary hierarchy for read-only user data, housing the
majority of multi-user utilities and applications. It encompasses binaries, libraries, docu-
mentation, and source code for second-level programs. Here are some key components:

19./usr/bin: Holds binary files for user programs. If a user binary isn't found under /bin, it's
typically located here. Examples include at, awk, cc, less, and scp.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 209

20./usr/sbin: Contains binary files for system administrators. If a system binary isn't found
under /sbin, it's usually located here. Examples include atd, cron, sshd, useradd, and
userdel.

21./usr/lib: Houses libraries for /usr/bin and /usr/sbin.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 210

22./usr/local: Stores user programs installed from source. For instance, when you install
Apache from source, it's placed under /usr/local/apache2.

23./usr/src: Holds Linux kernel sources, header files, and documentation.

24./var: Contains variable data like logs, spool files, and temporary files used by the system.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 211

Disk Management in Linux:

Disk management in Linux involves a variety of tools and commands for handling disk
partitions, file systems, and other storage-related tasks. Below is an overview of key concepts
and commonly used tools for managing disks in Linux.
Key Concepts
1. Partitions: Dividing a disk into separate sections that can be managed independently.
2. File Systems: Formats that define how data is stored and retrieved on a partition.
3. Mounting: Making a file system accessible at a certain point in the directory tree.
4. Logical Volume Management (LVM): A method of managing disk space more flexibly
than traditional partitioning.
Common Tools and Commands Viewing Disk Information
1. lsblk: Lists all block devices.
Synatx :lsblk

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 212

2. fdisk: A command-line utility for partitioning disks. Use -l to list partitions.

# sudo fdisk -l

3. parted: A more advanced disk partitioning tool.

# sudo parted /dev/sda

4. df: Displays disk space usage of file systems.

# df -h

5. du: Shows disk usage of files and directories.

# du -sh /path/to/directory
Mounting and unmounting file system in ubuntu
You can mount file systems for a single session using the mount command, or permanently by
editing the /etc/fstab file. Mounting requires administrative privileges, which can be obtained

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 213

by logging in as the root user or by using the sudo command. In some instances, such as
when inserting a USB flash drive, the system handles mounting automatically. Below are
examples demonstrating the use of the mount command, along with the mkdir command to
create the necessary mount point.
1. Mount a Windows Floppy Disk
First, create the mount point directory if it doesn't already exist:
# mkdir /mnt/floppy
Next, use the mount command with the -t flag (short for "type") to specify msdos as the file
system:
# mount -t msdos /dev/fd0 /mnt/floppy
Now, the contents of the floppy disk in /dev/fd0 should be accessible from /mnt/floppy.
2. Mount a CD-ROM
First, create the mount point directory if it doesn't already exist:
# mkdir /mnt/cdrom
Next, mount the CD-ROM. Specifying the -t iso9660 option is usually unnecessary since Linux
can automatically detect the file system type:
# mount /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom
The contents of the CD-ROM in /dev/cdrom should now be accessible from /mnt/cdrom.
Unmount files system
You can unmount a file system using the umount command. You can specify either the device
name or the mount point to indicate what you wish to unmount:
umount /media/nfs
umount /media/iso
umount /media/usb
umount /dev/cdrom
umount /dev/fd0
If the file system is in use, you will receive an error message indicating that the target is busy.
To identify which processes are using the mounted file system, use the fuser -m command, for
example:
# fuser -m /media/usb
To unmount a device when it is free, you can use the -l (lazy) switch with umount.
Alternatively, the -f (force) switch forces the system to unmount the device immediately,
though this can risk corrupting the file system. The -f switch is mainly intended for
unmounting unreachable NFS shares.
Demonstrate to install Printer in Ubuntu Linux
[Link]

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 214

Activity 1

Practical Activity 3.1: How to install Printer in Ubuntu Linux 24.04 LTS.
Adding a printer in Ubuntu 24.04 can be done through the graphical user interface (GUI) or
the command line. Here's a step-by-step guide for both methods:
Step 1. Open Settings:
Click on the system menu (top-right corner) and select "Settings".

Step 2. Go to Printers:
In the Settings window, find and click on "Printers".

Step 3. Add a Printer:

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 215

Click the "Add" button (usually represented by a "+" sign).

Step 4. Select Your Printer:

Ubuntu will search for available printers. Select your printer from the list. If your printer is
connected via USB, it should appear automatically. For network printers, you may need to
click "Network Printer" and enter the necessary details.

Step 5. Install Printer Driver:

If prompted, choose the appropriate driver for your printer. Ubuntu usually installs the
correct driver automatically, but you may need to select it manually.

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 216

Step 6. Finish Setup:

Follow the on-screen instructions to complete the setup. You can name your printer, set it
as the default printer, and print a test page to ensure it’s working correctly.

Summary
In Linux, while installing and setting up printers, scanners, and other peripheral devices,
drivers may need to be downloaded or system settings adjusted. This process ensures that
all devices function properly.

Check Your Progress

A. Maniple choice questions
1. Which is an example of an input device? (a) Printer (b) Display (c) Keyboard (d)
Speaker
2. Which device provides a graphical interface for the user to interact with the system?
(a) Monitor (b) Mouse (c) Scanner (d) Printer
3. Microphones are classified as: (a) Output devices (b) Storage devices (c) Input devices
(d) Networking devices

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 217

4. Which is not an output device? (a) Scanner (b) Speaker (c) Printer (d) Display
5. Peripheral devices enhance system functionality by providing: (a) Input (b) Output (c)
Both input and output (d) Storage only

B. Fill in the Blanks

1. ________ allows users to input text and commands to the computer.
2. ________ converts physical documents into digital format.
3. ________ produces hard copies of digital documents.
4. ________ outputs audio for music and videos.
5. ________ presents visual output on a screen.

C. True or False
1. Peripheral devices are essential for basic computer operation.
2. Printers are classified as output devices.
3. A mouse only provides audio output.
4. Scanners convert digital documents back to physical copies.
5. User management in Ubuntu involves managing user permissions and groups.

D. Short Questions
1. Define a peripheral device.
2. Give two examples each of input and output devices.
3. How do peripheral devices enhance the user experience?
4. What is the command to add a new user in Ubuntu?
5. Name a command for checking disk space usage in Ubuntu.

Glossary
• Computer: An automatic machine that performs calculations
• Data: Information or facts
• Process: Handling or processing of information
• Output: Result produced by the computer
• Motherboard: The board that connects all components
• CPU (Central Processing Unit): The central unit that processes data
• RAM (Random Access Memory): Temporary memory for quick data access
• Hard Disk: Permanent data storage device

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 218

• Input Device: Device used to provide information to the computer

• Output Device: Device that displays or provides information
• Keyboard: Device used for typing
• Monitor: Device that displays output on the screen
• Storage Device: Device used to store data
• Peripheral Device: Supporting or auxiliary device
• Pen Drive: Portable storage device
• Printer: Device used for printing
• Operating System: Software that manages computer operations
• Software: Program that runs or controls the computer
• Interface: Means of communication between user and system
• File Management: Organizing and handling of files
• Installation: Process of setting up software
• Bootable Device: Device used to start the system
• User Account: Profile of a computer user
• Settings: Configuration options
• Configuration: Arrangement or setup of system components
• Network Setup: Connecting to the internet or network
• Display Settings: Screen-related options
• Application: Program designed to perform a task
• Linux: Free and open-source operating system
• Ubuntu: A popular version of Linux
• Bootable USB: USB used to start or install a program
• Installation: Process of installing software or OS
• Post-Installation: Tasks performed after installation
• Update: Getting the latest version
• Security: Protection against threats
• Application: Software program for performing specific tasks
• Driver: Program that operates hardware devices
• Setup: Initial preparation or arrangement
• Peripheral: Auxiliary or external device
• Scanner: Device that converts paper documents into digital form

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 219

Answers
Module 1—Fundamentals of Computers and Peripherals
Session 1: Basic Functionality of Computer Systems
Check Your Progress
A. Multiple Choice Questions
1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (a)
B. Fill in the Blanks
1. Compute 2. Mark I 3. Central Processing Unit (CPU) 4. Bytes, KB, MB, GB, TB 5.
Supercomputer
C. True or False
1. True 2. False 3. False 4. True 5. False

Session 2—Internal Components of a Computer

Check Your Progress
A. Multiple Choice Questions
1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (d)
B. Fill in the Blanks
1. Motherboard 2. ALU 3. ROM 4. Graphics 5. Sound
C. True or False
1. True 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. True

Session 3— Input and Output Devices Check Your Progress

A. Multiple Choice Questions
1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (b) 6. (c) 7. (d)
B. Fill in the Blanks
1. Keyboard 2. Pointing Device 3. Camera 4. Input Card Reader 5. Scanner 6. Output Device
7. Monitor 8. Speaker
C. True or False
1. False 2. True 3. True 4. False 5. True 6. False 7. True 8. False

Session 4— Storage and Peripheral Devices

Check Your Progress
A. Multiple Choice Questions
1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (c) 6. (b) 7. (d) 8. (c) 9. (a) 10. (c)

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 220

B. True or False
1. False 2. True 3. False 4. False 5. True 6. True 7. False 8. True 9. True 10. True
C. Fill in the Blanks
1. Primary Memory (RAM) 2. Secondary Memory 3. Floppy Disk 4. Optical Disk 5. Hard Disk
Drive 6. CD/DVD 7. Hard Disk Drive 8. Disk Drive Performance 9. SATA and SCSI Interfaces

Module 2—Installation and Configuration of Windows Operating System

Session 1—Operating System Fundamentals
Check Your Progress
A. Multiple Choice Questions
1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (b) 6. (d) 7. (b) 8. (c)
B. Fill in the Blanks
1. Operating System 2. Hardware 3. Operating System 4. Memory 5. Process 6. Graphical User
C. True or False
1. False 2. True 3. False 4. True 5. True 6. True

Session 2— Installing Windows Operating System

Check Your Progress
A. Multiple Choice Questions
1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (a) 6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (d) 9. (b)
B. Fill in the Blanks
1. 1985 2. 2 3. Media Creation 4. Delete 5. BIOS/UEFI 6. Start 7. Cortana
C. True or False
1. True 2. False 3. False 4. True 5. True 6. True 7. True 8. False

Session 3— Configuring Windows Operating System

Check Your Progress
A. Multiple Choice Questions
1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (a) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (b) 6. (b) 7. (b) 8. (c) 9. (b)
B. Fill in the Blanks
1. Display Settings 2. Settings 3. Taskbar 4. Software 5. Windows 6. Quick 7. Settings 8.
Network 9. Backup
C. True or False
1. True 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. False 6. True 7. False 8. True 9. True 10. False

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal

ASSISTANT INSTALLATION COMPUTING AND PERIPHERALS - Grade IX 221

Module 3—Installation and Configuration of Linux Operating System

Session 1—Installing Ubuntu Linux
Check Your Progress
A. Multiple Choice Questions
1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (d)
B. Fill in the Blanks
1. Open-Source 2. Five 3. Virtualization 4. Ubuntu 5. RAM
C. True or False
1. True 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. True

Session 2—Performing Post Installation Tasks in Linux Operating System

Check Your Progress
A. Multiple Choice Questions
1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (d)
B. Fill in the Blanks
1. Welcome 2. apt install 3. useradd 4. systemd -resolve --status 5. sudo apt update
C. True or False
1. False 2. True 3. False 4. False 5. True

Session 3— Installing and Configuring Peripheral Devices

Check Your Progress
A. Multiple Choice Questions
1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (c)
B. Fill in the Blanks
1. Keyboard 2. Scanner 3. Printer 4. Speakers 5. Display
C. True or False
1. False 2. True 3. False 4. False 5. True

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT Bhopal