Windows
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION & MATERIALS
WINDOWS
Definition
A glazed opening in an external wall in building to admit
natural light ,air, or both and give the occupant an outside
view or sometimes introduced purely for ornamental
purposes.
May be fixed or operable ( hinged, sliding or pivoted) and the
glazing material may be transparent, translucent, or opaque.
From an English expression meaning ‘wind eye’
Window evolution
Holes skins/fabrics translucent membranes glass
multiple layers of control
Glazing, insulating airspace, low-E glass, insect screens,
(Glossary of Building Terms, 1994)
weather-stripping, curtains, blinds, sash, etc.
Typically produced in a Factory efficiency, cost, quality
Windows
Prime Window – permanently installed
Storm Window – removable, auxiliary unit
Combination Window – incorporates both
More common today
Permanent Prime Windows
(fixed)
Parts of a Window
Frame
Sash
Casing
Glass
Sill
Apron
Windows
• The form and position of
windows are key
aspects of internal
design.
• Major visual
elements; they provide
a bridge between
inside & outside by:
*admitting light;–
*controlling ventilation;
and
* influencing thermal
comfort.
Cheong fatt Tze
Mansion,
Penang
WINDOW
Create relationship between
the external space & internal space
the external skin & internal skin
THE PRIMARY FUNCTION OF A WINDOW IS:
1. Daylight
2. Ventilation
Building Codes (UBBL)
What percentage of floor area in a room is required for light?
10%
What percentage of the floor area in a room is required for ventilation?
10%
WINDOW
DAYLIGHT
A window is an opening formed in a wall or roof to admit daylight through
some transparent or translucent material (glass) fixed in the window
As the window is part of the wall or roof envelope to the building, it should
serve to exclude wind and rain, and act as a barrier to excessive transfer of
heat, sound and spread of fire in much the same way what the
surrounding wall or roof does.
VENTILATION
The traditional window is usually designed to ventilate rooms through one
or more parts that open to encourage an exchange of air between inside
and outside.
Ventilation can as well be provided through openings in walls and roofs
that are either separate from windows or linked to them to perform the
separate ventilation.
WINDOW
FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS
As a component part of a wall, roof or door, a window should
satisfy the same functional requirements as a wall, roof or
door, namely:
Strength and stability
Resistance to weather
Durability and freedom from maintenance
Fire safety
Resistance to the passage of heat
Resistance to the passage of sound
Security
WINDOW
STRENGTH AND STABILITY
A window should be strong enough when closed to resist the
likely pressures and suctions due to wind and when opened be
strong to resist the effect of strong force of wind on opening
lights.
A window should also have sufficient strength and stiffness
against pressures and knocks due to normal use and appear to be
safe, particularly to occupants in high buildings.
A window should be securely fixed in the wall opening for
security, weather tightness and the strength and stiffness given by
fixing.
penang
india
mexico
Falling water
Types of windows
1. Methods of operation:
• Fixed light (window that is not
openable)
• Casement windows that are
operated using hinges (side
hung, top hung, bottom hung)
• Sliding
• Louvred (fixed or adjustable)
• Pivot
2. Sizes of Windows.
3. Materials from which they are
made of- timber, plastic, steel,
aluminium.
Type of Windows
Jalousie window
French window
Fanlight and Palladian window
sidelight window
Bay window Bow window
Seclusive
Jiangnan
Boutique Hotel
Symbols of Window openings.
Anatomy of a Window
Anatomy of a Window
[Link]
Types of
Windows
• Fixed, single-hung,
• double-hung and
• sliding windows.
• Casement, awning
• and hopper
windows.
• Skylight and
• roof windows.
Doors
• Terrace door,
French door and
sliding doors.
PERCENTAGE OF VENTILATION OF DIFFERENT WINDOW TYPES
Jalousie (US) or
Louvred Windows UK)
General Window Arrangements
Casement:
A hinged window sash
Fixed glass:
With a sash or set into a
Double hung:
rebate and fixed with
Vertically sliding with
glazing bead
either a counter balance
or springs
General timber window configurations fixed and with sashes
Sliding windows
Windows with a horizontally
sliding sash that, yes, glides. This
incredibly easy operating
window is one of our best
values and best sellers.
Step back. Consider your needs.
And simplify. The glider is our
reliable choice for simple
operation and energy efficiency
in areas where a swinging sash
would be in the way. The single
operating sash slides
horizontally on a smooth,
virtually indestructible track.
Sliding window
Casement Window
Windows that open and close using a
crank handle, with the Casemaster
swinging out from the side and the
Awning swinging open at the bottom.
French Casemasters have two sash
opening from the middle to offer an
uninterrupted view
It's not often that you run across a
seamless mix of aesthetics and
engineering. But the Marvin Casemaster
is exactly that - a wood or clad wood
window that solidly seals out wind, rain
and snow. Smooth, clean millwork
defines the interior surfaces. At the
same time, the Casemaster incorporates
sleek engineering, from the sequential
locking system through the sophisticated
roto gear opening mechanism.
Casement Windows
Awning windows
Awning swinging open at the bottom.
Draw deep, fresh breaths of air into
your home with the Marvin Awning.
The perfect companion for our
Casemaster, this window is designed
to circulate air without exposing your
room to light rain. Since Awnings can
be proportioned to almost any
dimension, you can use them alone,
stacked vertically or combined
horizontally. All the features that make
our Casemaster such a solid performer
are also incorporated into our Awning,
including our smooth roto gear
operator, concealed sash locks and
full-perimeter sash and frame weather
stripping
Awning Windows
Tilt turn and hopper
Windows that open two ways:
swinging in like a door, or tilting in at
the top for ventilation.
Swing it wide like a door, or tilt the top
of the sash into your room for
overhead ventilation. The Tilt Turn
window, long a favorite in Europe,
easily operates in both directions using
only one remarkable handle. It also
offers emergency exit access, easy
cleaning and unique style. The Tilt-in
Hopper is the perfect companion for
additional air and light. Heavy-duty
hardware on all versions guarantees
sturdy reliability. When you add our
usual assortment of glazing, Divided
Lite and Cladding options, you'll find
that together, we've created quite a
unique window
Tilt turn and hopper windows
Bow windows
If you viewed a Marvin Bow
from overhead, you'd
immediately notice the smooth
arc shape that gave the window
its name. Any number of
separate windows are used to
create a gentle curve, mulled
together at our factory for a
harmonious appearance. Bows
are a lovely way to open any
room, making a graceful interior
an integral element of your
view.
Bow windows
Bay window
Bay windows are multiple assembly
windows that are usually made from
two Casemasters or two Double Hungs
angled from a picture window.
Writer Mario Pei once said, "Good
architecture lets nature in." And
nothing invites the outdoors in like the
simple combination of three windows
set into a Marvin Bay. Create a mini
greenhouse, a window seat, or a small
retreat. Bays can be as cozy or
expansive as you wish. Add transoms
or Awnings for height or additional
unit size.
Bay windows
Round top
One of Marvin's trademarks, these
curved or circular windows can still
have high-performance glazing and
clad exterior options.
Here's where our capabilities really
shine: the Marvin round top
window. We've devised curves and
circles unimaginable by many
window manufacturers, or you can
design your own. Don't let your
imagination be limited by energy
efficiency or low maintenance
needs - many of our high-
performance glazing and clad
exterior options are available on
round tops as well.
Round top windows
Polygon and special shapes Windows
Windows in nearly can be made in any
geometric shape-octagon, trapezoid,
triangles and more, whether used
alone or added to an assembly of
other windows.
A basic rectangular unit is, of course,
the building block of all window styles.
But start adding dimensions to the
rectangle, and your room gets a whole
new angle. Marvin polygons- octagons,
trapezoids, triangles, virtually any
geometric shape -are striking alone
and add drama to any Assembly. Both
polygon and picture windows are
available with a variety of Marvin's
glazing and Divided Lite options.
Polygon and special shapes
Windows
Timber Window Details
3. Materials - Door & Window
Window Materials
Window Frames
Wooden Windows. Plastic Windows.
•The advantages of wooden windows are (1) •Plastic windows are relatively new to the
wood is a good thermal insulator, and (2) wood is market but have quickly gained wide use: some
easily worked. observers have estimated their current market
share at 40%.
•The disadvantages are (1) wood shrinks and
swells, (2) wood easily decays, and requires •Their advantages are (1) low cost, often 33% less
frequent repainting (high maintenance). Modern than wood or other cladded wooden windows,
wooden windows commonly use a wood (2) they are good thermal insulators, and (3) they
composite, which is a wood core with an exterior require no repainting.
cladding of plastic or aluminum.
•Their disadvantages are (1) they are not stiff
Aluminum Windows. enough for some rough handling, and (2) have
very high coefficients of thermal expansion.
The most common plastic used is polyvinyl
• The advantages of aluminum windows are chloride (PVC).
(1) relatively inexpensive, and (2) requires no
repainting.
Steel Windows
•The disadvantage is that they are a good
thermal conductor and requires a thermal •The main advantages of steel windows are
break. Much care needs to be taken during strength
installation
•Their main disadvantage is the need to keep
•Aluminum windows are common in them painted, and hence a maintenance cost
commercial and institutional buildings. They are
usually anodized or permanently coated.
Window Panes – Infill to the Window frames are
usually of Glass.
A paned window is a window that is divided into sections
known as panes. Originally, the meaning pertained to sectioned
glass windows in walls.
As glass making technology improved it was possible to make larger
sheets of glass and the window panes disappeared altogether.
This makes cleaning the window easier and the view out clearer with
no obstructions. Even curved glass are available
WHAT HAPPENS AT THE WINDOW?
Heat is transmitted by Conduction, Convection and Radiation.
There are a number of choices: Glazing
❑ Single glazing, which is acceptable only in
very mild climates;
❑ Double glazing, which is generally the
minimum required by code; and
❑ Triple glazing, which although rare is used
for hotels at airports, etc. A double glazing
with Low-E glass has
an equal performance as the triple glazing.
Double Glazing in Cold Countries.
SECURITY & SAFETY
Bars, Grilles, Tempered Glass, Laminated Glass, Ironmongery.
Attempts at a shattering experience – laminated tempered glass (4:59)
WINDOW IRONMONGERIES
Decorative Windows – Stained Glass, Plants, Curtains…