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Motion Class 9

Reference Point and Reference Frame

 To describe the position of an object, we need a reference point or origin. An object may seem to be moving to one observer
and stationary to another.
 Example: A passenger inside a bus sees the other passengers to be at rest, whereas an observer outside the bus sees the
passengers to be in motion.
 In order to make observations easy, a convention or a common reference point or frame is needed. All objects must be in the
same reference frame.

What Is Motion?
We can define motion as the change of position of an object with respect to time. A book falling off a table, water flowing from the tap,
rattling windows, etc., all exhibit motion. Even the air that we breathe exhibits motion! Everything in the universe moves

Motion in a Straight Line

Distance – The distance covered by an object is described as the total path length covered by an object between two
endpoints.
Distance is a numerical quantity. We do not mention the direction in which an object is travelling while mentioning the
distance covered by that object.

Figure 1 – Distance and Displacement

According to figure 1 given above, if an object moves from point O to point A then the total distance travelled by the o bject is
given as 60 km.

Displacement – The shortest possible distance between the initial and final position of an object is called Displacement.
Consider figure 1 given above, here the shortest distance between O and A is 60 km only. Hence, displacemen t is 60 km.
Displacement depends upon the direction in which the object is travelling.
Displacement is denoted by Δx.
Δx = xf − x0
Where,
xf = Final position on the object
x0 = Initial position of the object

Zero Displacement – When the first and last positions of an object are the same, the displacement is zero.
For Example, consider the diagrams given below.
 Figure 2 – Example for zero displacement
Displacement at point A = 0 because the shortest distance from A to A is zero.

Negative Displacement and Positive Displacement

Figure 3 – Example for negative and positive displacement

Here, displacement of object B is negative
ΔB = Bf − B0 = 7–12 = – 5
A negative sign indicates the opposite direction here.
Also, displacement of object A is positive
ΔA = Af − A0 = 7– 0 = 7

What are Scalar and Vector Quantities?

 A scalar quantity describes a magnitude or a numerical value.
 A vector quantity describes the magnitude as well as the direction.
 Hence, distance is a scalar quantity while displacement is a vector quantity.

How is distance different from displacement?

Distance Displacement
Distance provides the complete details of the path taken Displacement does not provide the complete details of the path
by the object taken by the object
Distance is always positive Displacement can be positive, negative or zero
It is a scalar quantity It is a vector quantity
The distance between two points may not be unique Displacement between two points is always unique

What is uniform motion?

When an object travels equal distances in equal intervals of time the object is said to have a uniform motion.

What is non-uniform motion?

When an object travels unequal distances in equal intervals of time the object is said to have a non -uniform motion.
 The speed of an object is defined as the distance travelled by the object per unit of time.
SI Unit: Metre (m)
Symbol of Representation: m/s or ms-1
Speed = Distance/Time
 Average Speed – If the motion of the object is non-uniform then we calculate the average speed to signify the rate of
motion of that object.

For Example, If an object travels 10m in 3 seconds and 12m in 7 seconds. Then its average speed would be:
Total distance travelled = 10 m + 12 m = 22m
Total Time taken = 3s + 7s = 10s
Average speed = 22/10 = 2.2 m/s
 To describe the rate of motion in a direction the term velocity is used. It is defined as the speed of an object in a
particular direction.
Velocity = Displacement/Time
SI Unit: Metre (m)
Symbol of Representation: M/s or ms-1

Average Velocity (in case of uniform motion)-

Average Velocity = (Initial Velocity + Final Velocity)/2
Average Velocity (in case of non-uniform motion)-
Average Velocity = Total Displacement / Total Time taken

What are instantaneous speed and instantaneous velocity?

The magnitude of speed or velocity at a particular instance of time is called Instantaneous Speed or Velocity.

Figure 4 - Instantaneous Speed / Velocity

Uniform Motion – In the case of uniform motion the velocity of an object remains constant with change in time. Hence, the
rate of change of velocity is said to be zero.
Non-uniform Motion – In the case of non-uniform motion the velocity of an object changes with time. This rate of change of
velocity per unit time is called Acceleration.
Acceleration = Change in velocity/ Time taken
SI Unit: m/s2

Uniform Acceleration – An object is said to have a uniform acceleration if

 It travels along a straight path
 Its velocity changes (increases or decreases) by equal amounts in equal time intervals
Non - Uniform Acceleration – An object is said to have a non-uniform acceleration if
 Its velocity changes (increases or decreases) by unequal amounts in unequal time intervals
Acceleration is also a vector quantity. The direction of acceleration is the same if the velocity is increasing in the same
direction. Such acceleration is called Positive Acceleration.
The direction of acceleration becomes opposite to that of velocity if velocity is decreasing in a direction. Such acceleratio n is
called Negative Acceleration.
De-acceleration or Retardation – Negative acceleration is also called De-acceleration or Retardation

Graphical Representation of Motion

1. Distance – Time Graph

It represents a change in position of the object with respect to time.
The graph in case the object is stationary (means the distance is constant at all time intervals) – Straight line graph
parallel to x = axis

Figure 5 - Distance-time Graph in case of Stationary object

The graph in case of uniform motion – Straight line graph

Figure 6 - Distance-time Graph in Uniform Motion

The graph in case of non-uniform motion – Graph has different shapes

Figure 7- Distance-time Graph in Non-Uniform Motion

2. Velocity – Time Graphs

Constant velocity – Straight line graph, velocity is always parallel to the x-axis
Uniform Velocity / Uniform Acceleration – Straight line graph
 Non-Uniform Velocity / Non-Uniform Acceleration – Graph can have different shapes

Calculating Displacement from a Velocity-time Graph

Consider the graph given below. The area under the graph gives the distance travelled between a certain interval of time.
Hence, if we want to find out the distance travelled between time intervals t1 and t2, we need to calculate the area enclosed
by the rectangle ABCD where the area (ABCD) = AB * AC.

Similarly, to calculate distance travelled in a time interval in the case of uniform acceleration, we need to find out the ar ea
under the graph, as shown in the figure below.
To calculate the distance between time intervals t1 and t2 we need to find out the area represented by ABED.
Area of ABED = Area of the rectangle ABCD + Area of the triangle ADE = AB × BC + 1/ 2 * (AD × DE)

Equations of Motion
The equations of motion represent the relationship between an object's acceleration, velocity and distance covered if and
only if,
 The object is moving on a straight path
 The object has a uniform acceleration
 Three Equations of Motion
1. The Equation for Velocity – Time Relation
v = u + at
2. The Equation for Position – Time Relation
s = ut + 1/2 at2
3. The Equation for the Position – Velocity Relation
2a s = v2 – u2
Where
u: initial velocity
a: uniform acceleration
t: time
v: final velocity
s: distance travelled in time t

Deriving the Equations of Motion Graphically

Figure 12
Study the graph above. The line segment PN shows the relation between velocity and time.
Initial velocity, u can be derived from velocity at point P or by the line segment OP
Final velocity, v can be derived from velocity at point N or by the line segment NR
Also, NQ = NR – PO = v – u
Time interval, t is represented by OR, where OR = PQ = MN

1. Deriving the Equation for Velocity – Time Relation

Acceleration = Change in velocity / time taken
Acceleration = (final velocity – initial velocity) / time
a = (v – u)/t
so, at = v – u
v = u + at

2. Deriving Equation for Position – Time Relation

We know that, distance travelled by an object = Area under the graph
So, Distance travelled = Area of OPNR = Area of rectangle OPQR + Area of triangle PQN
s = (OP * OR) + (PQ * QN) / 2
s = (u * t) + (t * (v – u) / 2)
s = ut + 1/2 at2 [because at = v – u]
 3. Deriving the Equation for Position – Velocity Relation
We know that, distance travelled by an object = area under the graph
So, s = Area of OPNR = (Sum of parallel sides * height) / 2
s = ((PO + NR)* PQ)/ 2 = ( (v+u) * t)/ 2
2s / (v+u) = t [equation 1]
Also, we know that, (v – u)/ a = t [equation 2]
On equating equations 1 and 2, we get,
2s / (v + u) = (v – u)/ a
2as = (v + u) (v – u)
2 a s = v2 – u2

Uniform Circular Motion

If an object moves in a constant velocity along a circular path, the change
in velocity occurs due to the change in direction. Therefore, this is
an accelerated motion. Consider the figure given below and observe how
the directions of an object vary at different locations on a circular path.

Uniform Circular Motion – When an object travels in a circular path at a

uniform speed the object is said to have a uniform circular motion.
Non-Uniform Circular Motion – When an object travels in a circular path
at a non-uniform speed the object is said to have a non-uniform circular
motion
Examples of uniform circular motion:
 The motion of a satellite in its orbit
 The motion of planets around the sun

Velocity of Uniform Circular Motion

Velocity = Distance/ Time = Circumference of the circle / Time
v = 2πr/ t
where
v: velocity of the object
r: radius of the circular path
t: time taken by the object

Intext Questions – 1 Page: 100

1. An object has moved through a distance. Can it have zero displacement? If yes, support your answer with an example.

Solution

Yes, an object which has moved through a distance can have zero displacement if it comes back to its initial position.

Example: If a person jogs in a circular park which is circular and completes one round. His initial and final position is the same.

Hence, his displacement is zero.

2. A farmer moves along the boundary of a square field of side 10m in 40 s. What will be the magnitude of displacement of
the farmer at the end of 2 minutes 20 seconds from his initial position?

Solution

Given,

Side of the given square field = 10m

Hence, the perimeter of a square = 40 m

Time taken by the farmer to cover the boundary of 40 m = 40 s

So, in 1 s, the farmer covers a distance of 1 m

Now,

Distance covered by the farmer in 2 min 20 sec = 1 x 140 = 140 m

So,

The total number of rotations taken by the farmer to cover a distance of 140 m = total distance/perimeter

= 3.5

At this point, let us say the farmer is at point B from the origin O

Therefore, from Pythagoras theorem, the displacement s = √(102+102)

s = 10√2

s = 14.14 m

3. Which of the following is true for displacement? (a) It cannot be zero. (b) Its magnitude is greater than the distance
travelled by the object.

Solution

Neither of the statements is true.

(a) Given statement is false because the displacement of an object which travels a certain distance and comes back to its initial
position is zero.

(b) Given statement is false because the displacement of an object can be equal to, but never greater than the distance travelled.

Intext Questions – 2 Page: 102

1. Distinguish between speed and velocity.

Solution

Difference Between Speed and Velocity

Velocity Speed

Velocity can be defined as the rate at which an object The rate at which an object covers a
changes position in a certain direction certain distance is known as speed

The velocity of the object changes with the change in The average speed will continue to count
direction, therefore the object must follow one direction even if the object changes direction

Vector quantity Scalar quantity

Velocity can be zero, negative, or positive Speed can never be negative or zero

2. Under what condition(s) is the magnitude of average velocity of an object equal to its average speed?

Solution

Since average speed is the total distance travelled in a time frame and velocity is the total displacement in the time frame, the
magnitude of average velocity and average speed will be the same when the total distance travelled is equal to the displacement.

3. What does the odometer of an automobile measure?

Solution

An odometer, or odograph, is a device that measures the distance travelled by an automobile based on the perimeter of the wheel as
the wheel rotates.
4. What does the path of an object look like when it is in uniform motion?

Solution

The path of an object in uniform motion is a straight line.

5. During an experiment, a signal from a spaceship reached the ground station in five minutes. What was the distance of the
spaceship from the ground station? The signal travels at the speed of light, that is, 3 × 10 8 m/s.

Solution

Given that the signal travels in a straight line, the distance between the spaceship and the ground station is equal to the total distance
travelled by the signal.

5 minutes = 5*60 seconds = 300 seconds.

Speed of the signal = 3 × 108 m/s.

Therefore, total distance = (3 × 108 m/s) * 300s

= 9*1010 meters.

Intext Questions – 3 Page: 103

1. When will you say a body is in (i) uniform acceleration? (ii) non-uniform acceleration?

Solution

Uniform Acceleration: When an object is travelling in a straight line with an increase in velocity at equal intervals of time, then the
object is said to be in uniform acceleration.

The free-falling of an object is an example of uniform acceleration.

Non-Uniform Acceleration: When an object is travelling with an increase in velocity but not at equal intervals of time is known as
non-uniform acceleration.

Bus moving or leaving from the bus stop is an example of non-uniform acceleration.

2. A bus decreases its speed from 80 km h–1 to 60 km h–1 in 5 s. Find the acceleration of the bus.

Solution

Given, the initial velocity (u) = 80km/hour = 80000m/3600s= 22.22 m.s-1

The final velocity (v) = 60km/hour = 60000m/3600s= 16.66 m.s-1

Time frame, t = 5 seconds.

Therefore, acceleration (a) =(v-u)/t = (16.66 m.s-1 – 22.22 m.s-1)/5s

= -1.112 m.s-2

Therefore, the total acceleration of the bus is -1.112m.s-2. It can be noted that the negative sign indicates that the velocity of the bus is
decreasing.

3. A train starting from a railway station and moving with uniform acceleration attains a speed 40 km h –1 in 10 minutes. Find
its acceleration.

Solution

Given parameters

Initial velocity (u) = 0

Final velocity (v) = 40 km/h

v = 40 × (5/18)

v = 11.1111 m/s

Time (t) = 10 minute

t = 60 x 10
t = 600 s

Acceleration (a) =?

Consider the formula

v = u + at

11.11 = 0 + a × 600

11,11 = 600 a

a = 11.11/600

a = 0.0185 ms-2

Intext Questions – 4 Page: 107

1. What is the nature of the distance-time graphs for uniform and non-uniform motion of an object?

Solution

For uniform motion, the distance-time graph is a straight line. On the other hand, the distance-time graph of an object in non-uniform
motion is a curve.

The first graph describes the uniform motion and the second one describes the non-uniform motion.

2. What can you say about the motion of an object whose distance-time graph is a straight line parallel to the time axis?

Solution

The distance-time graph can be plotted as follows.

When the slope of the distance-time graph is a straight line parallel to the time axis, the object is at the same position as time passes.
That means the object is at rest.

3. What can you say about the motion of an object if its speed-time graph is a straight line parallel to the time axis?

Solution

The speed-time graph can be plotted as follows.

Since there is no change in the velocity of the object (Y-Axis value) at any point of time (X-axis value), the object is said to be in
uniform motion.

4. What is the quantity which is measured by the area occupied below the velocity-time graph?

Solution

Considering an object in uniform motion, its velocity-time graph can be represented as follows.

Now, the area below the velocity-time graph is the area of the rectangle OABC, which is given by OA*OC. But OA is the velocity of
the object and OC represents time. Therefore, the shaded area can be represented as:

Area under the velocity-time graph = velocity*time.

Substituting the value of velocity as displacement/time in the previous equation, it is found that the area under the velocity-time graph
represents the total displacement of the object.

Intext Questions – 5 Page: 109,110

1. A bus starting from rest moves with a uniform acceleration of 0.1 m s -2 for 2 minutes. Find (a) the speed acquired, (b) the
distance travelled.

Solution

(a) Given, the bus starts from rest. Therefore, initial velocity (u) = 0 m/s

Acceleration (a) = 0.1 m.s-2

Time = 2 minutes = 120 s

Acceleration is given by the equation a=(v-u)/t

Therefore, terminal velocity (v) = (at)+u

= (0.1 m.s-2 * 120 s) + 0 m.s-1

= 12 m.s-1 + 0 m.s-1

Therefore, terminal velocity (v) = 12 m/s

(b) As per the third motion equation, 2as = v2 – u2

Since a = 0.1 m.s-2, v = 12 m.s-1, u = 0 m.s-1, and t = 120 s, the following value for s (distance) can be obtained.

Distance, s =(v2 – u2)/2a

=(122 – 02)/2(0.1)

Therefore, s = 720 m.

The speed acquired is 12 m.s-1 and the total distance travelled is 720 m.

2. A train is travelling at a speed of 90 km h–1. Brakes are applied so as to produce a uniform acceleration of –0.5 m s-2. Find
how far the train will go before it is brought to rest.

Solution

Given, initial velocity (u) = 90 km/hour = 25 m.s-1

Terminal velocity (v) = 0 m.s-1

Acceleration (a) = -0.5 m.s-2

As per the third motion equation, v2-u2=2as

Therefore, distance traveled by the train (s) =(v2-u2)/2a

s = (02-252)/2(-0.5) meters = 625 meters

The train must travel 625 meters at an acceleration of -0.5 ms-2 before it reaches the rest position.

3. A trolley, while going down an inclined plane, has an acceleration of 2 cm s-2. What will be its velocity 3 s after the start?

Solution

Given, initial velocity (u) = 0 (the trolley begins from the rest position)

Acceleration (a) = 0.02 ms-2

Time (t) = 3s

As per the first motion equation, v=u+at

Therefore, terminal velocity of the trolley (v) = 0 + (0.02 ms -2)(3s)= 0.06 ms-1

Therefore, the velocity of the trolley after 3 seconds will be 6 cm.s -1

4. A racing car has a uniform acceleration of 4 m s -2. What distance will it cover in 10 s after start?

Solution

Given, the car is initially at rest; initial velocity (u) = 0 ms -1

Acceleration (a) = 4 ms-2

Time period (t) = 10 s

As per the second motion equation, s = ut+1/2 at 2

Therefore, the total distance covered by the car (s) = 0 * 10m + 1/2 (4ms-2)(10s)2

= 200 meters

Therefore, the car will cover a distance of 200 meters after 10 seconds.

5. A stone is thrown in a vertically upward direction with a velocity of 5 m s -1. If the acceleration of the stone during its
motion is 10 m s–2 in the downward direction, what will be the height attained by the stone and how much time will it take to
reach there?

Solution

Given, initial velocity (u) = 5 m/s

Terminal velocity (v) = 0 m/s (since the stone will reach a position of rest at the point of maximum height)

Acceleration = 10 ms-2 in the direction opposite to the trajectory of the stone = -10 ms-2

As per the third motion equation, v2 – u2 = 2as

Therefore, the distance travelled by the stone (s) = (0 2 – 52)/ 2(10)

Distance (s) = 1.25 meters

As per the first motion equation, v = u + at

Therefore, time taken by the stone to reach a position of rest (maximum height) = (v – u) /a

=(0-5)/-10 s

Time taken = 0.5 seconds

Therefore, the stone reaches a maximum height of 1.25 meters in a timeframe of 0.5 seconds.

Exercises Page: 112,113

1. An athlete completes one round of a circular track of diameter 200 m in 40 s. What will be the distance covered and the
displacement at the end of 2 minutes 20 s?

Solution

Given, diameter of the track (d) = 200m

Therefore, the circumference of the track (π*d) = 200π meters.

Distance covered in 40 seconds = 200π meters

Distance covered in 1 second = 200π/40

Distance covered in 2minutes and 20 seconds (140 seconds) = 140 * 200π/40 meters

= (140*200*22)/(40* 7) meters = 2200 meters

Number of rounds completed by the athlete in 140 seconds = 140/40 = 3.5

Therefore, the final position of the athlete (with respect to the initial position) is at the opposite end of the circular track. Therefore, the
net displacement will be equal to the diameter of the track, which is 200m.

Therefore, the net distance covered by the athlete is 2200 meters and the total displacement of the athlete is 200m.

2. Joseph jogs from one end A to the other end B of a straight 300 m road in 2 minutes 30 seconds and then turns around
and jogs 100 m back to point C in another 1 minute. What are Joseph’s average speeds and velocities in jogging (a) from A
to B and (b) from A to C?

Solution

Given, distance covered from point A to point B = 300 meters

Distance covered from point A to point C = 300m + 100m = 400 meters

Time taken to travel from point A to point B = 2 minutes and 30 seconds = 150 seconds

Time taken to travel from point A to point C = 2 min 30 secs + 1 min = 210 seconds

Displacement from A to B = 300 meters

Displacement from A to C = 300m – 100m = 200 meters

Average speed = total distance travelled/ total time taken

Average velocity = total displacement/ total time taken

Therefore, the average speed while traveling from A to B = 300/150 ms-1 = 2 m/s

Average speed while traveling from A to C = 400/210 ms-1= 1.9 m/s

Average velocity while traveling from A to B =300/150 ms -1= 2 m/s

Average velocity while traveling from A to C =200/210 ms-1= 0.95 m/s

3. Abdul, while driving to school, computes the average speed for his trip to be 20 km.h –1. On his return trip along the same
route, there is less traffic and the average speed is 30 km.h –1. What is the average speed for Abdul’s trip?

Solution

Distance travelled to reach the school = distance travelled to reach home = d (say)

Time taken to reach school = t1

Time taken to reach home = t2

therefore, average speed while going to school = total distance travelled/ total time taken = d/t 1 = 20 kmph

Average speed while going home = total distance travelled/ total time taken = d/t 2= 30 kmph

Therefore, t1 = d/20 and t2 = d/30

Now, the average speed for the entire trip is given by total distance travelled/ total time taken

= (d+d)/(t1+t2)kmph = 2d/(d/20+d/30)kmph

= 2/[(3 + 2)/60]

= 120/5 kmh-1 = 24 kmh-1

Therefore, Abdul’s average speed for the entire trip is 24 kilometers per hour.

4. A motorboat starting from rest on a lake accelerates in a straight line at a constant rate of 3.0 m s –2 for 8.0 s. How far does
the boat travel during this time?

Solution

Given, initial velocity of the boat = 0 m/s

Acceleration of the boat = 3 ms-2

Time period = 8s

As per the second motion equation, s = ut + 1/2 at 2

Therefore, the total distance travelled by boat in 8 seconds = 0 + 1/2 (3)(8)2

= 96 meters

Therefore, the motorboat travels a distance of 96 meters in a time frame of 8 seconds.

5. A driver of a car travelling at 52 km h–1 applies the brakes and accelerates uniformly in the opposite direction. The car
stops in 5 s. Another driver going at 3 km h–1 in another car applies his brakes slowly and stops in 10 s. On the same graph
paper, plot the speed versus time graphs for the two cars. Which of the two cars travelled farther after the brakes were
applied?

Solution

The speed v/s time graphs for the two cars can be plotted as follows.

The total displacement of each car can be obtained by calculating the area beneath the speed-time graph.

Therefore, displacement of the first car = area of triangle AOB

= (1/2)*(OB)*(OA)
But OB = 5 seconds and OA = 52 km.h-1 = 14.44 m/s

Therefore, the area of the triangle AOB is given by: (1/2)*(5s)*(14.44ms-1) = 36 meters

Now, the displacement of the second car is given by the area of the triangle COD

= (1/2)*(OD)*(OC)

But OC = 10 seconds and OC = 3km.h-1 = 0.83 m/s

Therefore, area of triangle COD = (1/2)*(10s)*(0.83ms -1) = 4.15 meters

Therefore, the first car is displaced by 36 meters whereas the second car is displaced by 4.15 meters. Therefore, the first car (which
was traveling at 52 kmph) travelled farther post the application of brakes.

6. Fig 8.11 shows the distance-time graph of three objects A, B and C. Study the graph and answer the following questions:

(a) Which of the three is travelling the fastest? (b) Are all three ever at the same point on the road? (c) How far has C
travelled when B passes A? (d) How far has B travelled by the time it passes C?

Solution

(a) Since the slope of line B is the greatest, B is travelling at the fastest speed.

(b) Since the three lines do not intersect at a single point, the three objects never meet at the same point on the road.

(c) Since there are 7 unit areas of the graph between 0 and 4 on the Y axis, 1 graph unit equals 4/7 km.

Since the initial point of an object C is 4 graph units away from the origin, Its initial distance from the origin is 4*(4/7)km = 16/7 km

When B passes A, the distance between the origin and C is 8km

Therefore, total distance travelled by C in this time = 8 – (16/7) km = 5.71 km

(d) The distance that object B has covered at the point where it passes C is equal to 9 graph units.

Therefore, total distance travelled by B when it crosses C = 9*(4/7) = 5.14 km

7. A ball is gently dropped from a height of 20 m. If its velocity increases uniformly at the rate of 10 m s -2, with what velocity
will it strike the ground? After what time will it strike the ground?

Solution

Given, initial velocity of the ball (u) = 0 (since it began at the rest position)

Distance travelled by the ball (s) = 20m

Acceleration (a) = 10 ms-2

As per the third motion equation,

v2 – u2 = 2as

Therefore,

= 2*(10ms-2)*(20m) + 0

v2 = 400m2s-2
Therefore, v= 20ms-1

The ball hits the ground with a velocity of 20 meters per second.

As per the first motion equation,

Therefore, t = (v-u)/a

= (20-0)ms-1 / 10ms-2

= 2 seconds

Therefore, the ball reaches the ground after 2 seconds.

8. The speed-time graph for a car is shown in Fig. 8.12

(a) Find how far does the car travel in the first 4 seconds. Shade the area on the graph that represents the distance travelled
by the car during the period. (b) Which part of the graph represents uniform motion of the car?

Solution

(a)

The shaded area represents the displacement of the car over a time period of 4 seconds. It can be calculated as:

(1/2)*4*6 = 12 meters. Therefore the car travels a total of 12 meters in the first four seconds.

(b) Since the speed of the car does not change from the points (x=6) and (x=10), the car is said to be in uniform motion from the 6th to
the 10th second.

9. State which of the following situations are possible and give an example for each of these: (a) an object with a constant
acceleration but with zero velocity (b) an object moving with an acceleration but with uniform speed. (c) an object moving in
a certain direction with an acceleration in the perpendicular direction.

Solution

(a) It is possible; an object thrown up into the air has a constant acceleration due to gravity acting on it. However, when it reaches its
maximum height, its velocity is zero.

(b) it is possible; acceleration implies an increase or decrease in speed, and uniform speed implies that the speed does not change
over time

Circular motion is an example of an object moving with acceleration but with uniform speed.
An object moving in a circular path with uniform speed is still under acceleration because the velocity changes due to continuous
changes in the direction of motion.

(c) It is possible; for an object accelerating in a circular trajectory, the acceleration is perpendicular to the direction followed by the
object.

10. An artificial satellite is moving in a circular orbit of radius 42250 km. Calculate its speed if it takes 24 hours to revolve
around the earth.

Solution

Given, the radius of the orbit = 42250 km

Therefore, circumference of the orbit = 2*π*42250km = 265571.42 km

Time is taken for the orbit = 24 hours

Therefore, speed of the satellite = 11065.4 km.h-1

The satellite orbits the Earth at a speed of 11065.4 kilometers per hour.