BEEE Unit 3 – Magnetic Circuits & Single Phase
Transformer (RGPV Syllabus)
A. Magnetic Circuits
1. Basic Terms:
- Magnetic flux (Φ) = B × A, unit: Weber (Wb)
- Flux density (B) = Φ / A, unit: Tesla (T)
- Magnetomotive Force (MMF) = N × I, unit: AT
- Reluctance (S) = l / (µ × A), unit: AT/Wb
- Ohm’s Law for Magnetic Circuits: Φ = MMF / Reluctance
2. Magnetisation Characteristics:
- B-H curve shows magnetic saturation, retentivity & coercivity.
- Hysteresis loop area = energy loss per cycle.
3. Self & Mutual Inductance:
- Self Inductance (L): e = -L di/dt
- Mutual Inductance (M): e■ = -M di■/dt
- Series connection: L_eq = L■ + L■ ± 2M
4. Energy Stored in Magnetic Field:
W = (1/2) L I²
5. AC Excitation in Magnetic Circuits:
- e = N dΦ/dt, for sinusoidal flux: E = 4.44 f N Φ■
6. Force on a Current Carrying Conductor:
F = B I l sinθ
B. Single Phase Transformer
1. Construction:
- Core: laminated steel to reduce eddy current loss.
- Windings: primary and secondary on the same core.
- Cooling: oil tank for insulation and cooling.
2. Working Principle:
- Works on Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction.
- AC in primary → alternating flux → emf induced in both windings.
3. EMF Equation:
E = 4.44 f N Φ■, E■/E■ = N■/N■ = K
4. Phasor Diagram:
- Represents voltage and current relationship for different loads.
5. Equivalent Circuit:
- R■, X■ → primary side
- R■’, X■’ → secondary referred to primary
- R_c, X_m → core loss & magnetizing branch
6. Losses:
- Copper loss: I²R (load dependent)
- Iron loss: hysteresis + eddy current (constant)
- Total loss: P_total = P_cu + P_iron
7. Efficiency:
η = (Output / Input) × 100 = (V■I■cosφ) / (V■I■cosφ + P_cu + P_iron) × 100
Max efficiency: when P_cu = P_iron
8. Voltage Regulation:
%VR = ((V_no-load - V_full-load) / V_full-load) × 100
9. Tests on Transformer:
- Open Circuit Test (OC): finds core losses (R_c, X_m)
- Short Circuit Test (SC): finds copper losses (R_eq, X_eq)
C. Important Formulas Summary
Φ=B×A
B=Φ/A
F=N×I
S = l / (µ × A)
e = -N dΦ/dt
E = 4.44 f N Φ■
W = (1/2) L I²
F = B I l sinθ
η = (V■I■cosφ) / (V■I■cosφ + P_cu + P_iron)
D. Frequently Asked Questions
1. Explain the concept of a magnetic circuit and its electrical analogy.
2. Define self and mutual inductance with formulas.
3. Derive the EMF equation of a single-phase transformer.
4. Explain OC and SC tests with diagrams and significance.
5. Derive the condition for maximum efficiency of a transformer.
6. Explain different losses in a transformer.
7. Draw and explain the phasor diagram of a transformer under load.