UNIVERSITY OF MANDALAY

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

First Seminar
On

AN EQUIVALENT CONDITION FOR A LEFT BIPOTENT

NEAR RING TO BE REGULAR

by

Sandar Win
1 PhD-Math-2

Approved:

........................ ........................ ........................

Chairperson Co-Supervisor Supervisor
Dr Ko Ko Lwin Dr Marlar Nyein Dr Daw Aye Pyone
Professor(Head of Department) Associate Professor Professor
Department of Mathematics Department of Mathematics Department of Mathematics
University of Mandalay University of Mandalay University of Mandalay
 2

November, 2024
 Name : Sandar Win
Roll No. : 1 PhD-Math-2
Title of Dissertation : Characterization of Regular Near Rings with
Bipotent and (m, n)-Potent Conditions
Supervisor : Dr Daw Aye Pyone
Professor
Department of Mathematics
University of Mandalay
Co-Supervisor : Dr Marlar Nyein
Associate Professor
Department of Mathematics
University of Mandalay
Academic Year : 2024-2025

Abstract
The algebraic system with binary operations addition and multiplication satisfy-
ing all the ring axioms except possibly one of the distributive laws and the commuta-
tivity of addition, is called the near ring, is introduced. The basic results concerning
near rings are described. Ideals, subnear ring and N-groups are explored. The two
main results are stated and proved: A left bipotent near ring is regular if and only if
it is an S-near ring, and a left bipotent near ring is an S-near ring if and only if it has
no nonzero nilpotent elements.
 AN EQUIVALENT CONDITION FOR A LEFT
BIPOTENT NEAR RING TO BE REGULAR

1. Introduction

In set theory, there is a subsystem, called subset. A nonempty set S together with
a binary operation, ·, satisfying associativity (for all a, b, c, (a · b) · c = a · (b · c)) is called
a semigroup. In this case, we write (S, ·). It has a subsystem, called subsemigroup.

A set G together with a binary operation, ·, satisfying certainly axioms such as

associativity, there exists only one identity element for all elements in G and there
exists an inverse of each element in it, is called a group and denoted by (G, ·). If
the operation is “+”, we write (G, +), called additive group. If every element in G
satisfies commutativity, (G, ·) is called an abelian group. Group theory serves as one
of the fundamental building block of “Abstract algebra”. It has a subsystem, called
subgroup. A nonempty subset H of a group G is defined to be a subgroup if H is a
group under the operation of G. It is shown that H is a subgroup of G if ab−1 ∈ H
for all a, b ∈ H. H is an additive subgroup of (G, +) if a − b ∈ H for all a, b ∈ H.
A subgroup N of G is defined as a normal subgroup of G if for every g ∈ G and
n ∈ N, gng −1 ∈ N .

A nonempty set R together with two binary operations, called addition, + and
multiplication, · is defined to be a ring if

(i) (R, +) is an abelian group,

(ii) (R, ·) is a semigroup,

(iii) a · (b + c) = a · b + a · c and (a + b) · c = a · c + b · c for all a, b, c ∈ R.

In this case, (R, +, ·) is called a ring.

A subset H of a ring R is defined to be a subring of R if (H, +, ·) is a ring under

the operations of R. It is shown that H is a subring of R if (H, +) is an additive group
and it is closed under the multiplication.

Let (V, +) be an abelian group and F a field. Then V is said to be a vector space
over the field F if the scalar multiplication, · on V satisfies the following conditions:
 2

(i) α · (v1 + v2 ) = α · v1 + α · v2 ,

(ii) (α + β) · v = α · v + β · v,

(iii) (αβ) · v = α(β · v),

(iv) 1 · v = v

for all α, β ∈ F and v, v1 , v2 ∈ V . Here 1 is the multiplicative identity of F. The

elements in F are called scalars and the elements of V are called vectors. It has a
subsystem, called subspace. A nonempty subset W of V is called a subspace of V if it
is a vector space under the operations of V . It is shown that W is a subspace of V if
for every v1 , v2 ∈ V and α, β ∈ F, αv1 + βv2 ∈ W .

The concept of a left module over a ring is a generalization of a vector space over
the field. In scalar multiplication, we replace elements of a ring instead of scalars of a
field. The formal definition is as follows.

Let M be an additive abelian group and R a ring. We say that M is a left R-

module if there exists a mapping from R × M to M denoted by (r, m) 7→ rm satisfying
the following conditions:

(i) r(m1 + m2 ) = rm1 + rm2 ,

(ii) (r1 + r2 )m = r1 m + r2 m,

(iii) r1 (r2 m) = (r1 r2 )m,

(iv) 1R m = m

for all r, r1 , r2 ∈ R and m, m1 , m2 ∈ M . Here 1R is the multiplicative identity in R. It

has a subsystem, called submodule. A nonempty subset U of M is called a submodule
of M if it is a module under the operations of M . It is shown that U is a submodule
of M if H is an additive subgroup of M and ru ∈ U for all r ∈ R and u ∈ U .

Historically, the first step toward near rings was an axiomatic research done by
American mathematician Leonard Eugene Dickson (1874-1954) in 1905. He showed
that there do exist “fields with only distributive law", named as near fields. German
mathematician, Hans Julius Zassanhaus (1912-1991) was able to determine all finite
near fields (near rings) at 1937.
 3

In 1968, the first conference on near rings and near fields took place in the
Mathematische Forschungsinstitut oberwolfach (Germany).

Gunter Pilz wrote “Near-Rings: The Theory and its Applications", at 1983 [14].
In this book, there are many facts concerning near rings such as regular near rings,
S-near rings, bipotent near rings and strongly bipotent near rings and so on. The
results of ring theory are true in near rings. But the results of near rings are not true
in ring theory. The set of all functions from a nonempty into itself is a group under the
compositions of functions. The set of all functions from a nonempty set into itself is
not a ring under the pointwise addition and composition of functions because it does
not satisfy left distributive law.

A nonempty set N together with two binary operations; called addition, +, and
multiplication, ·, is defined be a near ring if (N, +) is a group, (N, ·) is a semigroup
and multiplication satisfies right distributive property. Specifically, (N, +, ·) is a right
near ring. Throughout this paper N is called a near ring if N is a right near ring. The
previous example is a near ring.

Scotland mathematician, Eric Temple Bell (1883-1960) wrote twelve books and
250 papers. He is interested field in the number theory. He wrote the papers concerning
near rings. The generalization of left R-module M is the N -group. That is, (G, +, ·)
is a N -group if (G, +) is an additive group, (G, ·) is a semigroup and multiplication
satisfies the right distributive property. In this paper, we describe about near rings.

In Section 2, definitions, examples and the basic results on near rings are de-
scribed. These results are from [14] . Pilz wrote the results about near ring with
hidden facts in the mathematical expression. In this paper, we write details results
concerning near rings.

In Section 3, we present subnear rings and ideals in near rings. We collect

definitions, examples and results concerning which are required to the next sections.

In Section 4, we describe N -groups, N -subgroups, and results concerning these

two systems. Some of them are used in Section 5.

The main results in this paper are in Section 5. Here, special names of near
rings are expressed such as left bipotent near rings, S-near rings, regular near rings,
duo near rings, and strictly duo near rings. The first main result is that the necessary
and sufficient condition for a left bipotent near ring is regular [Theorem 5.17]. The
 4

second main result is that the necessary and sufficient condition for a left bipotent near
ring is an S-near ring [Theorem 5.21]. The last main result is that a necessary and
sufficient condition for a left bipotent near ring is regular [Corollary 5.22]. This is the
consequence of the previous two theorems.

2. Definitions and Examples

In this section, we present necessary fundamental definitions and results that will
be useful in the later sections.

2.1 Definition. [14] A right near ring is a set N together with two binary operations,
called addition and multiplication, denoted by + and ·, such that

(i) (N, +) is a group (not necessarily abelian),

(ii) (N, ·) is a semigroup,

(iii) (a + b) · c = a · c + b · c for all a, b, c ∈ N .

We note that by condition (iii) of Definition 2.1, N is called a right near ring.

If N satisfies the left distributive law (that is a · (b + c) = a · b + a · c, for all

a, b ∈ N ) instead of condition (iii) of Definition 2.1, then N is called a left near ring.

As we are learning the definition of a near ring, it may help to refer to the
expanded version of the definition, given below, in which all of the conditions are
written out explicitly. If we need to determine whether or not a set is a near ring
under given conditions, this expanded version gives us "check list" of conditions that
we need to go through.

2.2 Definition. (Expanded version of Definition 2.1) Let N be a set on which two
binary operations are defined, denoted by + and · respectively. That is, the following
condition must be satisfied.

(i) Closure: If a, b ∈ N , then the sum a + b and the product a · b are well-defined
elements of N .
Then N is called a right near ring with respect to these operations if the
following properties hold.
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(ii) Associative laws: For all a, b, c ∈ N , a+(b+c) = (a+b)+c and a·(b·c) = (a·b)·c.

(iii) Right distributive law: For all a, b, c ∈ N , (a + b) · c = a · c + b · c.

(iv) Additive identity element: The set N contains an element 0N , called an

additive identity element, such that for all a ∈ N ,

a + 0N = a and 0N + a = a.

(v) Additive inverse: For each a ∈ N , the equations

a + x = 0N and x + a = 0N

has a solution x in N , called the additive inverse of a, and denoted by −a.

In this paper, N is a right near ring and we say simply a near ring instead of a
right near ring. We write simply ab instead of a · b. There exist right near rings which
are not left near rings. We provide an example in the following.

2.3 Example. Let Γ be an additive group with 0Γ as its identity element. Then the
set of all functions from Γ into itself, M (Γ) = {f | f : Γ → Γ}, is a near ring under the
pointwise addition and composition of mappings.

The additive identity of M (Γ), that is, the zero mapping, is also denoted by
0M (Γ) .

In this near ring, the left distributive law fails to hold. To verify this fact, we
take a, b, c ∈ Γ and a ̸= 0Γ . Define

fa : Γ → Γ by fa (γ) = a for all γ ∈ Γ,

fb : Γ → Γ by fb (γ) = b for all γ ∈ Γ,
fc : Γ → Γ by fc (γ) = c for all γ ∈ Γ.

Then for any γ ∈ Γ,

(fa (fb + fc ))(γ) = fa (fb (γ) + fc (γ)) = fa (b + c) = a

and
(fa fb + fa fc )(γ) = (fa fb )(γ) + (fa fc )(γ) = fa (b) + fa (c) = a + a.

Since a ̸= 0Γ , fa (fb + fc ) ̸= fa fb + fa fc .
 6

This shows that N fails to satisfy the left distributive law. This provides an
example of a right near ring that is not a left near ring. Also, this provides an example
of a near ring that is not a ring.

2.4 Example. (i) We consider the set N = {0N , a, b, c} given by the explicit addition
and multiplication in Table 1 and Table 2.

Table 1: Addition of elements in N Table 2: Multiplication of elements in N

+ 0N a b c · 0N a b c
0N 0N a b c 0N 0N 0N 0N 0N
a a 0N c b a 0N 0N a a
b b c 0N a b 0N a b b
c c b a 0N c 0N a c c

Here, the additive group is the Klein’s four group. For a, b, c ∈ N ,

(a + b)c = cc = c

and
ac + bc = a + a = c

so that (a + b)c = ac + bc. We can show similarly the remaining all triples of elements
in N . Thus N is a near ring. Since

ba + bc = a + b = c

and
b(a + c) = bb = 0N ,

b(a + c) ̸= ba + bc. Thus N is not a left near ring and a ring. This provides an example
of a right near ring that is not a left near ring. Also, this provides an example of a
near ring that is not a ring.

(ii) Let Z be the set of all integers. Then (Z, +) is a group. Define a multiplica-
tion, · on Z by ab = a for all a, b ∈ Z. Then the multiplication is well-defined. Also,
the multiplication is associative because for any a, b, c ∈ Z we have

(ab)c = ac = a and a(bc) = ab = a.

The addition and multiplication satisfy right distributive property because for any
 7

a, b, c ∈ Z we have
(a + b)c = a + b = ac + bc.

Thus (Z, +, ·) is a right near ring but a left near ring.

2.5 Example. (i) Let (G, +) be a group. Define the multiplication operation on G by
ab = 0G for all a, b ∈ G. Then (G, +, ·) is a near ring. In fact, for any a, b, c ∈ G,

a(bc) = a0G = 0G = (ab)c

and
(a + b)c = 0G = 0G + 0G = ac + bc.

The multiplication operation used here is called trivial multiplication.

(ii) Every ring is a near ring. In particular, the set of real numbers, the set of
complex numbers and the set of integers are rings as well as near rings with respect to
the usual addition and multiplication.

(iii) We consider the set Zn of all conjugacy classes for a positive integer n > 1.
Then Zn is a ring under integers addition modulo +n and integers multiplication modulo
×n . It is also a near ring.

(iv) We know that every ring is a near ring. By Example 2.3 and Example 2.4,
the converse need not be true.

2.6 Example. (i) A near ring N with the multiplicative identity 1N is abelian if
a(−1R ) = −a for all a ∈ N . To end this suppose (N, +, ·) is a near ring with the
multiplicative identity 1N . To show N is abelian we must show that a + b = b + a
for all a, b ∈ N . We know that (a + b) + (−b − a) = 0N . This means that (a + b) +
(b(−1N ) + a(−1N )) = 0N , which means that (a + b) + (b + a)(−1) = 0N . Therefore,
(a + b) − (b + a) = 0N so that a + b = b + a. Hence, N is abelian.

(ii) The statement given in (i) fails if the near ring N does not have the identity
element. For let G be a non-abelian group. We write N = G. Then (N, +, ·) is a near
ring with the trivial multiplication mentioned in Example 2.5 (i).

Since there is no the multiplicative identity element in N , (N, +) is non-abelian.

2.7 Proposition. Let N be a near ring. Then:

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(i) 0N a = 0N and (−a)b = −ab,

(ii) −(a + b) = −b − a, for all a, b ∈ N .

Proof. (i) For all a ∈ N ,

0N a = (0N + 0N )a = 0N a + 0N a.

By adding −0N a to both sides of above equation, we get 0N a = 0N . For all a, b ∈ N ,

(−a)b + ab = (−a + a)b = 0N b = 0N

and so (−a)b = −ab. For all a, b ∈ N ,

ab + (−a)b = (a + (−a))b = 0N b = 0N

by (i). This means that (−a)b = −ab.

(ii) For any a, b ∈ N ,

(a + b) + (−b + (−a)) = a + (b + (−b) + (−a))

= a + ((b + (−b)) + (−a))
= a + (0N + (−a))
= a + (−a)
= 0N

and so −(a + b) = −b − a.

2.8 Definition. The set N0 = {a ∈ N | a0N = 0N } of N is called the zero-symmetric

part of N .
The set Nc = {a ∈ N | a0N = a} of N is called the constant part of N .

N0 and Nc are known as a zero-symmetric near ring and a constant near ring if
N0 and Nc are themselves near rings.

2.9 Example. We now show that

{a ∈ N | a0N = a} = {a ∈ N | ax = a for all x ∈ N }.

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Let a ∈ {a ∈ N | a0N = a}. Then for all x ∈ N ,

a = a0N = a(0N x) = (a0N )x = ax

and so {a ∈ N | a0N = a} ⊆ {a ∈ N | ax = a for all x ∈ N }.

Let a ∈ {a ∈ N | ax = a for all x ∈ N }. Since 0N ∈ N , we have a0N = a and

a ∈ {a ∈ N | a0N = a}. Therefore {a ∈ N | ax = a for all x ∈ N } ⊆ {a ∈ N | a0N = a}.
Hence the required fact is complete.

2.10 Proposition. For all a ∈ N , a0N need not be equal to 0N and a(−a1 ) need not
to be equal to −aa1 for each a1 .

Proof. We consider Mc (Γ) where Γ is a nonzero additive group. Let 0Γ ̸= a ∈ Γ.

Define fa : Γ → Γ by fa (x) = a for all x ∈ Γ. For all fb ∈ M (Γ),

(fa fb )(x) = fa (fb (x)) = a = fa (x)

for all x ∈ Γ. Thus fa fb = fa and so fa ∈ Mc (Γ). Now for all x ∈ Γ, we have

(fa 0M (Γ) )(x) = fa (0Γ ) = a = fa (x).

and so fa 0M (Γ) = fa ̸= 0M (Γ) .

Let (Γ, +) be a group containing an element 0G ̸= a ∈ G with a + a ̸= 0G (Z3 is

one of such groups). Now for all x ∈ Γ

(fa (−fa ))(x) = fa (−a) = a

and
(−(fa fa ))(x) = −(fa (a)) = −a,

so that fa (−fa ) ̸= −fa fa . Therefore, a(−a1 ) ̸= −aa1 , in general.

2.11 Example. Let (Γ, +) be a group. Then:

(i) We verify that (M (Γ))0 = M0 (Γ) = {f : M (Γ)| f (0Γ ) = 0Γ }. Let f ∈ (M (Γ))0 .
This implies f : Γ → Γ such that f 0M (Γ) = 0M (Γ) . We show that f ∈ M0 (Γ). Now

f (0Γ ) = f (0M (Γ) (0Γ )) = (f 0M (Γ) )(0Γ ) = 0M (Γ) (0Γ ) = 0Γ

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so, f ∈ M0 (Γ).

Conversely, suppose that f ∈ M0 (Γ). Then f (0Γ ) = 0Γ . For all x ∈ Γ, we have

(f 0M (Γ) )(x) = f (0Γ ) = 0Γ = 0M (Γ) (x)

and so f 0M (Γ) = 0M (Γ) . Thus (M (Γ))0 = M0 (Γ).

(ii) We now show that (M (Γ))c = Mc (Γ) = {f ∈ M (Γ)| f is constant}. Let f ∈

(M (Γ))c . Then f 0M (Γ) = f . Now we show that f ∈ Mc (Γ). For any x ∈ Γ,

f (x) = (f 0M (Γ) )(x) = f (0Γ )

and for x ̸= y ∈ Γ
f (y) = (f 0M (Γ) )(y) = f (0Γ ).

This means that f is a constant mapping, and so f ∈ Mc (Γ).

Let f ∈ Mc (Γ). Then f is a constant mapping for any x ∈ Γ. Now

(f 0M (Γ) )(x) = f (0Γ ) = f (x).

This implies that f 0M (Γ) = f . This means f ∈ (M (Γ))c . Hence (M (Γ))c = Mc (Γ).

2.12 Definition. A near ring N is called a zero-symmetric near ring if N = N0 .

A near ring N is called a constant near ring if N = Nc .

2.13 Definition. Let N be a near ring, and e ∈ N . The element e is said to be a

left (respectively right ) identity if ea = a (ae = a) for all a ∈ N . The element e is
said to be an identity if it is both right identity and left identity.

2.14 Definition. An element a ∈ N is said to be left (respectively right ) invertible if

there exists an element b ∈ N such that ba = e (ab = e). An element a ∈ N is said to
be invertible if it is both left and right invertible.

2.15 Definition. An element a ∈ N is said to be left cancellable (respectively right

cancellable ) if b, c ∈ N , ab = ac ⇒ b = c (respectively ba = ca ⇒ b = c ).

2.16 Definition. A nonzero element a is said to be a left zero divisor ( respectively

right zero divisor) if there exists a nonzero element b ∈ N such that ab = 0N
 11

( respectively ba = 0N ).

2.17 Theorem. [14] Let N be a near ring. An element a ∈ N is right cancellable if

and only if a is not a right zero divisor.

Proof. Suppose that a ∈ N is right cancellable. Also suppose that a is a right zero
divisor. Then there exists a1 ̸= 0N such that a1 a = 0N . This implies that a1 a = 0N =
0N a. Now, by right cancellation, we get a1 = 0N , which is a contradiction. Therefore,
a is not a right zero divisor.

Conversely, suppose that a is not a right zero divisor. Let a, a1 , a2 ∈ N such that
a1 a = a2 a. This implies a1 a − a2 a = 0N . This means that (a1 − a2 )a = 0N . Since
a is not a right zero divisor, we get that a1 − a2 = 0N . This implies that a1 = a2 .
Therefore, a is right cancellable.

2.18 Theorem. If a ∈ N0 is left cancellable, then a is not a left zero divisor.

Proof. Suppose that a ∈ N0 is left cancellable. Also suppose that a is a left zero
divisor. Then there exists 0N ̸= a1 ∈ N such that aa1 = 0N . Since N is zero-
symmetric, aa1 = 0N = a0N . Again, since a is left cancellable, we have a1 = 0N , which
is a contradiction.

2.19 Definition. An element a ∈ N is said to be an idempotent if a2 = a. An

element a ∈ N is said to be a nilpotent element if there exists a least positive integer
k such that ak = 0N .

2.20 Example. (i) In the near ring (Z6 , +6 , ×6 ), the element 3̄ is idempotent since
2 2
3 = 3̄. Also, 4̄ is idempotent since 4 = 4̄.
3
(ii) In the near ring (Z8 , +8 , ×8 ), the element 2̄ is nilpotent since 2 = 8̄ = 0̄.
2 3
Also, 4̄ and 6̄ are nilpotent since 4 = 16 = 0̄ and 6 = 0̄.

2.21 Definition. An element d ∈ N is said to be distributive if for all m, n ∈

N, d(m + n) = dm + dn. We denote Nd = {d ∈ N | d is distributive}.

2.22 Example. (i) If N is a ring, then N = Nd . (ii) If N has an identity 1N , then for
all a, b ∈ N , 1N (a + b) = a + b = 1N a + 1N b. Thus 1N ∈ Nd .

2.23 Proposition. If d ∈ N is distributive, then

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(i) d0N = 0N ,

(ii) d(−a) = −da for all a ∈ N .

Proof. (i) Since 0N = 0N + 0N ,

d0N = d(0N + 0N ) = d0N + d0N .

This means that d0N = 0N .

(ii) For all a ∈ N ,
d(−a) + da = d(−a + a) = d0N = 0N .

This means that d(−a) = −da.

2.24 Proposition. [14](Pierce Decomposition) If e ∈ N is idempotent, then for any

a ∈ N there corresponds exactly one a0 ∈ {x ∈ N | xe = 0N } and there corresponds
exactly one a1 ∈ N e = {xe| x ∈ N } such that a = a0 + a1 . Taking e = 0N , for
any a ∈ N there corresponds exactly one a0 ∈ N0 and exactly one ac ∈ Nc such that
a = a0 + ac . Hence (N, +) = (N0 , +) + (Nc , +) and N0 ∩ Nc = {0N }.

Proof. We now prove the first part of proposition. Suppose that e ∈ N is an idempo-
tent element and let a ∈ N . Now a = (a − ae) + ae. Then

(a − ae)e = ae − ae2 = ae − ae = 0N .

So (a − ae) ∈ {x ∈ N | xe = 0N } and also xe ∈ N e. Suppose that

a = a0 + a1 = a′0 + a′1 (2.1)

where a0 , a′0 ∈ {x ∈ N | xe = 0N }, and a1 , a′1 ∈ N e. Now

(a0 + a1 )e = (a′0 + a′1 )e

a0 e + a1 e = a′0 e + a′1 e
0N + a1 e = 0N + a′1 e

a1 e = a′1 e. (2.2)

For a1 , a′1 ∈ N e, there exist y1 , y1′ ∈ N such that a1 = y1 e and a′1 = y1′ e. Now
a1 e = (y1 e)e = y1 e = N1 and a′1 e = (y1′ e)e = y1′ e = a′1 . From (2.2), we have a1 = a′1 .
 13

Also, from (2.1), a0 = a′0 . Therefore, for all a ∈ N , there exists exactly one a0 ∈ {x ∈
N | xe = 0N } and there exists exactly one a1 ∈ N e such that a = a0 + a1 .

Next, we prove the second part of proposition. Suppose that e = 0N and a ∈ N .

From the first part, we can have exactly one a0 ∈ {x ∈ N | x0N = 0N } and exactly one
a1 ∈ N0 such that a = a0 + a1 . Now a0 ∈ {x ∈ N | x0N = 0N } = N0 . We show that
N0 = Nc .

Let a ∈ Nc . Then a0N = a. This means that a = 0N ∈ N0 . Therefore, Nc ⊆ N0 .

Let y ∈ N0 . Then there exists some a1 ∈ N such that y = a1 0N . Now we show that
y ∈ N0 . We have
y0N = (a1 0N )0N = a1 (0N 0N ) = a1 0N = y.

Therefore y ∈ Nc and hence N0 = Nc . Hence, for all a ∈ N , there exists exactly one
a0 ∈ N0 and exactly one ac ∈ Nc such that a = a0 + ac .

Now we show that (N, +) = (N0 , +) + (Nc , +) and N0 ∩ Nc = {0N }. From the
preceding result, it follows that for each n ∈ N , there exists a0 ∈ N0 and ac ∈ Nc such
that a = a0 + ac . This implies that

(N, +) = (N0 , +) + (Nc , +).

Next, we show that N0 ∩ Nc = {0N }. Clearly, {0} ⊆ Nc and {0} ⊆ N0 ⇒ {0} ⊆

N0 ∩ Nc . Let a ∈ N0 ∩ Nc . Then a ∈ N0 and a ∈ Nc . This implies a0N = 0N and
a0N = a and so a = 0N . Therefore, N0 ∩ Nc = {0N }.

2.25 Definition. Let N be a near ring.

(i) N is said to be a Abelian near ring if a + b = b + a for all a, b ∈ N .

(ii) N is said to be a commutative near ring if ab = ba for all a, b ∈ N .

(iii) If N = Nd , then we say that N is a distributive near ring.

(iv) If all nonzero elements of N are left (right) cancellable, then we say that N fulfills
the left (right) cancellation law.

(v) N is said to be an integral near ring if N has no nonzero divisors of zero.

(vi) If N ∗ = (N \ {0N }, ·) is a group, then N is said to be a near field.

 14

2.26 Example. We verify that M (Γ) is Abelian if and only if Γ is Abelian.

Suppose that M (Γ) is Abelian. Let a, b ∈ Γ. Define fa : Γ → Γ and fb : Γ → Γ by
fa (x) = ax and fb (x) = bx for all x ∈ Γ. By assumption,

fa + fb = fb + fa .

Then (fa + fb )(x) = (fb + fa )(x) for all x ∈ N . Hence

ax + bx = bx + ax
(a + b)x = (b + a)x
[(a + b) − (b + a)] x = 0Γ
a + b − (b + a) = 0Γ
a + b = b + a.

Conversely, suppose that a + b = b + a for all a, b ∈ Γ. Then for all x ∈ Γ, we

have

(fa + fb )(x) = ax + bx
= bx + ax
= fb (x) + fa (x)
= (fb + fa )(x)

and so fa + fb = fb + fa . Hence M (Γ) is Abelian.

3. Ideals in Near Rings

Subrings and ideals are the two different types of subsystems of rings. In a similar
way, we study two different types of substructures of near rings, namely, subnear rings
and ideals. In this section, we present the results concerning these two subsystems.

3.1 Definition. [16] An additive subgroup M of a near ring N with M M ⊆ M is

called a subnear ring of N .

3.2 Definition. [5] A subset I of a near ring N is called an ideal (two sided ideal)
of N if
 15

(i) (I, +) is a normal subgroup of (N, +),

(ii) a(b + I) − ab ⊆ I for all a, b ∈ N ,

(iii) (I + a)b − ab ⊆ I for all a, b ∈ N , equivalently, IN ⊆ I.

If I satisfies (i) and (ii) then it is called a left ideal of N .

If I satisfies (i) and (iii) then it is called a right ideal of N .

3.3 Example. (i) We show that N0 is a subnear ring of N . To show that N0 is a

subgroup of N . Let x, y ∈ N0 . Then

(x − y)0N = x0N − y0N = 0N − 0N = 0N .

Therefore x − y ∈ N0 so that (N0 , +) is a subgroup of (N, +). For any x, y ∈ N0 ,

(xy)0N = x(y0N ) = x0N = 0N .

Therefore, xy ∈ N0 and so N0 N0 ⊆ N0 . Hence N0 is a subnear ring of N .

(ii) We now show that Nc is a subnear ring of N . Let x, y ∈ Nc . Then

(x − y)0N = x0N − y0N = x − y.

and so x − y ∈ Nc . Therefore, (Nc , +) is a subgroup of (N, +). For any x, y ∈ Nc ,

(xy)0N = x(y0N ) = xy

and so xy ∈ Nc . Thus Nc Nc ⊆ Nc so that Nc is a subnear ring of N .

(iii) The subset {0N , a} is a subring of near ring N in Example 2.4(i). But the subsets
{0N , b} and {0N , c} are not subrings of a near ring N in Example 2.4 (i).
(iv) Every ideal of a near ring N is a subring of N .
(v) We consider the two near rings (Z, +, ·) and (Q, +, ·), where Z and Q are the set
of integers and the set of rational numbers respectively. Then Z is a subnear ring of
Q. But Z is not both a right and left ideals of Q.

4. N-groups

The well-known result of a vector space is a set together with the two binary
 16

operations, addition, + and scalar multiplication, · . That is, scalar multiplication

is an element in a vector space multiplied by an element in a field. When in scalar
multiplication, it replaces an element in a ring instead of an element in a field, the
vector space becomes a module over a ring. It is a generalization of a vector space.
A module over near ring is called N -group. In this section, we present fundamental
results on N -groups; some of them are Pilz(1983). Throughout this section, G denotes
an N -group.

4.1 Definition. [16] Let (N, +, ·) be a near ring, and (G, +) be a group with additive
identity 0G . The group G is said to be an N -group if there exists a mapping N ×G → G
(the image of (n, g) ∈ N × G is denoted by ng), satisfying the following conditions:

(i) (n + m)g = ng + mg and

(ii) (nm)g = n(mg)

for all g ∈ G and n, m ∈ N .

4.2 Example. (i) Let N be a near-ring. Then the mapping N ×N → N (multiplication

in N ) with respect to the operation (N, +) becomes an N -group.

(ii) Each left module over a ring R is an N -group when N = R.

(iii) Let G be a group. Then G is an M (G)-group. Here, the mapping M (G) ×

G → G defined by (f, a) 7→ f (a) for all f ∈ M (G) and a ∈ G. If G is not a non-Abelian
group, then M (G)-group cannot be a left module over M (G).

4.3 Proposition. Let G be an N -group. Then:

(i) 0N x = 0G for all x ∈ G.

(ii) (−a)x = −ax for all x ∈ G and a ∈ N .

(iii) a0G = 0G for all a ∈ N0 .

(iv) ax = a0G for all x ∈ G and a ∈ Nc .

Proof. (i) Let x ∈ G. Then

0N x = (0N + 0N )x = 0N x + 0N x.
 17

Thus 0N x = 0G .

(ii) Since
0G = 0N x = (−a + a)x = (−a)x + ax,

(−a)x = −ax for all a ∈ N and x ∈ G.

(iii) Let a ∈ N0 . Then

a0G = (a0N )0G = a(0N 0G ) = 0G

by (i).

(iv) Let x ∈ G and a ∈ Nc . Then

ax = (a0N )x = a(0N x) = a0G .

Therefore, ax = a0G for all x ∈ G and a ∈ Nc .

4.4 Definition. Let G be an N -group. The N -group G is said to be a unitary

N -group if

(i) N is a near ring with unity 1,

(ii) 1N x = x for all x ∈ G.

4.5 Example. Every unitary left module M over a ring R with unity is a unitary
N -group.

4.6 Definition. An additive subgroup A of G is called a left N -subgroup of G

(respectively right N -subgroup) if N A ⊆ A (respectively AN ⊆ A) where N A =
{ra| r ∈ N, a ∈ A}.

4.7 Example. An additive group {0N , a} of N in Example 2.4(i) is both left and right
N -subgroups. But an additive group {0N , b} of N in Example 2.4(i) is not both left
and right N -subgroups.
 18

5. Left Bipotent Near Rings

A near ring N is defined to be a left bipotent if N a = N a2 for each a ∈ N . A

near ring N is defined to be an S-near ring if a ∈ N a for each a ∈ N . It is shown
that a necessary and sufficient condition for a left bipotent near ring is an S-near ring
[Theorem 5.21]. Also, many properties of left bipotent near ring present.

5.1 Definition. [9] A near ring N is said to be left bipotent if N a = N a2 for every
a ∈ N.

5.2 Example. [9] Let N = Z4 . Then N = {0̄, 1̄, 2̄, 3̄} is a group under the addition
modulo 4, +4 and multiplication is defined by the following table:

· 0̄ 1̄ 2̄ 3̄
0̄ 0̄ 0̄ 0̄ 0̄
1̄ 0̄ 3̄ 0̄ 1̄
2̄ 0̄ 2̄ 0̄ 2̄
3̄ 0̄ 1̄ 0̄ 3̄

To verify that the multiplication satisfies associativity there are 60 ways of or-
dered triples. For instance, we have

(1̄ · 2̄) · 3̄ = 0̄ · 3̄ = 0̄

and
1̄ · (2̄ · 3̄) = 1̄ · 2̄ = 0̄

and so (1̄ · 2̄) · 3̄ = 1̄ · (2̄ · 3̄). We can verify the remaining ordered triple as the same.
We also verify right distribution law for these triples. For instance, we have

(1̄ +4 2̄) · 3̄ = 3̄ · 3̄ = 3̄

and
(1̄ · 3̄) +4 (2̄ · 3̄) = 1̄ +4 2̄ = 3̄

and so (1̄ +4 2̄) · 3̄ = (1̄ · 3̄) +4 (2̄ · 3̄). Thus (N, +4 , ·) is a near-ring. It can be seen that
N is the left bipotent near-ring. Indeed,

2 2 2
N 0̄ = {0̄} = N 0 , N 1̄ = N = N 1 , N 2̄ = {0̄} = N 0̄ = N 2
 19

2
and N 3̄ = N = N 1̄ = N 3 .

5.3 Definition. [9] A near-ring N is an S-near ring if n ∈ N n for each n ∈ N .

5.4 Example. Let N = {0̄, 1̄, 2̄, 3̄, 4̄, 5̄, 6̄} with addition defined as addition modulo
7, +7 and multiplication by the following table:

· 0̄ 1̄ 2̄ 3̄ 4̄ 5̄ 6̄
0̄ 0̄ 0̄ 0̄ 0̄ 0̄ 0̄ 0̄
1̄ 0̄ 1̄ 2̄ 4̄ 4̄ 2̄ 1̄
2̄ 0̄ 2̄ 4̄ 1̄ 1̄ 4̄ 2̄
3̄ 0̄ 3̄ 6̄ 5̄ 5̄ 6̄ 3̄
4̄ 0̄ 4̄ 1̄ 2̄ 2̄ 1̄ 4̄
5̄ 0̄ 5̄ 3̄ 6̄ 6̄ 3̄ 5̄
6̄ 0̄ 6̄ 5̄ 3̄ 3̄ 5̄ 6̄

is an S-near-ring. Indeed,

0̄ ∈ {0̄} = N 0̄, N = N 1̄ = N 2̄ = N 3̄ = N 4̄ = N 5̄ = N 6̄.

If N is a near ring with left identity 1N then for each n ∈ N , we have n = 1N n ∈

N n. Thus N is an S-near ring. But there are near rings which are S-near ring with
no left identity by Example 5.4.

5.5 Example. [9] The near ring N in Example 5.2 is not an S-near ring because
2̄ ∈
/ {0̄} = N 2̄.

5.6 Proposition. [9] A left bipotent S-near ring contains no nonzero nilpotent ele-
ments.

Proof. Let N be a left bipotent S-near ring and b ∈ N be nilpotent for some n,
bn = 0N . Then

b ∈ N b = N b2 = N b4 = · · · = N bn = N 0N = {0N }.

Thus b = 0N .

5.7 Definition. [8] An element a of a near ring N is called regular if there exists
 20

x ∈ N such that axa = a. If every element of N is regular, then N is said to be a

regular near ring.

A near ring N is said to be strongly regular if for each a ∈ N, a = ya2 for some
y in N .

5.8 Example. We now find regular elements of N in Example 5.2. The element 0̄ is
regular since there exists on 0̄ ∈ N such that

0̄ · 0̄ · 0̄ = 0̄ · 0̄ = 0̄.

Also, 1̄ and 3̄ are regular since there are two element 1̄ and 3̄ such that

1̄ · 1̄ · 1̄ = 1̄ · 1̄ = 1̄ and 3̄ · 3̄ · 3̄ = 3̄ · 3̄ = 3̄.

But 2̄ is not regular because

2̄ · 0̄ · 2̄ = 0̄ · 2̄ = 0̄ ̸= 2̄

2̄ · 1̄ · 2̄ = 2̄ · 2̄ = 0̄ ̸= 2̄

2̄ · 2̄ · 2̄ = 0̄ · 2̄ = 0̄ ̸= 2̄

2̄ · 3̄ · 2̄ = 2̄ · 2̄ = 0̄ ̸= 2̄.

Thus N is left bipotent but not regular.

5.9 Theorem. [9] Let N be a S-near ring. Then N is regular if and only if for each
a ̸= 0N in N , there exists an idempotent e such that N a = N e.

Proof. If N is a regular near ring, then for every a ∈ N , there exists an element x ∈ N
such that a = axa. Let xa = e. Then

e2 = (xa)2 = xaxa = xa = e

and
N a = N axa = N xa = N e.

Conversely, suppose that N is an S-near ring satisfying the given condition. For
any d ∈ N , there exists an idempotent b such that d ∈ N d = N b. This gives d = ub
 21

for some u ∈ N . Also, b ∈ N b = N d gives b = yd for some y ∈ N . Therefore,

dyd = ubyd = ubb = ub = d.

Hence N is a regular near ring.

5.10 Corollary. Let N be a near ring with identity. Then N is regular if and only if
for each a ̸= 0N in N , there exists an idempotent e such that N a = N e.

Proof. Let N be a near ring with identity 1N . Then for each a ∈ N ,

a = 1N a ∈ N a.

Thus N is an S-near ring. Then the proof is complete by Theorem 5.9.

We now present a near ring which is regular but not left bipotent. But we
firstly show that every division ring is a regular ring.

5.11 Proposition. [8] Every division ring is regular.

Proof. Let R be a division ring. If 0R = a ∈ R then we write a = aaa. Thus a is

regular element. If 0R ̸= a ∈ R then a has an inverse element a−1 . Thus we write
a = aa−1 a. Thus R is a regular ring.

5.12 Example. [9] LetR be the ring of all n × n matrices (n ≥ 2) over a division
0 ··· 1
 
0

· · · 0
 ∈ R then a2 = 0R . There is no element y ∈ R such that

ring. If a = 
 .. . . . .. 
. .
 
0 ··· 0
2
a = ya . Thus R is not strongly regular. Then R is a division ring because it has a
multiplication identity element n × n matrix, I and every nonzero element a ∈ R has
an inverse element.

Let N = R×M , where M is a left R-module, Define addition + and multiplication

∗ on N as follows:
(a1 , m1 ) + (a2 , m2 ) = (a1 a2 , m1 + m2 );

(a1 , m1 ) ∗ (a2 , m2 ) = (a1 a2 , a1 m2 + m1 ).

 22

We now show that (N, +, ∗) is a near ring. For any (a1 , m1 ), (a2 , m2 ), (a3 , m3 ) ∈
N , we have

[(a1 , m1 ) + (a2 , m2 )] + (a3 , m3 ) = (a1 a2 , m1 + m2 ) + (a3 , m3 )

= ((a1 a2 )a3 , (m1 + m2 ) + m3 )
= (a1 (a2 a3 ), m1 + (m2 + m3 ))
= (a1 , m1 ) + (a2 a3 , m2 + m3 )
= (a1 , m1 ) + [(a2 , m2 ) + (a3 , m3 )].

The element (0R , 0M ) is the additive identity element in N because for any (a1 , m1 ) ∈ N
we have
(0R , 0M ) + (a1 , m1 ) = (0R + a1 , 0M + m1 ) = (a1 , m1 )

and
(a1 , m1 ) + (0R , 0M ) = (a1 + 0R , m1 + 0M ) = (a1 , m1 ).

The element (−a1 , −m1 ) is an additive inverse of (a1 , m1 ) in N because

(−a1 , −m1 ) + (a1 , m1 ) = (−a1 + a1 , −m1 + m1 ) = (0R , 0M )

and
(a1 , m1 ) + (−a1 , −m1 ) = (a1 − a1 , m1 − m1 ) = (0R , 0R ).

For any (a1 , m1 ), (a2 , m2 ), (a3 , m3 ) ∈ N , we have

[(a1 , m1 ) ∗ (a2 , m2 )] ∗ (a3 , m3 ) = (a1 a2 , a1 m2 + m1 ) ∗ (a3 , m3 )

= ((a1 a2 )a3 , (a1 a2 )m3 + a1 m2 + m1 )
= (a1 (a2 a3 ), a1 (a2 m3 ) + a1 m2 + m1 )
= (a1 (a2 a3 ), a1 (a2 m3 + m2 ) + m1 )
= (a1 , m1 ) ∗ (a2 a3 , a2 m3 + m2 )
= (a1 , m1 ) ∗ [(a2 , m2 ) ∗ (a3 , m3 )]
 23

and

[(a1 , m1 ) + (a2 , m2 )] ∗ (a3 , m3 ) = (a1 + a2 , m1 + m2 ) ∗ (a3 , m3 )

= ((a1 + a2 )a3 , (a1 + a2 )m3 + m1 + m2 )
= (a1 a3 + a2 a3 , a1 m3 + a2 m3 + m2 + m1 )
= (a1 a3 + a2 a3 , a1 m3 + m1 + a2 m3 + m2 )
= (a1 a3 , a1 m3 + m1 ) + (a2 a3 , a2 m3 + m2 )
= (a1 , m1 ) ∗ (a3 , m3 ) + (a2 , m2 ) ∗ (a3 , m3 ).

Hence (N, +, ∗) is a near ring. The element (1R , 0M ) is the multiplicative identity
element in N because for any (a1 , m1 ) ∈ N we have

(a1 , m1 ) ∗ (1R , 0M ) = (a1 1R , a1 0M + m1 ) = (a1 , m1 )

and
(1R , 0M ) ∗ (a1 , m1 ) = (1R a1 , 1R m1 + 0M ) = (a1 , m1 ).

We assert that this is regular but not left bipotent. Let (a, m) ∈ N . Since R is regular,
there exists b ∈ R such that a = aba. Since there is an element (b, −bm) ∈ N such
that

(a, m) ∗ (b, −bm) ∗ (a, m) = (ab, a(−bm) + m) ∗ (a, m)

= (aba, (ab)m − a(bm) + m)
= (a, m),

N is regular. Also, since R is not strongly regular, for any x in R, x ̸= yx2 for some
y in R. From taking this x ∈ R and any m in M , we get (x, m) ∈ N . Since for any
(y, m′ ) ∈ N

(y, m′ ) ∗ (x, m)2 = (y, m′ ) ∗ (x2 , xm + m)

= (yx2 , y(xm + m) + m′ )
̸= (x, m),

N is not left bipotent.

Now we give the conditions under which left bipotency implies regularity and
vice versa.
 24

5.13 Definition. [9] A near ring N is said to be strictly duo (duo), if each left
N -subgroup (left ideal) of N is also a right N -subgroup (right ideal).

5.14 Proposition. Every strictly duo near ring is duo.

Proof. Let N be a strictly duo near ring and let A be a left N -subgroup. Then if
N A ⊆ A then AN ⊆ A. To show N is duo we must show that if A is a left ideal of
N then it is also a right ideal. Let A be a left ideal of N . Then it is a normal left
N -subgroup with r1 (r2 + a) − r1 r2 ∈ A for all a ∈ A, r1 , r2 ∈ N . If n1 ∈ N then

[r1 (r2 + a) − r1 r2 ]n1 = r1 (r2 + a)n1 − (r1 r2 )n1 ∈ A.

Thus N is duo.

The converse is true in rings, but not in near rings. Now we give a particular
example.

5.15 Example. We consider the following near ring.

+ 0N a b c · 0N a b c
0N 0N a b c 0N 0N 0N 0N 0N
a a 0N c b a 0N a b c
b b c 0N a b 0N b 0N 0N
c c b a 0N c 0N c b c

This near ring N has three additive groups, {0N , a}, {0N , b} and {0N , c}. Since

b(0N + a) − b0N = ba − 0N = b ∈
/ {0N , a},

it is not a left ideal of N . Also, since

b(a + c) − ba = bb − b = 0N + b = b ∈
/ {0N , c},

it is not a left ideal of N .

 25

We now show that {0N , b} is a left ideal of N . We have

0N (0N + 0N ) − 0N 0N = 0N , 0N (0N + b) − 0N 0N = 0N ,
0N (a + 0N ) − 0N a = 0N , 0N (a + b) − 0N a = 0N ,
0N (b + 0N ) − 0N b = 0N , 0N (b + b) − 0N b = 0N ,
0N (c + 0N ) − 0N c = 0N , 0N (c + b) − 0N c = 0N ,

a(0N + 0N ) − a0N = 0N , a(0N + b) − a0N = b,

a(a + 0N ) − aa = 0N , a(a + b) − aa = 0N ,
a(b + 0N ) − ab = 0N , a(b + b) − ab = b,
a(c + 0N ) − ac = 0N , a(c + b) − ac = b,

b(0N + 0N ) − b0N = 0N , b(0N + b) − b0N = 0N ,

b(a + 0N ) − ba = 0N , b(a + b) − ba = b,
b(b + 0N ) − bb = 0N , b(b + b) − bb = 0N ,
b(c + 0N ) − bc = 0N , b(c + b) − bc = b,

c(0N + 0N ) − c0N = 0N , c(0N + b) − c0N = b,

c(a + 0N ) − ca = 0N , c(a + b) − ca = 0N ,
c(b + 0N ) − cb = 0N , c(b + b) − cb = b,
c(c + 0N ) − cc = 0N , c(c + b) − cc = 0N ,

Left ideals of N are {0N , b} and N . Clearly, there are right ideals. Thus N is duo.

The left N -subgroups of N are {0N , b}, {0N , c} and N . {0N , b} and N are right
N -subgroups of N but {0N , c} is not a right N -subgroup of N because cb = b is not in
it. Thus N is not strictly duo. Since

0N ∈ {0N } = N 0N , a ∈ N = N a, b ∈ {0N , b} = N b, c ∈ {0N , c} = N c,

N is an S-near ring. Moreover,it is not left bipotent N b = {0N , b} ̸= {0N } = N 0N =

N b2 .
 26

5.16 Theorem. [9] A regular near ring N is left bipotent if either of the following
conditions is satisfied:

(a) N is strictly duo near ring.

(b) Each idempotent in N is central.

Proof. (a) Let N be a regular near ring and let a ∈ N . Then 0N = 0N a ∈ N a so that
N a is a nonempty subset of N . For any n1 , n2 ∈ N ,

n1 a − n2 a = (n1 − n2 )a ∈ N a

and so N a is an additive subgroup of N . Next, N N a ⊆ N a, N a is a left N -subgroup

of N . Moreover, there exists x ∈ N such that a = axa. This gives

a = axa = (ax)axa = (ax)2 a.

Since N is strictly duo and N a is a left N -subgroup of N , we have N aN ⊆ N a.

Therefore,
axax = ba

for some b in N , which a = (ax)2 a gives a = ba2 . This implies N a = N a2 and so N is

left bipotent.

(b) Since N is regular, for any a ∈ N there exists x ∈ N such that a = axa. Then
xa is idempotent because xaxa = xa. Since idempotent are central, a = axa = xaa.
Hence N a = N xa2 = N a2 and N is left bipotent.

5.17 Theorem. [9] A left bipotent near ring N is regular if and only if N is an S-near
ring.

Proof. If N is regular near ring and a ∈ N then there exists x ∈ N such that a = axa.
This gives a = axa ∈ N a and so N is an S-near ring.

Conversely, suppose that N is left bipotent S-near ring. Then for each a in N ,

a ∈ N a = N a2 = N aa = N a2 a = N aa2 = N a4
 27

and so a2 = za4 for some z in N . This gives

(a2 − a2 za2 )a2 = a4 − a2 za4 = a4 − a4 = 0N

and
(a2 − a2 za2 )a2 za2 = 0N za2 = 0N .

Also, by Proposition 5.6, N contains no nonzero nilpotent elements. This implies

a2 (a2 − a2 za2 ) = 0N and a2 za2 (a2 − a2 za2 ) = 0N . Therefore,

(a2 − a2 za2 )2 = (a2 − a2 za2 )(a2 − a2 za2 )

= a2 (a2 − a2 za2 ) − a2 za2 (a2 − a2 za2 )
= 0N .

Again applying Proposition 5.6, we get a2 = a2 za2 . Then

za2 za2 = za2

so that za2 (say e) is an idempotent element. Thus,

N a = N a2 = N a2 za2 ⊆ N za2 = N e ⊆ N a2 = N a

and so N a = N e. Hence, by Theorem 5.9, N is regular.

√
A = {x ∈ N | xn ∈ A for some n}.
For any subset A of a near ring N , we define
√
5.18 Theorem. If N is a left bipotent S-near ring, then A = A for every left
N -subgroup A of N .

Proof. Since A is a left N -subgroup of N , N A ⊆ A. If a ∈ A then a2 , a3 , · · · , an ∈ A

√ √ √
for some n. Thus these elements are in A. Thus A ⊆ A. Now let a ∈ A. Then
an ∈ A for some n. Also we have N a = N a2 = N a3 = · · · = N an in a left bipotent
near ring. Since N is an S-near ring, a ∈ N a = N an . This gives a = ban for some b in
√
N . Thus a ∈ A because A is a left N -subgroup of N . Hence A ⊆ A.

5.19 Example. Let N = {0̄, 1̄, 2̄, 3̄, 4̄} with additive defined as addition modulo 5,
and multiplication by the following table.
 28

· 0̄ 1̄ 2̄ 3̄ 4̄
0̄ 0̄ 0̄ 0̄ 0̄ 0̄
1̄ 0̄ 0̄ 4̄ 1̄ 0̄
2̄ 0̄ 0̄ 3̄ 2̄ 0̄
3̄ 0̄ 0̄ 2̄ 3̄ 0̄
4̄ 0̄ 0̄ 1̄ 4̄ 0̄

Then N is not an S-near ring since 1̄ ∈

/ N 1̄. But N is a left bipotent near ring since

2 2 2 2 2
N 0̄ = 0 , N 1̄ = N 1 , N 2̄ = N 3̄ = N 2 , N 3̄ = N 3 , N 4̄ = N 4 .

Moreover, {0̄} is the additive subgroup

q Then {0̄} is a left N -subgroup of N
of N . q
because N {0̄} = {0̄}. But {0̄} =
̸ {0̄} because {0̄} = {0̄, 1̄, 4̄}.

The condition that N be an S-near

q ring in Theorem 5.18 is necessary, since in
the near ring of Example 5.19, {0̄} =
̸ {0̄}. We have seen earlier that an S-near ring
need to be left bipotent, however we do have:
√
5.20 Theorem. An S-near ring is left bipotent if and only if A = A for every left
N -subgroup A of N .

Proof. By Theorem 5.18, we have to prove that if N is an S-near ring with the
√
condition A = A for every left N -subgroup A of N then N is left bipotent. For a ∈ N ,
√
a ∈ N a. Then a3 ∈ N aa2 ⊆ N a2 and a ∈ N a2 = N a2 . Thus N a ⊆ N a2 ⊆ N a.
Hence N a2 = N a and so N is left bipotent.

5.21 Theorem. A left bipotent near ring is an S-near ring if and only if it has no
nonzero nilpotent elements.

Proof. A left bipotent S-near ring has nonzero nilpotent elements by Proposition 5.6.

Conversely, let N be left bipotent with no nonzero nilpotent elements. We now

claim that if a, b, c ∈ N with abc = 0N then acb = 0N . We have

abc = 0N =⇒ babc = 0N =⇒ cbab = 0N =⇒ acbab = 0N

=⇒ bacba = 0N =⇒ bacbac = 0N
=⇒ (acb)2 = 0N =⇒ acb = 0N .
 29

Now for any x ∈ N, N x = N x2 and so x2 = yx2 for some y ∈ N . Then

(x − yx)(x − yx) = x(x − yx) − yx(x − yx). Since (x − yx)x = 0N , x(x − yx) = 0N .
Also y(x − yx)x = 0N and so yx(x − yx) = 0N . Hence (x − yx)2 = 0N and x = yx as
required.

The near ring in Example 5.2 is a left bipotent with nilpotent elements 0̄ and 2̄
but not an S-near ring. Also, the near ring in Example 5.19 is a left bipotent with
nilpotent elements 0̄, 1̄, and 4̄ but not an S-near ring.

This theorem with Theorem 5.17 immediately gives

5.22 Corollary. A left bipotent near ring is regular if and only if it has no nonzero
nilpotent elements.
 30

6. Conclusion

We know that an algebraic system which includes two operations, addition and
multiplication, satisfies associative law and distributive laws. A system that satisfies
the conditions of a ring except left distributive and commutative law under the addition,
is called a near ring. Near ring is a generalization of a ring. As soon as, every ring is
a near ring, but the converse is not true. We have been described as counterexamples,
in Example 2.3 and Example 2.4 pointed out. Every fundamental results of the ring
theory is valid in near ring theory. The required conditions for a set to be a ring are
more than that of a near ring. It is shown that if a near ring has a zero idempotent
element then it can be expressed as the addition of zero-symmetric near ring and
constant near ring [14], and a right (left) cancellable element is not a right (left) zero
divisor in a near ring [14].

We have also discussed the fundamental results on N -group which is a general-

ization of a left module. We conclude that a left bipotent near ring is regular if it is
an S-near ring. Moreover, the left bipotent S-near ring contains no nonzero nilpotent
element. So we have derived a statement that the left bipotent regular near ring has
exactly one zero nilpotent element. We can learn many other special names of near
rings by carefully and critically reading texts and research papers related to the theory
of near ring for researchers who are interested in Abstract algebra.
 31

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[13] Park, Y. S. and Kim, W. J., “On Structures of Left Bipotent Near-Rings”, Kyung-
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[14] Pilz, G., “Near-rings: The Theory and Its Applications”, North-Holland Publish-
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 32

[15] Reddy, Y. V. and Murty, C. V. L. N., “On Strongly Regular Near-Rings”, Pro-
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[16] Satyanarayana, B. and Prasad, K. S., “Near Rings, Fuzzy Ideals, and Graph
Theory", CRC Press, New York, 2013.