CONSTI

TUTI
ONOFI
NDI
A

Hi
stor
ical
Backgr
ound
TheConst i
tut
ionaldev
elopmentscanbet r
acedbyst udyi
ngaf ew importantdocuments
whichwer ecreat
edbyt heBri
ti
shev enbeforeIndi
abecamei ndependentandthepresent
Consti
tut
ionwasf r
amedbyar epresent
ati
veassemblyofIndi
a.

Weneednotgobey ondtheyear1858whent heBri

ti
shcrownassumedsover
eignt
yover
I
ndi
afrom theEastI
ndiaCompanyandtheBri
tishParl
i
amentenact
edthef
ir
stlaw f
ort
he
Gov
ernanceofI
ndiacal
l
edasGovernmentofI
ndiaAct1858.

Gov
ernmentofI
ndi
aAct
,1858-Feat
ures
Byt
hisAct
,

[Link]
it
ishCr
ownassumeddi
rectcont
rol
overI
ndi
a.

[Link]
hor
it
ieswer
ecr
eat
ed–

a. Secr
etar
yofSt
atef
orI
ndi
a:

i
.Wasassi st
edby15member swhower eex cl
usi
vel
ypeoplefrom
Engl
[Link] werenomineesoftheCrown;ot
herswer e
repr
esent
ati
vesoft
hedirect
orsoftheEastIndi
aCompany .

i
i
.Wasresponsi
blet
otheBr
it
ishPar
li
amentandgov
ernedI
ndi
athr
ough
t
heGover
norGener
al.

b. Gov
ernorGener
alf
orI
ndi
a:

i
.Gov er
norGeneral
wasassist
edbyanexecut
ivecounci
lwhi
chhad
consi
stedoft
hehighof
fi
cial
soft
heGovernment

[Link] ni
str
ati
onoft
hecount
rywasunit
aryandthewholet
err
it
orywasdiv
idedi
nto
provi
ncesheadedbyagover
nororLi
eut
enantGovernor
,whowasaidedbyhi
s
executi
vecounci
l.

[Link]
rol
ofSecr
etar
yofSt
ateov
erI
ndi
anadmi
nist
rat
ionwasabsol
ute.

[Link]
ir
eadmi
nist
rat
ionmachi
ner
ywasunconcer
nedaboutpubl
i
copi
nioni
nIndi
a.

I
ndi
anCounci
lsAct
,1861
[Link]
swast hefi
rstimpor
tantActwhi
chgav
eanopportuni
tyforI
ndi
anstoent
erinto
l
egi
slat
ivesphere.I
n1862threeI
ndi
answereappoi
ntedi
ntothenewl
yconst
itut
ed
 l
egi
slat
ivecounci
loft
heGov
ernorGener
al.

[Link]
ionofl
egi
sl
ati
vecounci
lwasl
awmaki
ngonl
y.

[Link]
rstt
ime,t
hel
egi
sl
ati
vepol
i
cyr
esul
tedi
ncompl
eteaut
onomyt
othe
prov
incesin1937.

Al
lIndi
aCongr
esswasf
ormedi
n1885,
undert
hel
eader
shi
pofMot
il
alNehr
u.

I
ndi
anCounci
lsAct
,1909(
Mor
leyMi
ntoRef
orms)
Thiswasthefi
rstat
temptati
ntr
oduci
ngarepr
esentat
ivegovernmentbythet
henSecr
etar
y
ofStat
eforI
ndi
a,LordMorl
eyandthethenGov
ernorGeneral
,LordMinto.

Feat
uresoft
heAct-

[Link]
zeofI
ndi
anCouncil
swereenl
argedandfort
hef
ir
stt
imeel
ect
ednonof
fi
cial
(I
ndi
an)member
swereincl
udedi
ntheCouncil
.

[Link]
ementofel
ecti
onwasi
ntr
oducedi
nthel
egi
slat
ivecounci
latt
hecent
re,
butt
he
of
fi
cial
major
it
ywasmaint
ained.

[Link]
egisl
ati
vecounci
lswer
egi
vent
heoppor
tuni
tyoft
aki
ngpar
tint
he
admi
nistr
ati
onpoli
cy.

[Link]
ovi
dedforacommunal elect
orat
ei.
e.,
separ
ateel
ect
orat
eformusl
i
ms,
whi
ch
sowedtheseedsofsepar
atism andcommunaldiv
isi
oni
nIndi
a.

Gov
ernmentofI
ndi
aAct
,1919(
Mont
agu-
Chel
msf
ordr
efor
ms)
Ast heMor l
eyMi ntoreformsf ai
l
edt osati
sfyt
heaspirat
ionsoftheNationali
stsi
nIndia,
the
thenSecretaryofStatef orI
ndia,Montegu,andthethenGov er
norGeneral,
LordChelmsford,
presentedarepor twhichledtot heenactmentoftheGovernmentofIndiaAct,[Link]
s
wast hefir
stmilestonet oestabl
ishParli
amentarygover
nmenti nI
ndi
a.

Feat
uresoft
heAct-

[Link]
chyinprov
inces–itmeans,
[Link]
hissy
stem,
thesubj
ect
sof
admini
str
ati
onwerediv
idedi
ntotwocategori
es,

[Link]
ral
subj
ect
s–Thoseexcl
usi
vel
yundert
hecont
rol
ofCent
ral
Gov
ernment
,

[Link]
ovi
nci
alsubj
ect
s–Thosesubj
ect
sassi
gnedt
othepr
ovi
nci
alGov
ernment
s.

Theprov
inci
alsubj
ect
swer
eagai
nsubdi
vi
dedi
ntor
eser
vedsubj
ect
sand
tr
ansf
err
edsubject
s.

Reser
vedsubject
swereadmi
nist
eredbyt
heGov
ernori
nthepr
ovi
nceal
ong
wit
hhisexecuti
vecounci
l
.
 Tr
ansfer
redsubjectswer
eadmini
ster
edbyt heGov
ernorwi
tht
hehel
pof
mini
ster
sresponsibl
etoCent
rall
egi
slat
ure.

[Link]
ral
cont
rol
overt
hepr
ovi
nceswasr
elaxed.

3.I
ndial egisl
atur
ewasmademor erepr
esent
ati
veandf orthef
irstt
ime,bicameral
l
egislaturewasmade, consist
ingofanupperhouse,call
edCouncilofStates,wit
h60
member s,ofwhom 34wer eelect
edfrom I
ndi
ans,andal owerhouse,call
ed
Legislati
veAssembly,
consistingof144member sofwhom 104wer eelectedfr
om
I
ndians.

Gov
ernmentofI
ndi
aAct
,1935
AstheGov er nmentofIndi
aAct ,1919f ai
ledtoful
fi
ltheaspirat
ionsofIndi
ans,theI ndian
Nati
onal Congr ess(
INC)underthel eadershi
pofMahat maGandhi ,l
edanagi t
ationf or
PoornaSwar aj,
orselfGovernment,independentoft
heBr i
tishGovernment,andst artedthe
non-cooperationmov [Link]
or e,t
heSimoncommi ssionwasappointedt orepor ton
workingofthe1919Act .Howev er,therecommendat i
onoft heSimonCommi ssionwas
rej
ectedbyI ndians.

ThreeRoundTabl econferenceswer ehel

dinEnglandfrom [Link] dnot
parti
cipatei
nthefir
[Link]
ipart
ici
pat
edast hesolerepr
esentat
iveoftheI
NC
i
nt hesecondconference,butrefusedtoacceptanyotherremedythanPoornaSwar aj
.
Final
ly,theBri
ti
shGov er
nmentdeci dedtoproposeanewconst i
tuti
ontoIndi
a,whichwasin
theform oftheGovernmentofI ndi
aAct ,
[Link]
esofthisActwere–

[Link]
rstt
ime,t
hisActproposedtosetupafederat
ionforIndi
a,t
akingt
he
provi
ncesandIndi
anStatesasunit
[Link]
ovidedthatt
heIndianrul
erscoul
dgi
vet
hei
r
consentandjoi
nthefederat
ion.

[Link]
archyatt
hecent
re.

[Link]
all
egi
slat
urewasbi
cameralconsi
sti
ngoffederal
assembl
yandcounci
lof
Stat
es.I
nthepr
ov i
nces,
thel
egi
slat
urewasunicameral
.

[Link]
slat
ivepower
sweredist
ri
butedbetweentheCentr
eandthePr
ovi
[Link]
powersweredivi
dedint
othr
eegroups,Feder
all
ist,
Prov
inci
all
i
standConcur
rentl
i
st.

Cr
ippsPr
oposal
,1942
TheSecondWor ldWarstartedandtheBr i
ti
shwant edIndi
anstojoi
nhandswi t
hBriti
shin
[Link] eofthewarandt heagitat
ionbytheINCmadet heBrit
ishGovernment
toproposeaser i
esofagr eementswiththeIndianl
[Link]
edtheCripps
proposal
[Link]
ordCrippswassentbyt heBr t
it
ishGovernmenttoIndi
a,wholai
ddown
thecondit
ionthatIndiashouldhel
pBr i
tai
nforitssuccessintheSecondWor l
dWar, and
Brit
ainwouldtransferpowercompletelytoIndi
aaftert
hewar .Thefeatur
esofthepr oposal
s
wer
easf
oll
ows–

[Link]
abl
i
sht
heI
ndi
anDomi
nion.

[Link]
upanel
ect
edbodyf
rom amongI
ndi
anst
ofr
ameanewconst
it
uti
onf
orI
ndi
a.

[Link]
incel
yst
atesofI
ndi
ashal
lpar
ti
cipat
eint
heConst
it
uti
onmaki
ngbody
.

[Link]
eshal
lbeoneI
ndi
anuni
oncompr
isi
ngofal
lpr
ovi
ncesandI
ndi
anst
ates.

[Link]
inceorIndi
anStatewasnotpr
eparedtoaccepttheConst
it
uti
on,itwoul
d
bef r
eetoretai
nit
sexist
ingposi
ti
onandtheBrit
ishGover
nmentcouldenterint
o
separat
econstit
uti
onalarr
angement
swiththeseStat
es.

TheIndi
ansr
ejectedt
heCr
ippspr
oposal
sandi
n1942,
theQui
tIndi
amov
ementwas
l
aunchedbyt
heI NC.

Cabi
netMi
ssi
on
Aft
erthefai
lureofCrippsproposal
s,t
heBr i
ti
shCabi
netsentthreeofit
sownmembers
i
ncludi
ngCrippshimself,t
omakeanot herseri
ousat
tempt,whichiscal
ledt
heCabi
net
del
egati
on,ormission,whichalsof
ail
ed.

MountBat
tenPl
anandt
heI
ndi
anI
ndependenceAct
I
nt hemeant
ime,theMusli
ml eaguewasformedundertheleader
shipofMohammedJi nnah,
andademandf orsepar
ateMuslim Nat
[Link]
onrejectedt
hedemand
forandi
ndependentPaki
stanandcommunal vi
olencebecameuncontrol
lableint
hecount
ry.

OnDecember9th,
1946,aconst i
tuentassembly
,whichwasel ect
edfrom amongtheI
ndi
ans,
hel
dit
sfir
stmeeting,i
nordertof r
amet heConsti
tut
[Link]
m Leaguemembers
di
dnotatt
endandt heconsti
tuentassemblybegantof unct
ionwithnon-
musliml
eague
members.

TheBrit
ishGov er
nmentsentLor dMountBat t
ent oIndi
aasGov er
norGeneral,
inorderto
prepar
ef orthetr
ansferofpowertoI ndi
[Link] tenbroughttheMuslim League
andtheCongr essint
oadef i
niteagreementthatt heprovi
ncesofPunj abandBengal would
beparti
ti
onedt oform absol
uteHinduandMusl i
m maj or
it
ybl ockswit
hintheseprovinces.
Thus,apar t
iti
onwouldtakeplace,creat
ingIndiaandPakistan,andachoi cewouldbegi ven
tothepeoplet oj
oinwhicheverdominiontheywi [Link]
edtheMountBat t
enPl an.

On26thJul
y,1947,aseparat
eConst
it
uentAssemblyf
orPaki
stanwascreat
[Link]
ndi
an
I
ndependenceActof1947waspassedbyt heBr
it
ishPar
li
amentproposi
ngtoset
upt
wo
i
ndependentdominions,
Indi
aandPaki
stan.

Const
it
uentAssembl
yandPassi
ngoft
heConst
it
uti
on
TheConst i
tuentAssembl ywhichhadbeenel ectedforundividedIndia,
whichheldit
sfirst
t
h th
sit
ti
ngonDecember9 , 1946,reassembledonthe14 August1947, asthesoverei
gn
t
h
Consti
tuentAssembl yfort heDomi nionofIndi
a.Itagainsaton14 Nov ember1949,forthe
t
h
thi
rdreadi
ng, andon26 Nov ember1949, theConstit
ut i
onreceiv
edt hesignat
ureofthe
Presi
dentoft heAssembl y,
[Link] [Link]
provisi
onsrelat
ingtoci
ti
zenship,el
ect
ions,pr
ovisi
onalParl
iament
,wer
egivenimmedi at
e
t
h th
effectfr
om Nov ember26 ,[Link]
itut
ioncameint
oforceon26
January,1950,whichi
scalledtheDateoftheCommencementoft heConsti
tut
ion.

SALI
ENTFEATURESOFI
NDI
ANCONSTI
TUTI
ON

1)Supremacyoft heConstit
uti
on:Lawspassedbyt heUnionortheStat
eGov ernments
mustconfor
mt otheConsti
tuti
[Link]
oranyreasonanyorganoftheSt
atevi
olatesany
pr
ovi
sionoft heConsti
tut
ion,theCour
tsar
eempower edtodeclar
esuchact
ionoftheState
asUnconsti
tuti
onal.

2)TheLengt hi
estwri
ttenConstit
ution:IndianConsti
tuti
oni soneofthel engt
hiestand
det
ail
edwrit
tendocumentsinthewor [Link]
lyi
tconsist
sof396Arti
cles(div
ided i
nto
22part
s)and8Schedules.Atpresentitcontains461Art
icl
esand12Schedules.

3)Sov er
eignt
y:Sov erei
gnt
yofI ndi
a r ef
erstocompl et
et er
ri
tori
alcont
rol
,independent
deci
sionmakingaut hori
tyi
nallext
ernalandint
ernalaf
fai
rsandfreedom toenteri
ntoany
tr
eat
ywi t
hanyf or
eigncountry
.

4)Social
istin spir
it
: Soci al
i
sm means el i
minat
ion ofi nequal
i
tyinincome,st
atus,
oppor
tuni
tyandfreefrom al
lfor
msofexpl
oit
ati
on–social
, economicandpol
it
ical
.

5)Seculari
nnat ur
e:Consti
tut
ionv i
suali
ses Indi
aasaSecul arCountry
.Seculari
sm i
sa
syst
em inwhichtheSt
ateisneutr
alinallmattersofrel
igi
[Link]
erel
igi
[Link]
Stat
ei stobejustandfairtoallrel
igi
ouscommuni ti
eswhethertheyar
emaj ororminor
.
Reli
gioni
sconsider
edtobetheprivat
eaf f
airofanindiv
idual
.

6)Democrat
icpol
it
y:Democr
acymeanst
hepar
ti
cipat
ionoft
hepeopl
eint
heaf
fai
rsoft
he
gover
nment.

7)Republ i
canincharact
er:‘Republi
c’meansthattheheadoft
heSt at
eisnota
her
editarymonarchbutanel
ectedfuncti
onar
yforafi
xedt
[Link]
l
ycal
l
ed
asPresidentoft
heRepubli
c.
8)Singl
eCiti
zenship:Al
thoughIndi
aisaUni
onofSt
ates,al
lIndi
ansi
rr
espect
iveof
thei
rdomici
l
e,enjoyasingl
ecit
izenshi
pfI
ndi
a.
9)Fundament alRights:LiketheConsti
tutionoft heUnit
edSt atesofAmer i
ca,t
he
Consti
tut
ionofI ndiaalsoi ncl
udesasepar at
echapterguar anteei
ngfundamental
ri
ghtstoalli
tscit
[Link] i
ghtsar
ej usti
ciabl
eandinvi
[Link]
ng
ontheLegisl
atureaswel lastheExecut
ive.
10)Directi
vePr i
nciples:TheDi r
ecti
vePr i
ncipl
esofSt atePoli
cyar et heSocio-
Economicwel f
areprov i
sionsi
nt heConstit
uti
onofI [Link] m atestabl
ishi
nga
Welfar
eSt at
e. Theyar einthenat ur
eofgener aldi r
ect i
onsorinstruct
ionst othe
Stat
[Link] i
tuteacompr ehensivepoli
ti
cal,social,andeconomi cprogramme
foramoder ndemocr aticstat
[Link] enotjusti
ciable,whichmeans,theycannot
beenforcedinthecourts.
11)Fundament alDuties:Rightsandduti
esgohandi nhand. Duti
esarethose
responsibi
l
iti
esani ndi
vidualcar
ri
esoutt
owardshi
ssocietyasasoci
albei
[Link]
Fundament alduti
esarei nser
tedi
nPartI
VAunderArt
icl
es51AoftheConsti
tut
ionby
nd
the42 amendmentAct1976.
12)Parli
ament ar
yform ofGovernment:InPar
li
ament
aryf
orm ofGover
nmentthe
Execut
iveisresponsi
bletotheLegi
slat
ure.I
ndi
anParl
i
amentconsi
stsofPr
esi
dent
ofIndi
a,LokSabhaandRaj y
aSabha.
13)FederalPol i
ty: TheConsti
tuti
onofI ndi
apr ovidesforFederalPoli
tyandt he
powerisdist
ri
butedbyt heConsti
tut
ioni
tselfamongCent [Link] ndia
i
sf ederalinf orm (duri
ng nor
malci r
cumst ances)and uni t
aryin spi
rit(during
emergency). Soi ti
sdef i
nedbymanyconst itut
ionalj
urist
sas‘ Quasi-
Federal’in
nat
ure.
14)Adul
tFranchi
se:Anyadulti
nIndi
aabov
e18y
ear
sofagecanexer
cisehi
svot
ing
powerandchoosehisrepr
esent
ati
ves.
15)Part
lyRigidandPartl
yFlexi
ble:I
ndi
abeingf eder
alinnat ure,thepr ocedur
efor
theamendmentoft heConst
itut
ion i
sneit
herdiff
icul
tnoreasy .Theconst it
uti
onis
notast at
icdocument .Itisdy namiclaw responding t
ot hesoci alneeds. It
i
ncorpor
atesthechangesaspeopledesi
resandascour tsofthel andinterpr
et.
16)IndependentJudici
ary:Theri
ghtsandf r
eedomsguar anteedbyt
heConsti
tut
ion
are meaningl
ess withoutthe presence ofIndependentand Impart
ialj
udi
ciary
.
Hence,anindependentjudi
ciar
yhasbeenestabli
shedinIndia.

THEFEDERALFEATURES
Dist
ri
buti
onofPower s:I
ndi
anConst it
uti
onhasdist
ri
but
edthepowersofbot
hthe
Centr
e and Stat
e Gover
nment s underSchedul
e VIIoft
he Const
it
uti
on,whi
ch
pr
ovidesfort
hreety
pesofli
[Link],
UnionList - Par
li
amenthasexcl
usi
ve powertomakel
awsont
he
subject
s menti
onedi
nthi
sli
st.
Stat
eList - St
ateLegi
slat
urehasexcl
usi
vepowert
omakel
awson
thesubj
ects mentionedi
nthi
sli
st.
Concur
rentLi
st - Bot
htheParl
i
amentaswellastheSt
ateLegi
slatureshas
powerto makel
awsonthesubject
smenti
onedi
nt hisli
st.

Judi
cialRevi
ew:Itist
hepoweroftheCourtst oexaminetheactionsofthearmsof
theGov er
nment,suchasLegi
slat
ure,Executiv
eandJudi ciar
y,andt oensuret
hat
suchact i
onsconfi
rmt ot
heprovisi
onsoft heConstit
uti
on. Actionsthatdonot
conf
orm arehel
dtobeunconst
it
uti
onalandt heref
ore,
arenullandvoid.

UNI
TARYFEATURES
Residuar
ypowerwi ththeCentr
alGover
nment
:Ar ti
cle248readwi t
hentry97of
UnionListunderScheduleVIIempowerst
heParli
amentt o makeanyl aw with
respectt
oanymat t
ernotenumerat
edint
heConcur
rentLi
storStat
[Link]
powerincludest
hepowerofmakinganyl
awimposi
ngtaxnotmentionedinei
therof
thoseli
sts.
Compt rol
lerandAudi t
orGeneralofI
ndia(CAG):CAGistheoff
icerappoi
ntedbythe
Presidenttoexami netheaccountsofboththeUnionandtheSt at
esandal soany
otherauthori
tyorbodyasmaybepr escr
ibedbytheorunderanylaw madebyt he
Parli
ament .[
Art
.149].
AllIndi
a Serv
ices:Indi
an Consti
tuti
on guar
antees AllIndi
a Serv
ices whi
ch is
commont oboththeUnionandtheStates[
Art.
312].Thepersonsappoint
edforsuch
serv
icesmaybeempl oyedeit
herundertheUnionGov ernmentorundertheState
Government
,andtheywillbedi
smissedbytheUnionGovernment.

UniversalAdul
tFranchise:Theframer softheIndianConstit
uti
onintendedthateach
andev er
yadultCit
izenhast herighttov oteandpar ti
cipateinelector
alprocess
i
rrespectiv
eofhiscaste,creed,r
eli
gion,gender,i
l
li
teracy
,pov er
ty,
etc.

THEPREAMBLE
[Link]
NGOFTHEPREAMBLE
Preamble means a preli
minary orintr
oduct
ory st
atement.A Preambl
e oft
he
Consti
tut
ion ser
ves two purposes:Itprovi
des f
ort he sour
ce ofpowerint
he
Consti
tut
ion,
and,itst
atestheobject
ivesoft
heConsti
tuti
on.
Preambl
eisthesouloftheConst
it
uti
[Link]
hekeytoopen
themindsofthemakersoftheConstit
uti
[Link]
it
uti
onof
I
ndiaembodi
estheideal
sandaspi
rati
onsofthepeopl
eofIndi
a.
Thecreditofdevel
opingthepreamblegoesfi
rstt
oJawaharLalNehru,whoonDec.
13,1946mov edObjecti
veResolut
ionthatwasadopt
edbytheConsti
tuentAssembl
y
onJan.22,1947.
THEPREAMBLEOFTHEI
NDI
ANCONSTI
TUTI
ONr
eadsas:
PREAMBLE
WE,THEPEOPLEOFI NDIA,hav
ingsol emnl
yresolvedtoconst
it
uteI
ndi
aint
oa
1
SOVEREI
GN, [
SOCI
ALI
ST,SECULAR] DEMOCRATIC,REPUBLI
Candalsot
osecur
eto
al
li
tsci
ti
zens:
JUSTI
CE, soci
al,
economi
candpol
i
tical
;
LI
BERTY, oft
hought
,expr
essi
on,
bel
i
ef,
fai
thandwor
shi
p;
EQUALI
TY, ofst
atusandoppor
tuni
ty;
andt
opr
omot
eamongt
hem al
l
2
FRATERNI
TY,
assur
ingt
hedi
gni
tyoft
hei
ndi
vi
dual
andt
he[
uni
tyandi
ntegr
it
y]
oft
henat
ion;
IN OUR CONSTI
TUENT ASSEMBLY t
hist
went
ysi
xthdayofNov
ember
1949,
doHEREBY
ADOPT,
ENACTANDGI
VETOOURSELVESTHI
SCONSTI
TUTI
ON.

SOVEREI
GN
Soverei
gntyofI ndiarefersto completeter
ri
tori
alcont
rol
,independentdeci
sion
makingauthori
tyi nallext
ernalandinter
nalaff
air
sandf r
eedom toenterint
oany
tr
eatywithanyforeigncountr
y.
Sov
erei
gnt
yincl
udesbot
hInt
ernal
andEx
ter
nal
sov
erei
gnt
yofI
ndi
a.
I
nternalsover
eignt
ymeanspowerofthest
atetomakethelaw,enforce t
hel
awand
punishthosewhoabuset [Link]
ti
calSov
erei
gntyinIndiaisvest
edwi
th
bothCentreandStateswi
thCentr
eassumi
ngmorepower.
Exter
nalsoverei
gntyimpliesthei
ndependenceoftheSt
atefrom anyfor
eign
orext
[Link] ereignStat
eisf
reetodecideit
sownforei
gnpolicywit
hout
anyi
nfl
uencefrom anyexternalf
orce.

1 I
nser
tedbyt
heConst
it
uti
on(For
ty-
secondAmendment
)Act
,1976
2 I
nser
tedbyt
heConst
itut
ion(
For
ty-
secondAmendment
)Act
,1976
SOCI
ALI
ST
Thewor d‘
Soci
ali
st’i
saddedtothePr
eamblebythefor
tysecondamendment,
1976.
Thisindi
cat
esIndiaisasociali
stSt
atewhichaimsatsecuringi
tspeopl
esocial
,
economicandpoli
ti
calj
ust
ice.
Social
i
sm meansel i
minati
onofi nequali
tyinincome,stat
us,oppor
tunit
yandf ree
fr
om allf
ormsofexploi
tat
ion–social,economi
candpol i
ti
cal
.Democr at
icsoci
ali
sm
ai
mst oendpovert
yandi gnor
[Link] ssoci
ali
stconceptoughtt
obei mplemented
i
nt hetr
uespi
ri
toftheConstit
uti
on.

SECULAR
Secul
arism i
si sasystem i
nwhichtheStat
eisneut
rali
nall
mattersofr
eli
gionunless
i
tisat hreattopubli
cmor ali
tyorUnit
yandIntegr
it
[Link] atedoes
notdeclareanyreli
gionasState’
srel
igi
[Link] nt
erf
ere
wit
hanyr eli
gion.
Secul
ari
sm i
mpl
i
esr
eli
giousf
reedom andt
oler
ancet
owar
dsot
herr
eli
gion.

DEMOCRATI
C
Thewor d Democracyl
it
eral
lyisderiv
ed fr
om Greekwords‘demos’meanst
he
‘
peopl
e’and‘ Kr
atos’means‘rul
e’or‘gover
nment
’. ThusDemocracymeanst
he
par
ti
cipat
ionoft
hepeopleingover
nance.

REPUBLI
C
Theconcept‘Republ
ic’meanst
hattheheadoftheStateisnotaheredi
tar
yMonarch
butanelect
edf unct
ionalf
oraf
ixedter
[Link] sgenerall
ycall
ed asPresi
dentoft
he
Republ
i
c.
I
naRepubl icanSt
atethepoli
ti
calsover
eignt
yvest
swi t
ht hepeopl
e,therei
sno
pr
ivi
l
eged class and al
lpubl
icoffi
cesar eopen t
o ever
y citi
zen wit
houtany
di
scri
minat
ion.

ThePr eambl
epr
omi
sest
osecur
eal
lit
sci
ti
zens“
Just
ice,Soci
al,Economi
cand
Pol
it
ical”.
JUSTI
CE
Just
iceimpl
iesaharmoni
ousreconci
l
ementofindi
vi
dualconductwi
thagener
al
welf
areoft
hesoci
ety
.Theessenceofj
ust
icei
stoachi
evecommongood.
Pr
eambledoesnotconf
inet
olegali
njusti
ceasadmi
nist
eredbyCour
tsofLaw.I
t
i
ncl
udesSoci
al,
Economi
candPoli
ti
calJusti
ce.
SocialJust
ice:Socialj
usti
cemeansal lpersonsar
etreat
edequallyi
rr
espect
iveof
thei
rstat
usintheirsoci
etybecauseofbi
rth,
gender,
rel
i
gion,cast
e,r
ace,
etc.
EconomicJustice:EconomicJust
iceai
msatreducingthegapbet
weentheri
chand
thepoor
.Itrequiresthatt
heri
chandthepoorar
etreatedequal
l
ybytheSt
ate.
Poli
ticalJustice:Pol i
ti
caljust
ice means equalopport
uni
tyforal
lciti
zens t
o
part
icipateinpolit
icalprocesswit
houtanydiscri
minat
ionbasedonr
eli
gion,r
ace,
cast
e, creedorplaceofbirth.

LI
BERTY
Li
ber
tyis der
ived f
rom the Lati
n wor
d‘l
i
ber
’means f
reedom f
rom capt
ivi
ty,
i
mpri
sonment,
slaver
yordespoti
sm.
Li
bertyinourPreambledoesnotmeanmereabsenceofrest
rai
ntbutal
soapositi
ve
ri
ghtofcr eat
ingcondi
ti
onsnecessar
yforf
ull
estdevel
opmentofthepersonal
i
tyof
anindiv
idual.

EQUALI
TY
Equali
tyi
saconditionwhereallciti
zensareequalint heeyesofl aw,haveequal
ri
ghtsandaret
reat
[Link]
larenotequalinallci
rcumstancest
her
e
areboundtobephysical
,ment
al,economicandcult
uraldif
fer
ences.
ThePr eambleenv i
sagesonl yequalit
yofst atusandopportuni
[Link] i
tyofstatus
signifi
est hestatusoff reeindiv
idualsinsocietyhavingopportunit
yt ogrow and
developwhi chi sprovidedbypr ohibit
ionofar t
if
ici
alrest
ri
cti
onsont hegroundsof
reli
gion,race,gender,
col our,pl
aceofbi r
th,et
[Link]
tyofopport
unityisguaranteed
byt heRul eofLaw,si gnifyi
ngequal i
tybeforelaw andequalopportunit
yoflawand
nondi scri
mi nat
ioninmat tersofpubli
cempl oyment.

FRATERNI
TY
Ademocrati
csystem wouldf
unct
ioninahealt
hymanneronl yifthereisaspir
itof
br
other
hood,ofonenessamongt hepeopl
eoft heland. I
ndi
abei ng al andof
i
mmensediversi
tyisal
lthemorei
nneedofthisspi
ri
tofuni
tyandintegri
ty.
Fr
“ at
erni
tymeansasenseofcommonbr
other
hoodofal
lIndi
ans– of
I
ndi
ansbei
ngonepeopl
e.I
tist
hepr
inci
plewhi
chgi
vesuni
tyandsol
i
dar
it
ytosoci
al
l
i
fe.
TheSupremeCourtofI ndiahasheldinKeshavanandaBharat
hiVStateofKeral
a
(AI
R1973SC1461)t hattheobject
ivesenshr
inedinthePreambl
econt
ainthebasi
c
str
uct
ureoftheConst i
tut
ionwhichcannotbeamendedbyexer ci
sethepowerof
amendmentunderAr
ticl
e368oft heConsti
tut
ionofIndi
a.
Thus,PreambletotheConst
it
uti
onr
epr
esent
sthephi
l
osophyandt
hei
deal
soft
he
ent
ireConsti
tut
ion.
 FUNDAMENTALRI
GHTS(
Art
.12t
oAr
t.
32)
PARTI
IIoft
heConst
it
uti
on

I
NTRODUCTI
ON
Thef undamentalRightsar
et hemostcher i
shedideal
s,r
elat
edtopol
it
icalfr
eedoms
and civilli
bert
ies,which ourf ounding fat
hers want
ed to gi
vetot hei
rf ut
ure
[Link]
sar einfl
uencedbyWesternli
ber
altradi
ti
onasexpressedin
FrenchDecl ar
ationofRights,theBi l
lofRight
soft heAmer i
canConsti
tut
ionand
UniversalDecl
arati
onofHumanRi ghts.
Theright
sarethenecessar
ycondi
ti
onsofsoci
all
if
eforov
eral
ldevel
opmentofan
i
ndiv
[Link]
ght
scanbeclassi
fi
edint
oMoral,
Legal
andFundamental
Right
s.
Mor alRights arethose whi
ch are onl
ybased upon t he moral
it
yand itlacks
[Link],i
fapersonissuff
eri
ngfrom hunger,
therei
snolegaldut
yon
theotherindi
vidualt
ohelphim butt
odosoi sonlyoutofmor al
i
tyorhumani
ty.
LegalRight
sar ethosewhichareconfer
red byt hestatutessuchasTr
ansf
erof
Proper
tyAct,LawofCont
racts,
Int
ell
ect
ualProper
tyRights,etc.
Fundament alRi ghts are ext ra-
ordi
naryl egalr [Link] ar e giv
en by the
Const i
tut
ionandar epr ot
ect edbyt heConst i
tuti
[Link] ightsar efundamental
becauset heyar eincorporatedinthefundament allawoft [Link] esuper
ior
tot heordinar ylawsandbi ndingont hepubl icaut hori
ti
esinI ndia. Theycanbe
alt
er edonlyt hroughconst i
tuti
onalamendment .Fur t
hermoret heyar evit
alfort
he
ful
lestdev elopmentoft hehumanper sonali
ty,promot i
ngi ndividual
’sdignit
yand
[Link] i
ghtsarej usti
ciabl
erights,protectedbyt hehi ghestCour toft
he
Land.

Fundament
alRi
ght LegalRi
ght
Arethosewhichar
eguar
ant
eedbyt
he Ar
et hosewhichar
eguar
ant
eedbyt
he
Consti
tut
ion St
atutes(Act
s)
Ar
ethosepr
otect
edbyt
heConst
it
uti
on Ar
ethosepr
otect
edbyt
heSt
atut
es
Incaseofvi
olat
iont
her
eshal
lbeabsol
ute Incaseofvi
olationt
heremaynotbe
enfor
cement absolut
eenf
or cement.
Canbeenfor
cedbyConsti
tut
ional
Court
s CanbeenforcedbyCi
vi
lCour
tsconst
it
uted
onl
yi.
[Link]
emeCourtandHighCourt
s. undert
heStatut
es.

SALI
ENTFEATUREOFTHEFUNDAMENTALRI
GHTS
I
ntegr
alpar
toft
heConst
it
uti
on
Fundament
alRi
ght
sar
eint
egr
alpar
toft
heConst
it
uti
onhencei
tcannotbet
aken
away byordi
nar
ylegi
sl
ati
onand anyl
awpassedbyt
hel
egi
slat
urev
iol
ati
ngt
hese
ri
ght
swill
benullandv
oid.

Bot
hposi
ti
veandnegat
iver
ight
s
Posit
ive FundamentalRight
saret
hoser
ight
swhi
chconf
ercer
tai
npr
ivi
l
egesont
he
peoplevizArti
cles17,18and19.
Negativ
eFundamentalRightsar
et hoseri
ghtswhi
ch i
mposecert
ainrest
ri
cti
onon
theStatewit
houtconfer
ringspeci
alpri
vi
legesontheci
ti
zensv
izArti
cle13(2)
,14,
15(1)and16(
1).
Just
ici
abl
eri
ght
s.
Allri
ght sunderthePartII
Ioft heConsti
tuti
on areJustici
able,meansi ncaseof
vi
olationtheaggr i
evedpersoncanseekt hehel poflaw courtsf orremedy. Any
i
ndividualaff
ectedcanapproachSupremeCour tofI
ndiaunderAr t
.32orHighCourts
underAr t.
[Link] t
smaydecl areanylaw passedbyl egisl
atureoranyorder
passedbyexecut iveaut
horit
yasnullandv oi
di ft
heyareinconsistenttotheri
ghts
conferredbythefundamentalri
ght
s.
Reasonabl
erest
ri
cti
ons
Fundament alRightsarenotabsol uteri
ght s;everyrighti srestr
icted orlimited
dependingonl argersoci
alint
erestorsituationsandundercer t
ainci r
cumst ances
ei
therbyt heSt ateorbyConst it
uti
onitself
. Forexampl e,Arti
cle19guar antees
fr
eedom ofspeechandex pr
ession. Thi
sr i
ghti sr
estr
icti
vei ntheinterestofsafety
and securit
yoft henati
on,publicmoralit
yand f ri
endlyr el
ati
onswi t
ht heot her
nati
ons,etc.
Suspensi
onofr
ight
s
Accor
dingtoArt
icle359dur
ingtheti
meofemer gencythePr
esidentmaysuspendall
oranyofthefundamentalri
ghts(exceptAr
ti
cle20and21) .Thissuspensi
onmay
al
soincl
udetherightt
omov ethecourtsf
ort
heenforcementoffundamental
right
s.
Speci
alr
ight
stoCi
ti
zens
OurConst i
tut
iondist
ingui
shesbetweenciti
zensandnon-cit
izenswhil
econf err
ing
fundamentalr
ight
[Link]
eescer
tainf
undamentalr
ight
sonl yt
otheCiti
zensand
cert
ainfundamentalr
ightstobot
hciti
zensandnon-ci
ti
zensli
kef r
eedom ofrel
igi
on,
ri
ghttol
ife,et
c.
AmendmentofFundament
alRi
ght
s
FundamentalRi
ght
sareamendabl
ebutt hatamendmenti
ssubjectt
other
est
ri
cti
on
thati
tshoul
dnotaff
ectt
hebasi
cstruct
ureoftheConst
it
uti
on.
CLASSI
FICATI
ONOFFUNDAMENTALRI
GHTS

Ri
ghtt
oEqual
it
y Ar
ti
cle14 Equal
i
tybef
oret
hel
aw
Ar
ti
cle15 Pr
ohi
bit
ionofDi
scr
imi
nat
ion
Ar
ti
cle16 Equal
it
yofoppor
tuni
tyi
nthe mat
ter
sofPubl
i
c
Employment
Ar
ti
cle17 Abol
i
tionofUnt
ouchabi
l
ity
Ar
ti
cle18 Abol
i
tionofTi
tl
es

Ri
ghtt
oFr
eedom Ar
ti
cle19 Prot
ecti
onofcer
tai
nri
ght
sregar
dingFr
eedom of
Speech,
etc.
Ar
ti
cle20 Pr
otect
ioni
nrespectofconv
ict
ionofof
fences
Ar
ti
cle21 Pr
otect
ionofl
i
feandper
sonal
li
ber
ty
Ar
ti
cle22 Protect
ionagai
nstar
restanddet
ent
ioni
ncer
tai
n
cases

Right agai
nstAr
ti
cle23 Pr
ohibi
ti
onoft
raf
fi
cinhumanbei
ngsandf
orced
Exploi
tat
ion l
abour
Ar
ti
cle24 Pr
ohi
bit
ionofempl
oymentofchi
l
dreni
nfact
ori
es,
et
c

Fr
eedom ofRel
igi
on Ar
ti
cle25 Fr
eedom of Consci
ence and fr
ee pr
ofessi
on,
pr
acti
ceandpr
opagat
ionorrel
i
gion
Ar
ti
cle26 Fr
eedom t
omanageRel
i
giousAf
fai
rs
Ar
ti
cle27 Freedom astopaymentoft
axesorpr
omot
ionof
anyparti
cul
arrel
i
gion
Ar
ti
cle28 Freedom ofat
tendanceatr
eli
giousi
nst
ruct
ionor
rel
igious worship i n certai
n educational
i
nst i
tuti
ons

Cul
tur
alandEducat
ionalAr
ti
cle29 Protect
ionofInt
erestofMinor
it
ies
Ri
ghts
Ar
ti
cle30 RightofMi nori
ti
est o Est
abl
ish and Admi
nist
er
Educati
onalInst
it
uti
ons

Ri
ght t
o Const
it
uti
onalAr
ti
cle32 1)HabeasCorpus
Remedi
es
2)Mandamus
Wri
tsint
he
3)Cer
tior
ari
 nat
ureof 4)Pr
ohi
bit
ion
5)QuoWar
rant
o

Right t
o proper
ty( Ar
ti
cle 31) r
epealed by t he Consti
tuti
on ( For
ty-
fourt
h
Amendment)Act,
[Link] ti
snotafundament alr
ightbuti
tisdecl
aredasal egal
ri
ghtandhasbeentr
ansf
err
edasanewAr ti
cle300A,whichreadsasfol
lows:
“
Noper
soni
sdepr
ivedbyhi
sri
ghtt
opr
oper
tysav
ebyaut
hor
it
yofLaw”
.
Thus,
nowwehav
eonl
ysi
xFundament
alRi
ght
sunderPar
tII
Ioft
heConst
it
uti
on.

RI
GHTTOEQUALI
TY(
Art
icl
e12t
oAr
ti
cle18)

Ar
ti
cle12def
ines“
Stat
e”as

Int hi
s par t
,unl
ess the context otherwise requir
es,“the St
ate”incl
udes t
he
Gover nmentandParl
iamentofIndi
aandt heGov ernmentandtheLegisl
atur
eofeach
oftheSt at
esandalll
ocalorotheraut
horit
ieswithintheter
ri
toryofI
ndiaorundert
he
controloftheGover
nmentofIndia.

Ar
ti
cle13:Lawsi
nconsi
stentwi
thori
ntheder
ogat
ionoft
hef
undament
alr
ight
s.

1)Alllaws in for
ce in the terr
itor
y of I
ndia i
mmedi atel
y before t
he
commencementoft hi
sConstit
uti
on,insofarastheyar ei
nconsist
entwit
h
theprov
isi
onsoft
hispart
,shal
ltotheext
entofsuchinconsi
stency
,bevoi
d.

2)TheStateshallnotmakeanyl aw whichtakesawayorabr
idgestherights
conf
erredbythispar
tandanylawmadei ncont
rav
enti
onoft
hisclause shal
l
betotheext
entofthecont
rav
ent i
on,bevoid.

3)I
nthi
sar
ti
cle,
unl
esst
hecont
extot
her
wiser
equi
res-

(
a)“l
aw”incl
udesanyOr di
nance,or
der,bye-
law,r
ule,regul
ati
on,not
if
icat
ion,
cust
om orusagehav
ingintheter
ri
toryofI
ndiatheforceoflaw;

(
b)“l
awsinforce”incl
udeslaw passedormadebyaLegi sl
atur
eorother
compet
entauthori
tyintheterr
it
oryofIndi
abefor
ethecommencementof
thi
sConst
it
utionandpreviousl
yr epeal
ed,not
wit
hst
andi
ngthatanysuch
 l
aw oranypartt
her
eofmaynotbet
heni
noper
ati
onei
theratal
lori
n
par
ti
cul
arar
eas.

4)[
Nothi
ngint hi
sarti
cleshal
lappl
ytoanyamendmentoft
hisConst
it
uti
on
madeunderArt
icl
e368].

RI
GHTTOEQUALI
TY

Ar
ti
cle14:Equal
it
ybef
oret
hel
aw

TheSt
ateshal
lnotdenytoanypersonequal
i
tybef
oret
hel
awort
heequalpr
otect
ion
oft
helawswit
hintheter
ri
tor
yofIndia.

Theconceptsar
einv
olv
edi
nAr
ti
cle14,v
iz,equal
i
ty bef
oret
hel
aw andequal
prot
ect
ionofl
aws.

Equali
tybeforethelawisalmostanegati
veconceptwhichensur
est hatthereare
nospecialpri
vi
legesinf
avourofanyoneintheey
[Link]
lareequal bef
ore,l
aw,
whateverthei
rrankorst
atusint
hesociet
[Link]
esubj
ecttotheor di
naryl
aw
oftheland.

Theguar ant
eeofequal
it
ybefor
et hel
aw i
[Link]
sas
“RuleofLaw”inEngl
[Link] meansnomani sabovelaw andthatever
y
person,whatev
eri
nhi srankorcondi
ti
onissubj
ectt
ot hej
uri
sdict
ionofor di
nar
y
courts.

Equalprot
ect i
onofl awsisaposi t
iveconcept ,whichmeans t hatlaw shouldbe
equal
lyadministeredamongequal snodi st
inct
ionordi scri
minationshouldbemade
amongequal sinot herwordsifpersonsar einequalsi t
uati
ont heyshouldbet reat
ed
equal
[Link] hecont rar
ywher etheper sonsorgr oupofper sonsar enotsituat
ed
equal
ly,
totreatthem asequal swoul dit
selfbev iol
ationorArti
[Link], Arti
cle
14aimstopr otectpersonssimil
arl
ysi t
uatedagai nstdiscr
iminatorytreat
ment .

Art
icle14oftheConst
it
uti
onisappli
cabl
etoal
lper
sonssuchasnaturalandl
egal
personsuchasCompany ,Associ
ati
onorbodyofindi
vi
dual
s,et
c.,anditisalso
appli
cabl
etononci
ti
zens.

CASE:
AIRI
NDI
AVNARGEESHMI
RZA(
1981)

Fact
s:Thepet i
ti
onerchall
engedthev al
idi
tyofther egul
ati
onsf
ramedbytheAir
I
ndiaInt
ernat
ional
,underwhichtheycouldret
ir
eattheageof35y ear
sori
ftheyget
marri
edwithi
nfouryearsofthei
rserv
iceoronfir
stpregnancy.

I
mpor
tantPr
inci
plel
aiddown:

Art
icl
e14f orbi
dscl
ass-
legi
slat
ionbuti
tdoesnotforbi
dr easonabl
eclassi
fi
cat
ion.
Theclassi
fi
cati
onhowevermustnotbe“ar
bit
rar
y,art
ifi
cialorevasi
ve”butmustbe
basedonsomer ealandsubst
anti
aldi
sti
ncti
onbearingaj
ustandr
easonabl
erel
ati
on
totheobj
ectsoughttobeachi
evedbythelegisl
ati
on.

I
nshor
t,t
hecl
assi
fi
cat
ionshoul
dsat
isf
ythet
wo-
fol
dtest
:

1.I
tshoul
dcont
ainI
ntel
li
gibl
eDi
ff
erent
ia,

[Link]
erent
iashoul
dbehav
ingr
easonabl
enexuswi
tht
hepur
poseoft
he
st
atut
e.

Ar
ticl
e15:Prohi
bit
ionofdi
scr
imi
nat
ionongr
oundsofr
eli
gion,r
ace,cast
e,sexor
pl
aceofbi
rth

(
1)TheSt at
eshallnotdiscri
minat
eagainstanyci
ti
zenongr
oundsonl
yof
rel
i
gion,r
ace,
caste,sex,pl
aceofbi
rt
horanyofthem.

(
2)Nociti
zenshall
,ongroundsonlyofrel
igi
on,race,caste,sex,pl
aceofbi
rth
oranyofthem, besubj
ecttoanydisabil
i
ty,
li
abili
ty,r
estri
cti
onorcondit
ion
wit
hregardto

(
a)Access to shops,publ
i
crest
aur
ant
s,hot
els and pl
aces ofpubl
i
c
ent
ertai
nment ;
or

(
b)Theuseofwel l
s,tanks,bathi
ngghat s,roadsandpl acesofpubli
c
resor
tmaint
ainedwhollyorpart
lyoutofStatefundsordedicat
edt
othe
useofgener
alpubli
c.

(
3)Nothi
ngi nthi
sar
ti
cleshal
lprev
entt
heSt
atef
rom maki
nganyspeci
al
pr
ov i
sionf
orwomenandchi
ldr
en.

(
4)[Nothingi
nt hi
sarti
cleori
nclause( 2)ofarti
cle29shallpr
eventt
heState
from making anyspecialprovisi
onfortheadv ancementofanysociall
y
andeducat i
onall
ybackwardclassesofcit
izensorfortheSchedul
eCastes
andt heScheduleTr
ibes]
.

Ar
ti
cle 15(
1) prohibi
ts St
ate agai
nstdiscri
minati
ng anycit
izens on t
he
gr
oundsonlyofr
eli
gion,r
ace,cast
e,sex,
placeofbir
thoranyoft
hem.

Ar
ticl
e15(2)pr
ohi
bit
s bot
ht hestat
eandthepr
ivat
eindivi
dual
sfrom maki
ng
di
scri
minati
ononl
yonthegroundsmenti
onedi
ntheaforesai
dclause.

Clause(3)and(4)ofAr t
icl
e15pr ovi
desexceptiont ot hegener
alpri
nci
pleto
cl
ause( 1)and(2)ofAr t
icl
[Link] heSt atetomakeanyspecial
provi
sionsforwomenandchi l
drenandf ortheadv ancementofanysocially
andeducat i
onal
ly backwardclassesofciti
zensorf ortheSchedul
edcastes
andSchedul edtr
[Link] cept
ionalcl
ausesr equi r
esspeci
alprot
ecti
on
and henceanyl egi
slat
ion whi
ch isnecessaryf ort hemaking ofspecial
provi
si
ons for per
sons of t
hese cl
asses woul
d not be hel
d t
o be
unconst
it
uti
onal
.

Ar
ti
cle16.:Equal
it
yofoppor
tuni
tyi
nmat
ter
sofpubl
icempl
oyment

(
1)Ther
eshal
lbeequali
tyofoppor
tuni
tyf
orallci
ti
zensinmatt
ersr
elat
ing
toempl
oymentorappoi
ntmenttoanyoff
iceundert
heStat
e.

(
2)Noci t
izenshall
,ongroundsonlyofreli
gion,race,cast
e,sex,descent
,
place of bir
th,resi
dence or any of t hem,be i nel
igi
blef or
,or
discr
iminat
edagainstinrespectof,anyempl oymentorof f
iceunder
theState.

(
3)Nothinginthis art
icl
eshallpreventPar li
amentfrom makinganylaw
prescri
bing,inr egar
dt o a cl ass orcl asses ofempl oymentor
appointmenttoanof f
iceundertheGov ernmentof,oranylocalorot
her
authori
tywi t
hin,a State orUnion terr
itory,anyrequi
rementas t o
resi
dencewi t
hinthatStat
eorUni onterr
it
or ypri
ort
osuchempl oyment.

(
4)Nothi
ng inthis art
icle shal
lpreventthe Stat
efrom making any
provi
si
onforthereservati
onofappoint
mentsorpostsinf
avourofany
backwardcl
assofci t
izenswhich,i
ntheopinionoftheStat
e,isnot
adequat
elyr
epresentedintheservi
cesundert
heStat
e.

[(
4A)Not hinginthisarti
cleshallprev
enttheSt at
ef r
om makingany
provisi
onsf orr
eserv
ationinmat t
ersofpromot i
onwi t
hconsequenti
al
seniori
ty,
toanyclassorclassesofpost si
nservi
cesundertheStatei
n
favouroft heSC’sandST’ swhichint heopi
nionoft heSt
atearenot
adequatelyrepr
esentedintheservi
cesundert
heSt ate]
.

[(4B)Not hi
ng i nthisarti
cleshallpreventtheSt atefrom consi dering
anyunf i
l
ledv acanciesofay earwhichar ereservedforbeingf i
l
ledupi n
thatyeari naccordancewi t
hanypr ovi
sionforreservati
onmadeunder
clause(4)orcl ause(4A)asasepar at
ecl assofv acanciestobef il
led
upi nanysucceedi ngy earoryearsandsuchcl assofv acanci
es shal l
notbeconsi deredtogetherwiththev acanciesofthey earinwhi cht hey
are being f i
ll
ed up f ordet ermining the ceili
ng of f if
ty per cent
reserv
ationont otalnumberofv acanciesoft hatyear.
]

(
5)Not
hingi
nthi
sar
ti
cle shal
laf
fectt
heoper
ati
on ofanyl
aw whi
ch
 provi
desthatthei
ncumbentofanof ficeinconnectionwit
ht heaff
airs
ofanyr el
igi
ousordenomi nat
ionalinsti
tuti
onoranynumberoft he
governi
ng bodythereofshallbe a person pr of
essing a par
ti
cular
rel
igi
onorbelongi
ngtoaparti
culardenomi nat
ion.

Arti
cl
e16guar ant
eesequali
tyofoppor t
uni
tytoallciti
zensinmatt
ersof
publi
cemploymenti
nStat
eser v
[Link]
dnotbeanydiscr
imi
nati
on
onlyonthegroundofrel
i
gion,race,cast
e,gender
,descent,pl
aceofbir
th,
resi
denceoronanyoft
hem.

I
tdoes nothowev er
,pr ohibi
tt he Statef rom prescri
bing the necessar y
quali
fi
cati
ons andsel ecti
v etestsforrecruitmentforGov ernmentser vi
ces.
The qualif
icati
ons prescribed may ,besi des ment alexcellence,include
physi
calfitness,senseofdi sci
pli
ne,mor alint
egri
ty,loyal
tyt ot heStat e.
Wheret heappoi nt
mentr equirestechnicalknowledge,technicalcandidates
maybet akenintoconsiderati
onforappoi nt
mentintosuchser vices.

Except
ionsment
ionedi
ncl
ause(
3,(
4)and(
5)ofAr
ti
cle16

1)Clause(3)enabl
esthePar
li
amenttomakeprovi
sionfort
herequir
ement
of‘resi
dence’
wit
hint
hatSt
ateorUni
ont
err
it
orypr
iortosuchemployment
.

2)Clause(4)enabl
est heStat
etomakepr ovi
sionsforther eser
vat
ionof
postsingovernmentjobsinfavourofanybackwar dclassofcitizens
which,i
ntheopinionoftheStat
e,isnotadequatel
yr epresent
edint he
servi
cesoft
heState.

3)Cl
ause(4-
A)empowerst heStat
etomakeanypr ovi
sionforreser
vat
ioni
n
matt
ersofpromoti
ons forSCandSTswhi ch,i
ntheopinionoftheStat
e
ar
enotadequat
elyr
epresent
edintheser
vicesundertheState.

4)Clause(4-B)puta50%li
mitforSCadSTandOBCi nbackl
ogvacanci
es
whichcoul dbefi
ll
edupduet ononavail
abi
l
ityofel
i
gibl
ecandi
datesof
thesecategor
iesi
nthepr
evi
ousyearory
ears.

5)Clause (5)does notaffectany such law which requi

res a person
professi
ngapart
icul
arrel
igion orbel
ongtoapar ti
cul
ardenominati
oni n
connecti
onwitht
heaffai
rsofanyreli
giousordenominati
onali
nst
it
ution.

Ar
ti
cle17:Abol
it
ionofUnt
ouchabi
l
tiy
.

“Untouchabil
i
ty”isaboli
shed andit
spract
icei
nanyformisfor
bidden.
Theenforcementofanydi sabi
li
tyari
singoutof“Unt
ouchabi
l
ity
”shal
lbean
off
encepunishableinaccor
dancewithlaw.

Art
icl
e17abol
i
shes“unt
ouchabi
l
ity
”andi t
spr
act
icei
nanyf
orm andis
puni
shabl
eundert
[Link]
i
amentisauthor
isedt
omakealawprescr
ibi
ng
 thepuni
shmentforthisoff
ence,inex er
ciseoft hi
spower,Par
li
amenthas
enact
edtheUntouchabil
i
ty(
offences)Act,1955,now i
tisamendedin1976
andnamedasProtecti
onofCiv
ilRight
sAct, 1955.

Ar
ti
cle18:Abol
it
ionofTi
tl
es

(
1)Not
it
le,notbei
ngami
l
itar
yoracademi
cdi
sti
nct
ion,shal
lbeconf
err
edby
t
heSt
ate.

(
2)Noci
ti
zenofI
ndi
ashal
lacceptanyt
it
lef
rom anyf
orei
gnSt
ate.

(
3)Noper sonwhoisnotaci ti
zenofI ndi
ashallwhil
e heholdsanyoff
iceof
prof
itortr
ustundertheState,acceptwit
houttheconsentoft
hePresident
anytit
lefr
om anyfor
eignState.

(
4)No per
sonholding anyof f
iceofpr ofi
tort r
ustundertheSt
ateshall
,
wi
thouttheconsentofthePr esi
dent,acceptanypresent
,emol
ument,or
of
fi
ceofanykindfrom orunderanyforei
gnSt ate.

The Bri
ti
sh Gover
nment conferr
ed numberoft i
tl
es on thei
rsupport
ers
creat
ingaclassofnobi l
i
tywhichourf oundi
ngfather
sdi dnot wantt o
conti
nueinf
reeIndi
[Link]
oreArt
icl
e18aboli
shesallt
it
lesandtheSt
ateis
prohi
bit
edfr
om confer
ri
nganysuchtit
les.

Milit
ary and academic di st
incti
ons are,however,exempt ed fr
om the
prohibi
ti
onfortheyarei ncentiv
et ofurt
hereff
ort
si ntheperfect
ion oft
he
milit
arypoweroft he State so necessar
yfori t
s exist
ence,and fort
he
scienti
fi
cendeavour
ssonecessar yfori
tspr
osperi
ty.

TheGov ernmentofI
ndiain1954intr
oducedfourcat
egor
iesofdecorat
ions:
The BharatRatna,Padma Vishushan,Padma Bhushan and Padma Shri
.
Theseawar dsaremeredecor
ati
onsandnott obeusedasappendagetot he
awardeesname.

Bal
ajiRaghav
[Link]
onofI
ndi
a.

“Thenati
onalawardsli
ke‘BharatRat
na’,PadmaVishushan”
,et
[Link]
theGovernmentofI ndi
a,arenot‘ t
it
les’wit
hint
hemeani ngofAr t
.18(1)
.
Theseawardsar enotv i
olat
iveofPr i
ncipl
esofequalit
yasguaranteedby
Art.
14and18”.

ARTI
CLE19:RI
GHTTOFREEDOM
Righttof
reedom i
saf undamentalri
ghtguar
anteedbyt heConsti
tut
ion
ofIndi
atoalli
tsci
ti
[Link]
icl
e19clause(1)al
lthecit
izensshal
l
havethef
ollowi
ngri
ghts:

a)Tof
reedom ofspeechandexpr
essi
on

b)Toassembl
epeaceabl
yandwi
thoutar
ms

c)Tof
orm associ
ati
onoruni
ons

d)Tomov
efr
eel
ythr
oughoutt
het
err
it
oryofI
ndi
a

e)Tor
esi
deandset
tl
einanypar
toft
het
err
it
oryofI
ndi
a

f
)Ther i
ghttoacquir
e,hol
danddisposeofproper
ty{
omi
tt
edbyt
he
t
h
Const
it
uti
on(44 Amendment)Act,1978}

g)Topract
iceanypr
ofessi
onort
ocar
ryonanyoccupat
ion,t
radeor
busi
ness

Tof
reedom ofspeechandexpr
essi
on:
Art
icl
e19(
1)(
a)
Ther ightguar ant eesci t
izensofI ndi
at oexpressone’sownv iewpoi nt s
andopi nionsf reelythroughwor dsori nwri
ti
ngoranyot hermode.I tthus
i
ncludes t he ex pression ofone’ sideas through anycommuni cable
medi um orv isibler epresentati
on,suchasgest ures,signsandt hel ike.
Theex pressi
oni ncludesal ltypesofpubl i
cationandt herefor
ei ncludes
theFr eedom ofPr [Link]( 2)ofar t
icl
e19st atesther est
rict
ionson
exercisingfreedom ofspeechandex pr
[Link] atecanmakeany
l
aw i mposi ngr easonabl er estri
cti
onsont heex erci
seoff reedom of
speechandexpr essi onont hef ol
lowinggrounds:

[Link]
erei
gnt
yandI
ntegr
it
yofI
ndi
a

[Link]
it
yoft
heSt
ate:

[Link]
iendl
yrel
ati
onwi
thf
orei
gnSt
ates

[Link]
i
cOr
der

[Link]
ali
ty

[Link]
emptofCour
t
 [Link]
amat
ion

8.I
nci
tementt
oanof
fence

Toassembl
epeaceabl
yandwi
thoutar
ms:
Art
icl
e19(
1)(
b)
Arti
cle19(1)(
b)guar
anteestoallci
ti
zenstheri
ghtofassemblywhi
ch
i
ncludestheri
ghtt
oholdmeetingandtotakeoutpr
ocessi
[Link]
er
theAssemblymustbeunarmedandpeaceful
.

Ar
ti
cle19(
3)pr
escr
ibest
wor
est
ri
cti
onsont
hisr
ight
:

1.I
nthei
nter
estofsov
erei
gnt
yandi
ntegr
it
yofI
ndi
a

[Link]
i
cOr
der

Tof
orm associ
ati
onoruni
ons:Ar
ti
cle19(
1)(
c)
Art
icle19(1)(
c)guarant
eestoallci
ti
zensr
ighttoform associ
ati
onsor
[Link]
udesrighttofor
m companies,soci
eti
es,par
tnershi
p,
tr
adeunionsandpol i
ti
calpar
ti
es.

Arti
cle19(4)empowerst
heSt
atet
oimposer
easonabl
erest
ri
cti
onson
thefoll
owi
nggrounds:

[Link]
erei
gnt
yandi
ntegr
it
yofI
ndi
a

[Link]
i
cor
der

[Link]
ali
ty

Tomov
efr
eel
ythr
oughoutt
het
err
it
oryofI
ndi
a19(
1)(
d)
Articl
e 19(1)(d)guarantees t
o allci
ti
zens fr
eedom of movement
throughoutt he ter
rit
ory ofIndi
[Link] Stat
e may impose
reasonablerestr
icti
onsunder19(5)ont
heex er
ciseoft
hisr
ightonthe
foll
owinggrounds
1.I
nthei
nter
estofgener
alpubl
i
c

[Link]
hepr
otect
ionoft
hei
nter
estofschedul
edt
ri
bes
Tor
esi
deandset
tl
einanypar
toft
het
err
it
oryofI
ndi
a19(
1)(
e)
Arti
cle19(
1)(
e)guaranteestoallci
tiz
ensfreedom ofr
esi
denceinany
partoft he t
err
it
ory ofI ndi
[Link] St at
e may impose r
easonabl
e
rest
ri
cti
onsontheexerciseoft
hisri
ghtasperArti
cl
e19(
5):

1.I
nthei
nter
estoft
hegener
alpubl
i
c

[Link]
hepr
otect
ionoft
hei
nter
est
sofanyschedul
edt
ri
be

Therightt
oacqui
re,hol
danddi
sposeofpr
oper
tyAr
ti
cle19
(1)
(f)
Art
icl
e19( 1)
(f)hasbeendel edby44th amendmentact1978oft
et he
const
itut
[Link]
ghtisnotaf undamentalr
ightasi
tisdelet
edfr
om
partI
IIoftheconsti
tut
ion.I
tisnowonlyalegal
right
.

To pr
acti
ceanyprof
essi
onort
o car
ryonanyoccupat
ion,
tr
adeorbusi
ness
Arti
cle 19(1)(
g) guarantees allcit
izens t
he ri
ghtto pract
ise any
professi
onandcar ryonanyt radeoroccupati
[Link] he
otherf r
eedomst hi
sf reedom isalsonotabsoluteandthestatecan
i
mposer easonabl
er estri
cti
onsunderar t
icl
e19( 6)i
nthei nt
erestof
generalpubli
c.

TheSt atemaypr escri

beanypr ofessionalort echni
calqual
i
ficat
ions
necessaryforpracti
singanypr of
essionorcar ryi
ngonanyoccupat ion,
tr
ade orbusi [Link] State can car r
y on any t r
ade orbusiness
excl
uding i
ts citi
zens wholl
yorpar tl
yf rom thatparti
cul
artrade or
businessasar easonabl
erestr
icti
onundercl ause19(6)
.

ARTI
CLE20

Pr
otect
ioni
nrespectofconv
ict
ionf
orof
fences.
(
1)Noper
sonshal
lbeconv
ict
ed ofanyof
fenceexceptf
orv
iol
ati
onofal
awi
n
f
orceatt
het
imeoft
hecommi
ssi
onoft
heactchar
gedasanof
fence,orbe
 subj
ect
edt
oapenal
tygr
eat
ert
hant
hatwhi
chmi
ghthav
ebeeni
nfl
i
ctedunder
t
hel
awi
nfor
ceatt
het
imeoft
hecommi
ssi
onoft
heof
fence.

(
2)Noper
sonshal
lbepr
osecut
edandpuni
shedf
ort
hesameof
fencemor
ethan
once.

(
3)Noper
sonaccusedofanyof
fenceshal
lbecompel
l
edt
obeawi
tnessagai
nst
hi
msel
f.

(
i) Pr
otect
ionagai
nstex-
postf
act
olaws(
ret
rospect
ivepuni
shment
)

Cl
ause(
1)ofAr
ti
cle20pr
ovi
dest
hataper
sonmaybeconv
ict
edonl
yfort
he
v
iol
ati
onofal
awi
nfor
[Link]
s,whent
heper
soni
sal
l
egedt
ohav
ecommi
tt
ed
anof
fence,hecanbeconv
ict
edonl
yifhehasv
iol
atedal
awwhi
chi
sinf
orceat
t
het
imewhenhehascommi
tt
edt
hatact
,andnotot
her
wise.

Fur
ther
,thepenal
tygi
vent
othatper
sonmustbei
naccor
dancewi
tht
hel
aw
pr
evai
l
ingatt
het
imeofcommi
ssi
onoft
heof
[Link],hecannotbe
subj
ect
edt
oagr
eat
erpenal
tyt
hanwhatmi
ghthav
ebeengi
vent
ohi
m undert
he
l
awt
hatwaspr
eval
entwhenhecommi
tt
edt
heof
fence.

Thus,Ar
ti
cle20(
1)pr
ohi
bit
sthel
egi
slat
uref
rom maki
ngacr
imi
nall
awwi
th
r
etr
ospect
iveef
fect
.Itpr
ovi
despr
otect
ionagai
nstex-
postf
act
[Link]
er,
t
hisappl
i
esonl
yincasesr
elat
ingt
ocr
imi
nalof
fences. I
tdoesnotpr
ovi
de
pr
otect
ionf
orci
vi
ll
iabi
l
ity
.

(
ii
) Pr
otect
ionagai
nstdoubl
ejeopar
dy.

Ar
ti
cle20(
2)gi
vespr
otect
iont
oaper
sonf
rom bei
ngsubj
ect
edt
opr
osecut
ion
andpuni
shmentf
ort
hesameof
fencemor
ethanonce. A per
sonwhohas
commi
tt
edanof
fencehast
obepr
osecut
edandpuni
shedf
ort
hatof
fenceonl
y
once.I
fther
ear
esev
eral
lawspr
ovi
dingpuni
shmentf
orapar
ti
cul
aract
,aper
son
whocommi
tst
hatactcannotbepr
osecut
edandpuni
shedf
ort
hatsameact
agai
nandagai
nunderdi
ff
erentl
[Link]
ther
,ifhehasbeenpr
osecut
edandnot
puni
shedf
ort
heact
,thi
scl
ausedoesnotpr
eventhi
mfr
om bei
ngpuni
shedl
ater
undert
hel
aw.

Thepr
otect
iongr
ant
edbyAr
ti
cle20(
2)appl
i
esonl
ytocr
imi
nalpr
oceedi
ngs
anddoesnotbanpr
oceedi
ngsbef
oreaci
vi
lcour
tfort
hesameact
.

(
ii
i) Pr
otect
ionagai
nstsel
fincr
imi
nat
ion.

Ar
ti
cle20(
3)say
sthatanaccusedper
soncannotbecompel
l
edt
obeawi
tness
agai
nsthi
msel
f. Thi
scl
ausei
sbasedont
hepr
inci
plet
hatt
heaccusedmustbe
pr
esumedt
obei
nnocentt
il
ltheof
fencei
spr
ovedagai
nsthi
m bey
ondr
easonabl
e
doubt
.Iti
sthepr
imar
ydut
yoft
hepr
osecut
iont
oest
abl
i
sht
hegui
l
tandt
he
accusedcannotbecompel
l
edt
omakeanyadmi
ssi
onagai
nsthi
swi
l
l.I
tmeans
t
hatt
heaccusedper
sonmayr
efuset
oansweranyquest
iont
hati
sputt
ohi
m
wi
tht
hei
ntent
ionofi
ncr
imi
nat
inghi
[Link]
ti
cle20(
3)i
sapr
ivi
l
egegi
vent
othe
accusedper
sonanddoesnotpr
eventt
heaccusedf
rom gi
vi
ngev
idencehi
msel
f
v
olunt
ari
l
y.

ARTI
CLE21

Pr
otect
ionofLi
feandPer
sonalLi
ber
ty.
Noper
sonshal
lbedepr
ivedofhi
sli
feorper
sonal
li
ber
tyexceptaccor
dingt
othe
pr
ocedur
eest
abl
i
shedbyl
aw.

Ar
ti
cle21oft
heConst
it
uti
onguar
ant
eespr
otect
ionofl
i
feandper
sonal
li
ber
tyt
o
al
li
ndi
vi
dual
sli
vi
ngi
nIndi
[Link]
sri
ghti
sav
ail
abl
etoci
ti
zensaswel
lasnon-
ci
ti
zens.

TheSupr
emeCour
thasgi
venanumberofdeci
sionsonpr
otect
ionofl
i
feand
l
i
ber
[Link]
easf
oll
ows:

(
i) Thet
erm‘
l
ife’i
snotmer
elyconf
inedt
ophy
sicalexi
stence. I
tmeans
somet
hingmor
ethanani
malexi
stence.I
tincl
udeswi
thi
nit
sambi
tthe
r
ightt
oli
vewi
thhumandi
gni
ty.

Case:Fr
anci
sCor
ali
[Link]
nist
rat
or,
Uni
onTer
ri
tor
yofDel
hi,
AIR1981
 SC746.

(
ii
) Pr
otect
ionofl
i
fei
ncl
udesr
ightt
ofr
eel
egal
aidandr
ightt
ospeedyt
ri
al.

Case:
Hussai
nar
aKhat
[Link]
etar
y,St
ateofBi
har
.AI
R1979.

(
ii
i) Ri
ghtt
oli
fei
ncl
udesr
ightagai
nstcr
uel
andusual
puni
shmentandr
ight
agai
nstsol
i
tar
yconf
inement
.

Case:
Suni
lBat
[Link]
hiAdmi
nist
rat
[Link]
R1978.

(
iv) Ri
ghtt
oli
fei
ncl
udesr
ightt
oheal
thandmedi
cal
assi
stance.

Case:
Par
manandKat
[Link]
onofI
ndi
[Link]
R1989.

(
v) Ri
ghtt
oli
fei
ncl
udesr
ightt
otr
avel
abr
oad.

Case:
ManekaGandhi
[Link]
onofI
ndi
[Link]
R1979.

I
nManekaGandhi
caset
heSupr
emeCour
text
endedt
hemeani
ngof
“
Procedur
eest
abl
i
shedbyl
aw”
,inAr
ti
cle21andst
atedt
hatt
he
pr
ocedur
eest
abl
i
shedbyl
awmeansapr
ocedur
ewhi
chshoul
dbenotany
ar
bit
rar
ypr
ocedur
ebuti
tshoul
dbeaj
ust
,fai
randr
easonabl
epr
ocedur
e.

(
vi) Ri
ghtt
oli
fei
ncl
udesr
ightt
oeducat
iont
oal
lchi
l
drenupt
otheageof14
y
ear
s.

Case:JPUnni
kri
[Link]
ateofAndhr
aPr
[Link]
R1983,

(
vii
) Ri
ghtt
oli
fei
ncl
udesr
ightt
opol
l
uti
onf
reeenv
ironment
.

Case:
M CMeht
[Link]
onofI
ndi
[Link]
R1988.(
GangaWat
erpol
l
uti
on
case)
.

(
vii
i
) Ri
ghtt
oli
fei
ncl
udesr
ightagai
nstsexual
har
assmentofwomeni
nthe
wor
kpl
ace.

Case:
[Link]
ateofRaj
ast
[Link]
R1997.

(
ix) Ri
ghtt
oli
fei
ncl
udesr
ightt
oli
vel
i
hood.
 Case:
Nar
endr
[Link]
ateofHar
yanaAI
R1994.

(
x) Ri
ghtt
oli
fei
ncl
udesr
ightagai
nstsmoki
ngi
npubl
i
cpl
aces.

Case:
Mur
ali
Deor
[Link]
ateofBombay
.AI
R2001.

TheSupr
emeCour
thashel
dthatt
her
ightt
oli
fedoesnoti
ncl
uder
ightt
odi
e.
Case:
[Link]
ateofPunj
ab.
 ARTI
CLE21A.

Ri
ghtt
oeducat
ion.

(
Thi
sar
ti
clewasi
nser
t he86thAmendmentActof2002)
edbyt .

TheSt
ateshal
lpr
ovi
def
reeandcompul
sor
yeducat
iont
oal
lchi
l
drenoft
he
ageofsi
xtof
our
teeny
ear
sinsuchmannerast
heSt
atemay
,byl
aw,
det
ermi
ne.

ARTI
CLE22.

Pr
otect
ionagai
nstAr
restandPr
event
iveDet
ent
ion.
Cl
ause(
1)and(
2)ofAr
ti
cle22say
sthatnoper
sonwhoi
sar
rest
edshal
lbe
det
ainedwi
thoutbei
nggi
vent
hef
oll
owi
ngr
ight
s:

 Ther
ightt
obei
nfor
med“
assoonaspossi
ble”ofgr
oundofar
rest
.

 Ther
ightt
oconsul
tandt
ober
epr
esent
edbyal
awy
erofhi
sownchoi
ce.

 Ther
ightt
obepr
oducedbef
oreaMagi
str
atewi
thi
n24hour
s.

 Thef
reedom f
rom det
ent
ionbey
ondt
hesai
dper
iodexceptbyt
heor
deroft
he
Magi
str
ate.

Ex
cept
ion:
Art
icl
e22(
3).

Thi
scl
ausegi
vesanexcept
iont
ocl
auses(
1)and(
2)andsay
sthatt
hoser
ight
s
ar
enotav
ail
abl
etot
hef
oll
owi
ngper
sons:

(
1)Anenemyal
i
en:Buthecanhowev
erseekpr
otect
ionunder(
4)and(
5)oft
he
sameAr
ti
clei
far
rest
edundert
hel
awofPr
event
iveDet
ent
ion.

(
2)Aper
sonar
rest
edanddet
ainedunderaPr
event
iveDet
ent
ionLaw.

Cl
ause2t
o7ofAr
ti
cle22dealwi
thpr
event
iondet
ent
ionunderal
[Link]
event
ive
det
ent
ionmeansdet
aini
ngaper
sonbef
orehehasdonesomet
hingwr
ongt
o
pr
eventpossi
blet
hreatby hi
m t
othe secur
it
y oft
he st
ate,publ
i
c or
der
,
mai
ntenanceofsuppl
i
esand ser
vicesessent
ialt
othe communi
ty,def
ence,
f
orei
gnaf
fai
rs,et
c.I
t(i
.[Link]
event
ivedet
ent
ion)al
someansdet
ent
ionwi
thout
t
ri
al.

Aper
sonar
rest
edundert
hePr
event
iveDet
ent
ionActcanbedet
ainedonl
yfora
per
iodoft
hreemont
hswi
thoutat
ri
ali
nacour
tofl
aw. Thi
sper
iodoft
hree
mont
hs can be ext
ended onl
ybyan adv
isor
yboar
d consi
sti
ng ofper
sons
qual
i
fiedt
obej
udgesofaHi
ghCour
[Link]
soni
sdet
ainedunderal
aw
pr
ovi
dingf
orpr
event
ivedet
ent
ion,1)t
hegr
oundsofpr
event
ivedet
ent
ionshoul
d
becommuni
cat
edt
othedet
enuand,2)heshoul
dal
sobeaf
for
dedt
heear
li
est
oppor
tuni
tyofmaki
ngar
epr
esent
ati
onagai
nstt
hepr
event
ivedet
ent
ionor
der
.
Anyl
awt
hatv
iol
atest
hesecondi
ti
onscanbedecl
aredi
l
legal
byt
hecour
t.
 RI
GHTAGAI
NSTEXPLOI
TATI
ON(
ARTI
CLES23AND24)
.

Ar
ti
cle23:Pr
ohi
bit
ionoft
raf
fi
cinhumanbei
ngsand
f
orcedl
abour
.

1)Tr
aff
ici
nhumanbei
ngsandbegarandot
hersi
mil
arf
ormsoff
orcedl
abour
ar
epr
ohi
bit
edandanycont
rav
ent
ionoft
hispr
ovi
sionshal
lbeanof
fence
puni
shabl
einaccor
dancewi
thl
aw.

2)Not
hingi
nthi
sar
ti
cleshal
lpr
eventt
heSt
atef
rom i
mposi
ngcompul
sor
y
ser
vicef
orpubl
i
cpur
poses,andi
nimposi
ngsuchser
vicet
heSt
ateshal
lnot
makeanydi
scr
imi
nat
ionongr
oundsonl
yofr
eli
gion,r
ace,cast
eorcl
assor
anyoft
hem.

Ar
ti
cle23pr
ohi
bit
sexpl
oit
ati
onofhumanbei
ngst
hrought
raf
fi
cinhumanbei
ngs
andf
orcedl
abour
.Thi
sAr
ti
clepr
otect
stheper
sonnotonl
yagai
nstt
heSt
ate
act
ionbutal
soagai
nstt
hepr
ivat
eaut
hor
it
ies.I
timposesanobl
i
gat
ionont
he
St
atet
otakeadequat
est
epst
opr
event“
traf
fi
cinhumanbei
ngs,
begarandot
her
t
ypesoff
orcedl
abour
”wher
evert
heyar
efound.

Thet
erm“
Traf
fi
cinhumanbei
ngs”meanssel
l
ingandbuy
ingmenandwomen
l
i
kegoodsandi
ncl
udesi
mmor
alt
raf
fi
cinwomenandchi
l
drenf
ori
mmor
al
pur
poses.

Thet
erm“
Begar
”meansf
orcedl
abourwhi
chi
sani
nvol
unt
arywor
kwi
thout
pay
ment
.
 Ar
ti
cle24:Pr
ohi
bit
ionofempl
oymentofchi
l
dreni
n
f
act
ori
es,
etc.

Nochi
l
dbel
ow t
heageoff
our
teeny
ear
sshal
lbeempl
oyedt
owor
kinany
f
act
oryormi
neorengagedi
nanyot
herhazar
dousempl
oyment
.

Ar
ti
cle24oft
heConst
it
uti
onpr
ohi
bit
sempl
oymentofchi
l
drenbel
ow14y
ear
sof
agei
nfact
ori
esandhazar
dousempl
oyment
.Thi
spr
ovi
sioni
scer
tai
nlyi
nthe
i
nter
estofpubl
i
cheal
thandsaf
etyofl
i
feofchi
l
dren.

ThePar
li
amentofI
ndi
ahasenact
edl
aw pr
ohi
bit
ingempl
oymentofchi
l
dren
bel
ow14y
ear
sofagei
nanyf
act
oryormi
neoranyot
herhazar
dousoccupat
ion.
TheBondedLabourSy
stem (
Abol
i
tion)Act
,1976abol
i
shesf
orcedl
abourand
pr
event
sthephy
sical
expl
oit
ati
onoft
heweakersect
ionoft
hesoci
ety
.
 RI
GHTTOFREEDOM OFRELI
GION(
ARTI
CLES25TO28)
.

Ar
ti
cle25:Fr
eedom ofconsci
enceandf
reepr
ofessi
on,
pr
act
iceandpr
opagat
ionofr
eli
gion.

1)Subj
ectt
opubl
i
cor
der
,mor
ali
tyandheal
thandt
otheot
herpr
ovi
sionsoft
his
par
t,al
lper
sonsar
eequal
l
yent
it
ledt
ofr
eedom ofconsci
enceandt
her
ight
f
reel
ytopr
ofess,
pract
iceandpr
opagat
erel
i
gion.

2)Not
hingi
nthi
sar
ti
cleshal
laf
fectt
heoper
ati
onofanyexi
sti
ngl
aworpr
event
t
heSt
atef
rom maki
nganyl
aw–

a)Regul
ati
ngorr
est
ri
cti
nganyeconomi
c,f
inanci
al,
pol
i
ticalorot
hersecul
ar
act
ivi
tywhi
chmaybeassoci
atedwi
thr
eli
giouspr
act
ice.

b)Pr
ovi
dingf
orsoci
alwel
far
eandr
efor
m ort
het
hrowi
ngopenofHi
ndu
r
eli
giousi
nst
it
uti
onsofapubl
i
cchar
act
ert
oal
lcl
assesandsect
ionsof
Hi
ndus.

Thet
erm“
consci
ence”meansf
reedom t
ojudger
ightorwr
ongbasedoni
nner
v
oiceofani
ndi
vi
dual
.Ther
ightt
orel
i
giousf
reedom consi
stsoft
hreet
hings,
r
ightt
ofr
eel
ypr
ofess,
pract
iseandpr
opagat
erel
i
gion.
“
Prof
ess”meanst
odecl
areone’
sownr
eli
giont
othewhol
ewor
ld.
“
Pract
ise”meansf
oll
owi
ngofal
lther
it
ual
sandpr
ocedur
esofwor
shi
pand
r
eli
giousobser
vat
ionspr
escr
ibedbyt
her
ulesofapar
ti
cul
arr
eli
gion.
“
Propagat
ion” means spr
eadi
ng of one’
srel
i
gious bel
i
efst
o ot
her
s or
communi
cat
ingone’
sownbel
i
efst
oot
herper
sonbuti
tdoesnoti
ncl
udear
ight
t
ofor
cibl
econv
ersi
on.

Ri
ghtt
orel
i
giousf
reedom i
ssubj
ectt
othr
eer
est
ri
cti
ons,namel
y,publ
i
cor
der
,
mor
ali
tyandheal
th.
 Ar
ti
cle26:Fr
eedom t
omanager
eli
giousaf
fai
rs.

Subj
ectt
opubl
i
cor
der
,mor
ali
tyandheal
th,ev
eryr
eli
giousdenomi
nat
ionorany
sect
iont
her
eofshal
lhav
ether
ight–

a)t
oest
abl
i
shandmai
ntai
ninst
it
uti
onsf
orr
eli
giousandchar
it
abl
epur
poses;

b)t
omanagei
tsownaf
fai
rsi
nmat
ter
sofr
eli
gion;

c)t
oownandacqui
remov
abl
eandi
mmov
abl
epr
oper
ty;
and

d)t
oadmi
nist
ersuchpr
oper
tyi
naccor
dancewi
thl
aw.
 Ar
ti
cle27:Fr
eedom t
opay
mentoft
axesf
orpr
omot
ionof
any

par
ti
cul
ar r
eli
gion.
Noper
sonshal
lbecompel
l
edt
opayanyt
axes,t
hepr
oceedsofwhi
char
e
speci
fi
cal
l
yappr
opr
iat
edi
npay
mentofexpensesofpr
omot
ionormai
ntenance
ofanypar
ti
cul
arr
eli
gionorr
eli
giousdenomi
nat
ion.

Ar
ti
cle27pr
ohi
bit
sthel
evy
ingoft
ax,
whi
chi
smeantspeci
fi
cal
l
yforpay
mentof
ex
pensesf
ort
hepr
omot
ionormai
ntenanceofanypar
ti
cul
arr
eli
gionorr
eli
gious
denomi
nat
ion.
 Ar
ti
cle28:Fr
eedom ast
oat
tendanceatr
eli
gious
i
nst
ruct
ionor
r
eli
giouswor
shi
pincer
tai
neducat
ional
inst
it
uti
ons.

1)Nor
eli
giousi
nst
ruct
ionshal
lbepr
ovi
dedi
nanyeducat
ionali
nst
it
uti
onwhol
l
y
mai
ntai
nedoutofSt
atef
unds.
Not
hing i
n cl
ause (
1)shal
lappl
yto an educat
ionali
nst
it
uti
on whi
ch i
s
admi
nist
eredbyt
heSt
atebuthasbeenest
abl
i
shedunderanyendowmentor
t
rustwhi
ch r
equi
res t
hatr
eli
gious i
nst
ruct
ion shal
lbe i
mpar
ted i
n such
i
nst
it
uti
on.
2)Noper
sonat
tendi
nganyeducat
ionali
nst
it
uti
onr
ecogni
sedbyt
heSt
ateor
r
ecei
vi
ngai
doutofSt
atef
undsshal
lber
equi
redt
otakepar
tinanyr
eli
gious
i
nst
ruct
iont
hatmaybei
mpar
tedi
nsuchi
nst
it
uti
onort
oat
tendanyr
eli
gious
wor
shi
pthatmaybe conduct
ed i
n such i
nst
it
uti
on ori
n anypr
emi
ses
at
tached t
her
eto unl
esssuch per
son or
,ifsuch per
son i
sa mi
nor
,hi
s
guar
dianhasgi
venhi
sconsentt
her
eto.

Ar
ti
cle28cl
assi
fi
eseducat
ionali
nst
it
uti
onsi
ntof
ourt
[Link]
easf
oll
ows:

a)I
nst
it
uti
onswhol
l
ymai
ntai
nedbyt
heSt
ate.

b)I
nst
it
uti
onsr
ecogni
sedbyt
heSt
ate.

c)I
nst
it
uti
onst
hatar
erecei
vi
ngai
doutoft
heSt
atef
unds.

d)I
nst
it
uti
onst
hatar
eadmi
nist
eredbyt
heSt
atebutar
eest
abl
i
shedunderany
t
rustorendowment
.

 Thosei
nst
it
uti
onswhi
char
ewhol
l
ymai
ntai
nedbyt
heSt
ateshal
lnot
i
mpar
tanyr
eli
giousi
nst
ruct
ion.

 Thosei
nst
it
uti
onswhi
char
erecogni
sedbyt
heSt
ateandi
nst
it
uti
ons
 r
ecei
vi
ngai
dfr
om t
hest
atef
undscani
mpar
trel
i
giousi
nst
ruct
iononl
y
wi
tht
heconsentoft
hei
ndi
vi
dual
s.

 Those i
nst
it
uti
ons whi
ch ar
e est
abl
i
shed under any t
rust or
endowmentt
her
eisnosuchr
est
ri
cti
onsonr
eli
giousi
nst
ruct
ion.
CULTURALANDEDUCATI
ONALRI
GHTS.(
ARTI
CLES29TO
30)
.

Ar
ti
cle29:Pr
otect
ionofi
nter
est
sofmi
nor
it
ies–

(
1)Anysect
ionoft
heci
ti
zensr
esi
dingi
nthet
err
it
oryofI
ndi
aoranypar
tther
eof
hav
ingdi
sti
nctl
anguage,scr
iptorcul
tur
eofi
tsownshal
lhav
ether
ightt
o
conser
vet
hesame.
(
2)No ci
ti
zen shal
lbe deni
ed admi
ssi
on i
nto any educat
ionali
nst
it
uti
on
mai
ntai
nedbyt
heSt
ateorr
ecei
vi
ngai
doutofSt
atef
undsongr
oundsonl
yof
r
eli
gion,
race,
cast
e,l
anguageoranyoft
hem.

Ar
ti
cle29r
elat
est
omi
nor
it
iesandt
hei
reducat
ional
andcul
tur
ali
nter
est
s.

Condi
ti
onsf
orpr
otect
ionunderAr
ti
cle29(
1)i
sthat

1)Ar
ti
cle29i
sappl
i
cabl
etoci
ti
zensr
esi
dingi
nanypar
tofI
ndi
a.

2)Suchsect
ionofci
ti
zensmusthav
edi
sti
nctl
anguage,scr
iptorcul
tur
eofi
ts
own. Thensuchci
ti
zenshav
eri
ghtt
oconser
vesuchl
anguage,scr
iptor
cul
tur
e.

Thei
mpor
tantf
eat
ureofAr
ti
cle29i
sthati
tisanabsol
uter
ightoft
heci
ti
zens
f
ort
hepr
otect
ionoft
hei
rlanguage. Ar
ti
cle29(
2)pr
ohi
bit
stheeducat
ional
i
nst
it
uti
ons whi
ch ar
e mai
ntai
ned or f
unded by t
he Gov
ernment
,fr
om
di
scr
imi
nat
ingt
heci
ti
zensonl
yont
hegr
oundofr
eli
gion,
race,
cast
e,l
anguageor
anyoft
hem.

Ar
ti
cle30:Ri
ghtofmi
nor
it
iest
oest
abl
ishandadmi
nist
er
educat
ionalI
nst
it
uti
ons-

(
1)Al
lmi
nor
it
ieswhet
herbasedonr
eli
gionorl
anguage,shal
lhav
ether
ightt
o
est
abl
i
shandadmi
nist
ereducat
ional
inst
it
uti
onsoft
hei
rchoi
ce.
(
1A)I
nmaki
nganyl
aw pr
ovi
dingf
ort
he compul
sor
y acqui
sit
ionof any
pr
oper
tyofany
educat
ionali
nst
it
uti
onest
abl
i
shedandadmi
nist
eredbyami
nor
it
y,r
efer
red
t
oincl
ause(
1),
t
heSt
ateshal
lensur
ethatt
heamountf
ixedbyordet
ermi
nedundersuchl
aw
f
ort
heacqui
si
ti
onofsuchpr
oper
tyi
ssuchaswoul
dnotr
est
ri
ctorabr
ogat
e
t
her
ightguar
ant
eedundert
hatcl
ause.

(
2)TheSt
ateshal
lnot
,ingr
ant
ingai
dtoeducat
ionali
nst
it
uti
onsdi
scr
imi
nat
e
agai
nstany educat
ionali
nst
it
uti
on on t
he gr
ound t
hati
tis undert
he
managementofami
nor
it
y,whet
herbasedonr
eli
gionorl
anguage.

The mi
nor
it
ies maybe ei
therl
i
ngui
sti
c orr
eli
gious. Meani
ng ofl
i
ngui
sti
c
mi
nor
it
yaccor
dingt
othesai
dAr
ti
clei
sthatonewhi
chhasadi
sti
nctspoken
l
anguage,i
rr
espect
iveofi
tshav
ingt
hescr
ipt
. ThusI
ndi
ahasanumberof
l
anguageswhi
chdonothav
escr
iptoft
hei
rown,t
hepeopl
espeaki
ngsuch
l
anguagewoul
dconst
it
utel
i
ngui
sti
cmi
nor
it
y.
Ar
ti
cle31:Ri
ghtt
opr
oper
ty.

Thi
s Ar
ti
clel
aysdownt
hatnoper
soncoul
dbedepr
ivedofhi
spr
oper
tywi
thout
t
heaut
hor
it
yofl
[Link]
sri
ghthasbeenr
epeal
edt
hrought
heConst
it
uti
onFor
ty-
f
our
th(
Amendment
)Act
,1978,
maki
ngi
tal
egalr
ightunderAr
ti
[Link]
i
tisnomor
einpar
tII
I,I
TISNOMOREAFUNDAMENTALRI
GHT.
 RI
GHTTOCONSTI
TUTI
ONALREMEDI
ES.

Ar
ti
cle32:Remedi
esf
orenf
orcementofr
ight
sconf
err
ed
byt
hisPar
t-

(
1)Ther
ightt
omov
etheSupr
emeCour
tbyappr
opr
iat
epr
oceedi
ngsf
ort
he
enf
orcementoft
her
ight
sconf
err
edbyt
hisPar
tisguar
ant
eed.

(
2)TheSupr
emeCour
tshal
lhav
epowert
oissuedi
rect
ionsoror
der
sorwr
it
s,
i
ncl
udi
ngwr
it
sint
henat
ureofhabeascor
pus,mandamus,pr
ohi
bit
ion,quo-
war
rant
oandcer
ti
orar
i,whi
chev
ermaybeappr
opr
iat
e,f
ort
heenf
orcement
ofanyoft
her
ight
sconf
err
edbyt
hispar
t.

(
3)Wi
thoutpr
ejudi
cet
othepower
sconf
err
ed ont
heSupr
emeCour
tbycl
auses
(
1)and(
2),Par
li
amentmaybyl
aw empoweranyot
hercour
ttoexer
cise
wi
thi
nthel
ocal
li
mit
sofi
tsj
uri
sdi
cti
onal
loranyoft
hepower
sexer
cisabl
eby
t
heSupr
emeCour
tundercl
ause(
2).

(
4)The r
ightguar
ant
eed byt
his ar
ti
cle shal
lnotbe suspended exceptas
ot
her
wisepr
ovi
dedf
orbyt
hisConst
it
uti
on.

TheHi
ghCour
tsandt
heSupr
emeCour
tar
eempower
edt
oissuewr
it
s(i
.e.
wr
it
tenor
der
s)i
nthef
orm ofhabeascor
pus,mandamus,pr
ohi
bit
ion,cer
ti
orar
i
andquowar
rant
o,dependi
ngupont
hei
rappr
opr
iat
eness,
fort
heenf
orcementof
t
hef
undament
alr
ight
sguar
ant
eedbyt
heconst
it
uti
[Link]
ti
cle226empower
s
t
heHi
ghCour
tst
oissuewr
it
s,andAr
ti
cle32empower
stheSupr
emeCour
tto
i
ssuewr
it
[Link]
ear
efi
vet
ypesofwr
it
[Link]
e:

[Link]
itofHabeasCor
pus

[Link]
itofMandamus

[Link]
itofPr
ohi
bit
ion

[Link]
itofCer
ti
orar
i

[Link]
itofQuoWar
rant
o.
[Link]
itofHabeasCor
pus:

TheLat
int
erm‘
Habeas’means‘
hav
e’andt
heLat
int
erm‘
Cor
pus’means
‘
body
’.So,
li
ter
all
y,t
het
erm‘
HabeasCor
pus’
means‘
Bri
ngt
omet
hebody’
or,
‘
l
etushav
ethebody
’.I
nreal
i
ty,i
tisanor
deri
ssuedt
oaper
sonort
he
Gov
ernmentt
obr
ingt
hebody
,oft
heper
soni
nhi
sori
tscust
odyataspeci
fi
ed
t
imet
oaspeci
fi
edpl
acef
oraspeci
fi
edpur
[Link],
whent
heCour
t
i
ssuest
hiswr
it
,itmeanst
hatt
heper
sonmustbephy
sical
l
ypr
esent
edbef
ore
t
heCour
t.

The i
ssuanceofhabeascor
pusmeansanor
dert
othedet
aini
ngaut
hor
it
yor
per
sont
ophy
sical
l
ypr
esentbef
oret
hecour
tthedet
ainedper
sonandshow
t
he cause ofdet
ent
ion so t
hatt
he cour
tcan det
ermi
ne t
he l
egal
i
tyor
ot
her
wiseoft
hedet
ent
ion.I
fthedet
ent
ioni
sfound t
o beunl
awf
ul,t
he
det
ainedper
soni
ssetf
reef
ort
hwi
th(
i.
e.i
mmedi
atel
y).Soawr
itofhabeas
cor
pusi
sasur
eguar
ant
eeofper
sonal
li
ber
ty.

[Link]
itofMandamus:

TheLat
inwor
d‘Mandamus’
li
ter
all
ymeans‘
Wecommand’
or‘
Weor
der
’.So,
a
wr
itofmandamusi
sacommandoranor
derofaHi
ghCour
tort
heSupr
eme
Cour
ttoaGov
ernment
,publ
i
caut
hor
it
y,publ
i
ccor
por
ati
on,ani
nfer
iorcour
t
(
i.
[Link]
dinat
ecour
t)orot
herj
udi
cialaut
hor
it
ytoper
for
mit
sdut
ypr
oper
ly
andr
edr
esst
hegr
iev
ancesoft
hei
ndi
vi
dualaf
fect
ed. I
tisusual
l
yissued
agai
nstapubl
i
caut
hor
it
ythati
sboundt
odoapubl
i
cdut
y,butr
efusest
o
per
for
m hi
sdut
y.

Thi
swr
iti
sissuedonl
yift
heper
sonwhoappl
i
esf
ort
hewr
ithasal
egalr
ight
,
andt
heaut
hor
it
ytowhi
chi
tisi
ssuedhasal
egaldut
ytodosomet
hingornot
t
odosomet
hing.

[Link]
itofPr
ohi
bit
ion:
 Awr
itofpr
ohi
bit
ioni
sanor
deri
ssuedbyahi
ghercour
ttoal
owercour
tort
o
at
ri
bunalt
o st
op pr
oceedi
ngs i
n a par
ti
cul
arcase on t
he gr
ound of
ov
erst
eppi
ngt
hej
uri
sdi
cti
onorv
iol
ati
onoft
her
uleofnat
ural
just
ice.

Theobj
ect
iveofawr
itofpr
ohi
bit
ioni
stocompelt
hesubor
dinat
ecour
tst
o
keep(
i.
e.,
act
)wi
thi
nthel
i
mit
soft
hei
rjur
isdi
cti
on.

[Link]
itofCer
ti
orar
i:

Awr
itofcer
ti
orar
iisanor
derf
ort
her
emov
alofacasef
rom ani
nfer
iorcour
t
t
oasuper
iorcour
tint
hei
nter
estofspeedyj
ust
ice,andal
sobecauset
he
i
nfer
iorcour
tisnotcompet
entt
odealwi
tht
hatmat
ter
.Inshor
t,i
tisawr
it
whi
chor
der
sther
emov
alofacasef
rom ani
nfer
iorcour
ttoasuper
iorcour
t.

Themai
nobj
ect
iveofawr
itofcer
ti
orar
iist
oensur
espeedyj
ust
iceandal
so
t
opr
eventani
nfer
iorcour
t,whi
chi
snotcompet
ent
,fr
om deal
i
ngwi
tht
hesui
t.

[Link]
itofQuoWar
rant
o:

Thet
erm‘
quowar
rant
o’l
i
ter
all
ymeans‘
whati
syouraut
hor
it
y’.So,awr
itof
quowar
rant
oisanor
deri
ssuedt
orest
rai
naper
sonf
rom hol
dinganof
fi
cet
o
whi
chhei
snotent
it
led.I
not
herwor
ds,
awr
itofquowar
rant
oisanor
derby
whi
cht
hehol
derofanof
fi
cei
scal
l
edupont
oshowt
othecour
tunderwhat
aut
hor
it
yhehol
dst
hatof
fi
ce.

Thatmeans,
theobj
ectofawr
itofquowar
rant
oist
oter
minat
eaper
sonf
rom
t
heof
fi
cewhi
chhei
snotl
egal
l
yent
it
ledt
ohol
d.

Ar
ti
cle32oft
heConst
it
uti
onhasbeendescr
ibedbyDr
.Ambedkaras“
the
SoulofourConst
it
uti
on”
.Thi
sAr
ti
clecannotbesuspendedunl
essot
her
wise
pr
ovi
dedbyt
heConst
it
uti
on.
DI
RECTI
VEPRI
NCI
PLESOFSTATEPOLI
CY

Thedi
rect
ivepr
inci
plesofst
atepol
i
cyar
eembodi
edi
nPar
tIVofourConst
it
uti
on.
Ther
ear
e16ar
ti
cles,Vi
z.,Ar
ti
cles36t
o51,i
ntheConst
it
uti
onofI
ndi
adeal
i
ngwi
th
t
hedi
rect
ivepr
inci
plesofst
atepol
i
cy.

Thedi
rect
ivepr
inci
plesofst
atepol
i
cy,cont
ainedi
nourconst
it
uti
on,ar
etheai
ms
and obj
ect
ives t
o be pur
sued by t
he cent
raland st
ate Gov
ernment
sint
he
gov
ernanceoft
hecount
ry.

Thedi
rect
ivepr
inci
plesar
ethei
deal
sandobj
ect
iveswhi
cht
hef
ramer
sofour
const
it
uti
onwi
shedt
obei
mpl
ement
edbyt
hef
utur
eGov
ernment
soft
hecount
ry.

Theyar
etheposi
ti
vedi
rect
ionsori
nst
ruct
ionst
o bef
oll
owed f
orr
unni
ng t
he
Gov
ernment
sandf
ormaki
ngl
aws.

Theyar
enotj
ust
if
iabl
[Link]
s,t
heyar
enotl
egal
l
yenf
orceabl
eincour
tsofl
[Link]
Gov
ernmentcannotbecompel
l
edbyt
hecour
tst
oimpl
ementt
hem.

Cl
assi
fi
cat
ionofDi
rect
ivePr
inci
plesofSt
atePol
icy
:

Thedi
rect
ivepr
inci
plesofst
atepol
i
cyhav
enotbeencl
assi
fi
edi
nourconst
it
uti
on.
Buti
tisbet
tert
hant
heyar
epr
oper
lycl
assi
fi
edf
orpr
operunder
standi
ng.

Thedi
rect
ivepr
inci
plesofst
atepol
i
cycanbecl
assi
fi
edi
ntof
ourcat
egor
[Link]
f
ourcat
egor
iesar
e:

[Link]
ali
sti
cPr
inci
ples,
 [Link]
anPr
inci
ples,

[Link]
ber
alPr
inci
ples,
and

[Link]
alPr
inci
ples.

Soci
ali
sti
cpr
inci
ples:
[Link]
ali
sti
cpr
inci
plesr
efert
othosedi
rect
ivepr
inci
pleswhi
chai
m atsecur
ing
awel
far
esoci
ali
sti
cst
atei
nIndi
a. TheSoci
ali
sti
cpr
inci
plesar
eincl
udedi
n
Ar
ti
cles 38,41,42 and 43 ofourConst
it
uti
[Link] v
ari
ous soci
ali
sti
c
pr
inci
plesar
e:
(
i) Pr
omot
ing wel
far
e of t
he peopl
e by secur
ing a soci
al or
der
char
act
eri
sedbysoci
al,
economi
candpol
i
tical
just
ice(
Art
icl
e38)
(
ii
) Pr
ovi
si
onofadequat
emeansofl
i
vel
i
hoodt
oal
ltheci
ti
zensoft
he
count
ry,
i.
e.,
menaswel
laswomen(
Art
icl
e39)
(
ii
i) Secur
ingequi
tabl
edi
str
ibut
ionoft
hemat
eri
alr
esour
cesoft
hecount
ry
f
orcommongoodandcommonwel
far
e(Ar
ti
cle39c)
(
iv) Oper
ati
onoft
heeconomi
csy
stem i
nsuchawayast
opr
eventt
he
concent
rat
ionofweal
thandmeansofpr
oduct
ioni
nthehandofa
f
ew(
39c)
(
v) Pr
ovi
si
onofequalpayf
orequalwor
kforbot
hmenandwomen(
Art
icl
e
39d)
(
vi) Av
oidi
ngci
rcumst
anceswhi
chf
orcet
heci
ti
zensoft
hecount
ryt
o
f
oll
ow occupat
ionsunsui
tedt
othei
rage,st
rengt
h,andheal
th(
Art
icl
e
39e)
(
vi) Pr
i otect
ion ofchi
l
dren and y
out
hfr
om expl
oit
ati
on and mor
aland
mat
eri
alabandonment
.(Ar
ti
cle39f
)
(
vi) Se
i
i cur
ingf
oral
lpeopl
eri
ghtt
owor
k,r
ightt
oeducat
ionandr
ightt
o
publ
i
c assi
stance i
n case of unempl
oyment
,ol
d age,si
ckness,
di
sabl
ement
,et
c.(
Art
icl
e41)
(
ix) Maki
ngpr
ovi
sionf
orsecur
ingj
ustandhumanecondi
ti
onsofwor
kand
mat
erni
tyr
eli
ef(
Art
icl
e42)
 (
x) Secur
ingf
oral
lwor
ker
swor
kandl
i
vingwage,
decentst
andar
dofl
i
ving
and f
ullenj
oymentofl
eisur
eand soci
aland cul
tur
aloppor
tuni
ti
es
(
Art
icl
e43)
(
xi) Taki
ngpr
opercar
eoft
heweakersect
ionsoft
hesoci
ety(
Art
icl
e46)
(
xi) Ma
i i
ntai
ningpubl
i
cheal
thbyr
aisi
ngt
hel
evel
ofnut
ri
ti
on(
Art
icl
e49)

[Link]
anPr
inci
ples:
Gandhi
anpr
inci
plesr
efert
othosedi
rect
ivepr
inci
plesofst
atepol
icywhi
ch
ai
m atgi
vi
ngashapet
oMahat
maGandhi
’
sideal
[Link]
anpr
inci
ples
ar
elai
ddowni
nAr
ti
cles40,43,46,47and48oft
heConst
it
uti
[Link](
i.
e..
t
heGandhi
anpr
inci
ples)
incl
udet
hef
oll
owi
ng:
(
i) Or
gani
singv
il
lagepanchay
atsandmaki
ngt
hem power
fulenought
o
wor
kasuni
tsofsel
f-
gov
ernment(
Art
icl
e40)
(
ii
) Pr
omot
ionofcot
tagei
ndust
ri
esoni
ndi
vi
dualbasi
sorco-
oper
ati
ve
basi
sinr
ural
areas(
Art
icl
e47)
(
ii
i) Pr
omot
ionoft
heeducat
ionalandeconomi
cint
erest
soft
heweaker
sect
ionsoft
hesoci
ety
,par
ti
cul
arl
yschedul
edt
ri
besandpr
otect
ing
t
hem f
rom soci
ali
njust
iceandal
lfor
msofexpl
oit
ati
on(
Art
icl
e46)
(
iv) Br
ingi
ngaboutpr
ohi
bit
ionont
heconsumpt
ionofi
ntoxi
cat
ingdr
inks
anddr
ugswhi
char
einj
uri
oust
oheal
th(
Art
icl
e47)
(
v) Or
gani
sing agr
icul
tur
e and ani
malhusbandr
y and t
aki
ng st
eps t
o
pr
eser
veandi
mpr
ovet
hebr
eadsofmi
l
chcat
tl
eandpr
ohi
bitt
hei
r
sl
aught
er(
Art
icl
e48)

[Link]
ber
alPr
inci
ples:
Li
ber
alpr
inci
plesr
efert
o pr
inci
pleswhi
ch ai
m atsecur
ing l
iber
all
egal
pr
ovi
[Link]
i
ber
alpr
inci
plesar
eincl
udedi
nAr
ti
cles44,
45and50ofour
Const
it
uti
[Link]
i
ber
alpr
inci
plesi
ncl
udet
hef
oll
owi
ng:
(
i) Secur
ingauni
for
m ci
vi
lcodeappl
i
cabl
etot
heent
ir
ecount
ry.(
Art
icl
e
44)
 (
ii
) Pr
ovi
dingf
reeandcompul
sor
yeducat
iont
oal
lchi
l
drenupt
otheageof
14.(
Art
icl
e45)
(
ii
i) Br
ingi
ng aboutt
he separ
ati
on oft
he j
udi
ciar
yfr
om t
he execut
ive
(
Art
icl
e50)
(
iv) Pr
ovi
si
onoff
reel
egalai
dtot
hepoort
oensur
ethatj
ust
icei
snot
deni
edt
oanyci
ti
zensbecauseofpov
ert
y(39A)

[Link]
alPr
inci
ples:
Gener
alpr
inci
plesr
efert
opr
inci
plesofgener
alnat
ure.
Theyar
eincl
udedi
nAr
ti
cles48A,
49and51ofourConst
it
uti
[Link]
ncl
ude
t
hef
oll
owi
ng:
(
i) Pr
otect
ionandi
mpr
ovementoft
heenv
ironmentandsaf
eguar
dingof
t
hef
orest
sandwi
l
dli
feoft
hecount
ry(
48A)
.
(
ii
) Pr
otect
ing al
l monument
s of hi
stor
ical i
nter
est and nat
ional
i
mpor
tance(
49)
.
(
ii
i) Pr
omot
ionofi
nter
nat
ional
peaceandsecur
it
y(51)
.
(
iv) Mai
ntenanceofj
ustandhonour
abl
erel
ati
onswi
thot
hernat
ions(
51)
.
(
v) Fost
err
espectf
ori
nter
nat
ionall
aw and t
reat
y obl
i
gat
ions i
nthe
deal
i
ngsofor
gani
sedpeopl
ewi
thoneanot
her(
51)
.
(
vi) Set
tl
ement
sofi
nter
nat
ional
disput
esbyar
bit
rat
ion(
51)
.

FUNDAMENTALDUTI
ES
Ri
ght
sanddut
iesar
ethet
wosi
desoft
hesamecoi
[Link]
s,r
ight
sand
dut
iesar
ecor
rel
ati
[Link],
nat
ural
l
y,t
hepeopl
ewhoenj
oycer
tai
nfundament
al
r
ight
sshoul
dal
sobesubj
ect
edt
ocer
tai
nfundament
aldut
ies.

I
nvi
ew oft
hese f
act
s,t
her
e has ar
isen t
he need f
ort
he i
ncl
usi
on of
f
undament
aldut
iesi
nourconst
it
uti
[Link]
dingl
y,asepar
atepar
t,v
iz.
,Par
t
I
V-Awi
thAr
ti
cle51-
Alay
ingdownt
hef
undament
aldut
iesoft
heci
ti
zens,
has
beenaddedt
otheI
ndi
anConst
it
uti he42nd Const
onbyt it
uti
on(
Amendment
)
Act
,1976,
whi
chcamei
ntof
orcewi
thef
fectf
rom 3/
1/1977.

Ar
ti
cle51-
AofPar
tIV-
Ahasspeci
fi
edacodeoft
hef
undament
aldut
iesf
or
t
heci
ti
zens.

Fundament
alDut
iesenshr
inedi
ntheConst
it
uti
onofI
ndi
a

Ar
ti
cle 51-
A of our const
it
uti
on,i
ntr he 42nd Const
oduced by t it
uti
on
(
Amendment
)Act
,1976,
hasl
aiddownt
enf
undament
aldut
iesf
ort
heci
ti
zens
ofI
ndi
[Link]
undament
aldut
iesar
e:

1.I
tshal
lbet
hedut
yofev
eryci
ti
zenofI
ndi
atoabi
debyt
heConst
it
uti
onand
t
orespecti
tsi
deal
sandi
nst
it
uti
ons,t
heNat
ionalFl
agandt
heNat
ional
Ant
hem.

[Link]
ti
zensofI
ndi
amustcher
ishand f
oll
ow t
henobl
eideal
swhi
ch
i
nspi
redournat
ional
str
uggl
eforf
reedom.

[Link]
eryci
ti
zenofI
ndi
amustuphol
dandpr
otectt
hesov
erei
gnt
y,uni
tyand
i
ntegr
it
yofI
ndi
a.

[Link]
eryci
ti
zenofI
ndi
aisexpect
edt
odef
endt
hecount
ryandr
endernat
ional
ser
vice,
whencal
l
edupont
odoso.

5.I
tist
hedut
yofal
ltheci
ti
zensofI
ndi
atopr
omot
ehar
monyandt
hespi
ri
t
ofcommonbr
other
hoodamongal
lthesect
ionsoft
hepeopl
eofI
ndi
a,and
t
orenouncet
hepr
act
icesder
ogat
oryt
othedi
gni
tyofwomen.
6.I
tist
hedut
yofev
eryci
ti
zenofI
ndi
atov
alue,
honourandpr
eser
vet
her
ich
her
it
ageofourcomposi
tecul
tur
e.

7.I
tist
hedut
yofeachandev
eryci
ti
zenofI
ndi
atopr
otectandi
mpr
ovet
he
nat
uralenv
ironmenti
ncl
udi
ngf
orest
s,l
akes,r
iver
sandwi
l
d-l
i
fe,andt
o
hav
ecompassi
onf
orl
i
vingcr
eat
ures.

8.I
tist
hedut
yofal
ltheci
ti
zensofI
ndi
atodev
elopsci
ent
if
ict
emper
,
humani
sm andt
hespi
ri
tofi
nqui
ryandr
efor
m.

9.I
tist
hedut
yofev
eryci
ti
zen ofI
ndi
ato abj
ure(
avoi
d)v
iol
enceand
saf
eguar
dpubl
i
cpr
oper
ty.

10.
Theci
ti
zensofI
ndi
ashoul
dst
ri
vet
owar
dsexcel
l
encei
nal
lspher
esof
i
ndi
vi
dualandcol
l
ect
iveact
ivi
ti
est
oseet
hatt
henat
ionconst
ant
lyr
isest
o
hi
gherl
evel
sofendeav
ourandachi
evement
.

11.
Besi
dest
heabov
etenf
undament
aldut
iesi
ncor
por
atedi
nourConst
it
uti
on
he42nd Const
byt it
uti
on(
Amendment
)Act he86th Const
,1976,t it
uti
on
(
Amendment
)Act
,2002,hasaddedanew cl
ause(
k)t
oAr
ti
cle(
51-
Aand
hasi
mposedanaddi
ti
onalf
undament
aldut
[Link]
ti
onalf
undament
al
dut
yrequi
rest
hepar
entort
heguar
diant
o pr
ovi
deoppor
tuni
ti
esf
or
educat
iont
ohi
schi
l
dorwar
dbet
weent
heageof6t
o14y
ear
s.
UNI
ONEXECUTI
VE,
UNI
ONLEGI
SLATUREANDUNI
ON
JUDI
CIARY

Ther
ear
ethr
eeor
gansoft
hest
ateorGov
ernment
,vi
z.,
thel
egi
slat
ure,
t
heexecut
iveandt
hej
udi
ciar
[Link]
egi
slat
ureshoul
donl
ymakel
aws,
the
execut
iveshoul
dimpl
ementt
hosel
aws(
i.
e.,
shoul
drunt
headmi
nist
rat
ion
accor
ding t
othose l
aws)
,and t
he j
udi
ciar
y shoul
d deci
de di
sput
es
accor
dingt
othosel
[Link],t
hepower
soft
heGov
ernmentar
eshar
ed
amongt
het
hreepr
inci
palor
gansorconst
it
uti
onalf
unct
ionar
ies,v
iz.
,the
l
egi
slat
ure,t
heexecut
iveandt
hej
udi
ciar
[Link]
ari
ousor
gansi
nthe
uni
onoratt
hecent
rear
e(1)TheUni
onExecut
ive,compr
isi
ng(
a)t
he
Execut
iveHead,v
iz.
,thePr
esi
dentofI
ndi
a(b)t
heVi
ce-
Presi
dentofI
ndi
a
and(
c)t
heCounci
lofMi
nist
ersandt
heCabi
net
,headedbyt
hePr
ime
Mi
nist
er,(
2)TheUni
onLegi
slat
ure(
i.
e.,t
heUni
onPar
li
ament
)compr
isi
ng
(
a)t
heLokSabhaand(
b)t
heRaj
yaSabhaand(
3)t
heUni
onJudi
ciar
y,
compr
isi
ngt
heSupr
emeCour
tofI
ndi
a.

Thev
ari
ousor
gansi
neachst
atear
e(1)t
heSt
ateExecut
ive compr
isi
ng
(
a)t
heGov
ernoroft
heSt
ateand(
b)t
heCounci
lofMi
nist
ersandt
he
Cabi
net
,headed by t
he Chi
ef Mi
nist
er,(
2) The St
ate Legi
slat
ure,
compr
isi
ngt
heLegi
slat
iveAssembl
yinmostoft
hest
ates,and(
a)t
he
Legi
slat
iveAssembl
y and(
)theLegi
slat
iveCounci
linsomest
atesl
i
ke
JammuandKashmi
r,Ut
tarPr
adesh,Mahar
asht
ra,Bi
harandKar
nat
aka,
and(
3)t
heSt
ateJudi
ciar
y,compr
isi
ng(
a)t
heHi
ghCour
tand(
b)t
he
Subor
dinat
eCour
ts.

THEPRESI
DENTOFI
NDI
A
I
ndi
a has adopt
ed t
he par
li
ament
ary sy
stem ofGov
ernment
.Int
he
par
li
ament
arysy
stem ofGov
ernment
,ther
ear
etwoexecut
ives,v
iz.
,(i
)
nomi
nalexecut
ive,and(
ii
)realexecut
[Link]
nalexecut
ivei
sthe
Pr
esi
dentofI
ndi
a,andt
her
ealexecut
ivei
sthecabi
netcr
eat
edoutoft
he
counci
lofmi
nist
ers,
headedbyt
hePr
imeMi
nist
er.

Ar
ti
cle52ofourConst
it
uti
onl
aysdownt
hatt
her
eshal
lbeaPr
esi
dentof
I
ndi
[Link]
esi
dentofI
ndi
aisi
ndi
rect
lyel
ect
[Link]
sel
ect
edbyt
he
member
sofanel
ect
oralcol
l
ege,consi
sti
ngoft
heel
ect
edmember
sof
bot
hthehousesoft
heuni
onpar
li
ament
,vi
z.,
theLokSabhaandt
heRaj
ya
Sabha,andt
heel
ect
edmember
soft
hel
egi
slat
iveassembl
i
esoft
he
st
ates.(
Art
icl
e54)
.

I
tispr
ovi
dedi
ntheconst
it
uti
ont
hatt
het
otalv
otespol
l
edbyt
het
wo
housesofpar
li
amentshoul
dbeequalt
othet
otalv
otescastbyal
lthe
st
atel
egi
sl
ati
veassembl
i
es.

Aspeci
almet
hodofdet
ermi
ningt
hewei
ghtandv
alueoft
hev
oteshas
beenpr
ovi
dedi
ntheConst
it
uti
on.

Undert
hisspeci
almet
hod,
thev
alueoft
hev
oteofeachmemberofast
ate
l
egi
slat
iveassembl
yisdet
ermi
nedbydi
vi
dingt
hepopul
ati
onoft
hest
ate
concer
ned(
asdet
ermi
ned byt
hel
astcensus)byt
hest
rengt
hoft
he
el
ect
edmember
sofi
tsl
egi
slat
iveassembl
[Link]
ientsoobt
ainedi
s
di
vi
dedby1000.

Letus di
scuss t
his cal
cul
ati
on wi
th an exampl
[Link] t
he t
otal
popul
ati
onofast
atei
s4,
50,
00,
000,and t
het
otalnumberofel
ect
ed
member
sint
hest
atel
egi
slat
iveassembl
yis300.I
nthi
scase,
thev
alueof
t
hev
oteofeachmemberoft
hatst
atewi
l
lbe:

X i
.e. 4,
50,
00,
0 X = 150
Tot
alpopul
ati
onoft
hest
ate 1 , 00 1
 Tot
alnumberofel
ect
ed 100 300 100
member
sofl
egi
slat
ive 0 0
assembl
y

I
fther
emai
nderi
s500ormor
e,i
tist
akenasone,
andi
fiti
sless
t
han500,
iti
signor
ed.

Val
ueoft
hev
oteofanEl
ect
edM.
P.:

Thev
alueoft
hev
oteofanel
ect
edmemberofpar
li
ament(
whet
hera
memberofLokSabhaoramemberofRaj
yaSabha)i
sdet
ermi
nedas
f
oll
ows:

Tot
alnumberofv
otesassi
gnedt
oal
ltheel
ect
edMLA’
sofal
lthest
ates

Tot
alnumberofel
ect
edMP’
s(i
.e.
,member
sofLokSabha+member
Raj
yaSabha)

Supposet
het
otalnumberofv
otesassi
gnedt
oal
ltheel
ect
edMLA’
sofal
l
t
hest
atesi
s6,
42,
438,andt
het
otalnumberofel
ect
edMP’
sis(
member
s
ofLokSabha543+member
sofRaj
yaSabha238)781.

I
nthi
scase,
thev
alueoft
hev
oteofanel
ect
edM.
P.i
s

6,
42,
438
= 822
781
Fi
xedMi
nimum El
ect
oral
Quot
a:

Undert
hesi
ngl
etr
ansf
erabl
evot
esy
stem,
acandi
dat
eisdecl
aredel
ect
ed
onl
ywhenhesecur
est
her
equi
redort
hemi
nimum el
ect
oralquot
ais
det
ermi
ned.

Ther
equi
redel
ect
oral
quot
aisdet
ermi
nedorar
ri
vedatasf
oll
ows:

Tot
alNumberofv
otespol
l
edi
nthe
el
ect
ion + 1

Numberofmember
stobeel
ect
ed+1

Supposet
het
otalnumberofv
otespol
l
edi
ntheel
ect
ioni
s12,00,
000,t
he
numberofcandi
dat
etobeel
ect
edi
s1,
ther
equi
redel
ect
oral
quot
awi
l
lbe:

Tot
alNumberofv
otespol
l
edi
nthe
el
ect
ion + 1
Numberofmember
stobeel
ect
ed+1

i
.e.12,
00,
000 +1

1+1

i
.e.12,
00,
000+1

i
.e.6,
00,
000+1=6,
00,
001
Ther
equi
redel
ect
oral
quot
ais:
6,00,
001.

Si
ngl
eTr
ansf
erabl
eVot
eSy
stem:

Thesi
ngl
etr
ansf
erabl
evot
esy
stem wor
ksasf
oll
ows:

The v
oter
s,whi
l
e cast
ing t
hei
rvot
es,ar
erequi
red t
oindi
cat
ethei
r
pr
efer
encesi
nfav
ouroft
hev
ari
ouscandi
dat
esi
nthef
ray
.Supposet
her
e
ar
efourcandi
dat
esi
nthef
ray
.Eachv
oterhasf
ourpr
efer
encev
otes,v
iz.
,
f
ir
stpr
efer
encev
ote,
secondpr
efer
encev
ote,t
hir
dpr
efer
encev
ote,f
our
th
pr
efer
encev
ote,and hehast
o mar
khi
spr
efer
encei
nfav
ouroft
he
candi
dat
easperhi
swi
sh.

Af
tert
hecast
ingofv
otesi
sov
er,t
hecount
ingofv
otespol
l
edbyv
ari
ous
candi
dat
esi
[Link]
rst
,thef
ir
stpr
efer
encev
otepol
l
edbyv
ari
ous
candi
dat
esi
scount
ed. I
fanycandi
dat
e secur
est
he f
ixed mi
nimum
el
ect
oral
quot
a,hei
sdecl
aredel
ect
ed.

I
fnocandi
dat
esecur
est
hef
ixedmi
nimum el
ect
oralquot
aint
hef
ir
st
count
,thecandi
dat
ewhohassecur
edt
hel
eastnumberoff
ir
stpr
efer
ence
v
otesi
sel
i
minat
ed,and t
hesecond pr
efer
encev
otesr
ecor
ded i
n hi
s
f
avourar
etr
ansf
err
edt
otheot
hert
hreecandi
dat
[Link]
tert
hataddi
ti
oni
f
anycandi
dat
esecur
est
hef
ixedmi
nimum el
ect
oralquot
a,hei
sdecl
ared
el
ect
ed.

Ev
eni
nthesecondcount
,ifnocandi
dat
eget
sel
ect
ed,
thet
hir
dcount
ingi
s
t
akenup.I
nthi
scount
,oft
het
hreecandi
dat
esr
emai
ningi
nthef
ray
,the
candi
dat
ewhohassecur
edt
hel
eastf
ir
stpr
efer
encev
otesi
sel
i
minat
ed
andhi
sthi
rdpr
efer
encev
otesar
etr
ansf
err
edt
otheot
hert
wocandi
dat
es.
Af
tert
het
ransf
er,i
fanycandi
dat
esecur
est
hef
ixedmi
nimum el
ect
oral
quot
a,hei
sdecl
aredel
ect
[Link]
spr
ocesswi
l
lcont
inuet
il
lacandi
dat
e
obt
ainst
her
equi
redorf
ixedmi
nimum el
ect
oral
quot
a.

The met
hod of el
ect
ion of t
he Pr
esi
dent i
s cal
l
ed “
Propor
ti
onal
Repr
esent
ati
onbymeansofsi
ngl
etr
ansf
erabl
evot
ingsy
stem”
.Thi
svot
e
i
sexer
cisedt
hroughsecr
etbal
l
ot.

Themanneroft
heel
ect
ionoft
hePr
esi
denti
spr
ovi
dedi
nAr
ti
cle55oft
he
Const
it
uti
on.

Ter
m oft
hePr
esi
dent(
Art
icl
e56)

ThePr
esi
denthol
dsof
fi
cef
orat
erm off
ivey
ear
sfr
om t
hedat
eonwhi
ch
heent
erst
heof
fi
[Link]
sal
soel
i
gibl
eforr
e-el
ect
[Link]
esi
dentcan
r
esi
gnf
rom hi
sof
fi
ceatanyt
imeaddr
essi
ngt
her
esi
gnat
ionl
ett
ert
othe
Vi
cePr
esi
dentofI
ndi
a.

Qual
if
icat
ionsf
orel
ect
ionofPr
esi
dent(
Art
icl
e58)
.

[Link]
dbeaci
ti
zenofI
ndi
a.

[Link]
dhav
ecompl
eted35y
ear
sofage.

[Link]
dbequal
i
fiedf
orel
ect
ionasamemberoft
heLokSabha;
and

[Link] shoul
d nothol
d anyof
fi
ce ofpr
ofi
tundert
he Uni
on orSt
ate
Gov
ernment
.
Oat
hbyPr
esi
dent(
Art
icl
e60)
.

Theoat
hofof
fi
cei
sadmi
nist
eredbyt
heChi
efJust
iceofI
ndi
aandi
nhi
s
absence,t
he seni
ormostJudgeoft
heSupr
emeCour
t. The
Pr
esi
dentt
akesanoat
h“t
opr
eser
ve,pr
otectanddef
endt
heConst
it
uti
on
andt
hel
aw”and“
todev
otehi
msel
ftot
heser
viceandwel
l
bei
ngoft
he
peopl
eofI
ndi
a”.

I
mpeachmentoft
hePr
esi
dent(
Art
icl
e61)

ThePr
esi
dentcanber
emov
edf
rom of
fi
cebef
orecompl
eti
onofhi
ster
m
byi
mpeachmentont
hegr
oundofv
iol
ati
onoft
heConst
it
uti
on.

Ei
therHouseofPar
li
amentcani
nit
iat
ethei
mpeachmentpr
oceedi
[Link]
l
eastone-
four
thofmember
soft
heHouse,whi
chf
ramedt
hechar
gesf
or
i
mpeachment
,shoul
dsi
gnt
hesechar
gesanda14day
’snot
iceshal
lbe
gi
vent
othePr
esi
dent
.Af
tert
hei
mpeachmentbi
l
lispassedbyamaj
ori
ty
oft
wo-
thi
rdsoft
het
otalmember
soft
hatHouse,i
tissentt
otheot
her
house,whi
chshal
linv
est
igat
ethechar
[Link]
esi
dentshal
lhav
ethe
r
ightt
oappearandt
ober
epr
esent
edatsuchi
nvest
igat
ion.I
ftheot
her
houseal
sosust
ainst
hechar
gesandpassest
hei
mpeachmentbi
l
lbya
maj
ori
ty oft
wo-
thi
rds oft
he t
otalmember
shi
p oft
hathouse,t
he
Pr
esi
dentst
andsr
emov
edf
rom hi
sof
fi
cef
rom t
hedat
eonwhi
cht
hebi
l
l
i
ssopassed.

Whenav
acancyar
isesi
ntheof
fi
ceoft
hePr
esi
dentduet
ohi
sdeat
h,
r
esi
gnat
ion orr
emov
alorot
her
wise,t
he Vi
ce Pr
esi
dentact
s as t
he
Pr
esi
dentunt
ilanewPr
esi
denti
sel
ect
[Link]
ther
,whent
hePr
esi
denti
s
unabl
etodi
schar
gehi
sfunct
ionsduet
oabsence,i
l
lnessoranyot
her
cause,t
heVi
cePr
esi
dent
sdi
schar
geshi
sfunct
ionst
il
lthePr
esi
dent
r
esumeshi
sof
fi
ce. Anel
ect
iont
ofi
l
lav
acancyi
ntheof
fi
ceoft
he
Pr
esi
dentoccur
ri
ngduet
ohi
sdeat
h,r
esi
gnat
ionorr
emov
alorot
her
wise
shoul
dbehel
dwi
thi
nsi
xmont
hsf
rom t
hedat
eofoccur
renceofsuch
v
acancy
.
POWERSANDFUNCTI
ONSOFTHEPRESI
DENT

Execut
ivePower
s:

i
) Al
lexecut
iveact
ionsoft
heGov
ernmentofI
ndi
ashal
lbeexpr
essed
t
obet
akeni
nthenameoft
hePr
esi
dent
.(Ar
ti
cle77[
1])
.

i
i) ThePr
esi
dentcanmaker
ulesspeci
fyi
ngt
hemanneri
nwhi
cht
he
or
der and ot
her i
nst
rument
s made i
n hi
s name shal
l be
aut
hent
icat
ed.(
Art
icl
e77[
2])
.

i
ii
) ThePr
esi
dentshal
lmaker
ulesf
ormor
econv
eni
entt
ransact
ionof
busi
nessoft
heGov
ernmentofI
ndi
a,andf
oral
l
ocat
ionoft
he
busi
nessamongt
hemi
nist
ers.(
Art
icl
e77[
3])
.

i
v) The Pr
esi
dentappoi
ntst
he Pr
ime Mi
nist
erand t
he Counci
lof
Mi
nist
ers.

v
) The Pr
esi
dent appoi
ntst
he At
tor
ney Gener
al of I
ndi
a,t
he
Compt
rol
l
erand Audi
torGener
alofI
ndi
a,t
he Chi
efEl
ect
ion
Commi
ssi
onerandot
herEl
ect
ionCommi
ssi
oner
s,t
heChai
rman
and member
s of t
he Uni
on Publ
i
c Ser
vice Commi
ssi
on,t
he
Gov
ernor
s ofSt
ates,t
he Chai
rman and member
s ofFi
nance
Commi
ssi
on,
etc.

v
i) ThePr
esi
dentcanseeki
nfor
mat
ionr
elat
ingt
otheadmi
nist
rat
ion
ofaf
fai
rsoft
heGov
ernmentofI
ndi
aandpr
oposal
sforl
egi
slat
ion
f
rom t
hePr
imeMi
nist
er.(
Art
icl
e78[
a])
.

v
ii
) The Pr
esi
dentcan r
equi
ret
he Pr
ime Mi
nist
ert
o submi
tfor
consi
der
ati
onoft
heCounci
lofMi
nist
ers,anymat
teronwhi
cha
deci
sionhasbeent
akenbyami
nist
erbut
,whi
cht
hecounci
lhas
notconsi
der
ed.(
Art
icl
e78[
c])
.

v
ii
i) The Pr
esi
dentcan appoi
nta commi
ssi
on t
o enqui
rei
ntot
he
condi
ti
onsofSC’
sST’
sandot
herbackwar
dcl
asses.(
Art
icl
e338)
.

i
x) ThePr
esi
dentcanappoi
ntani
nter
-st
atecounci
ltopr
omot
ecent
re-
st
ateandi
nter
-st
atecooper
ati
on.
x) ThePr
esi
dentdi
rect
lyadmi
nist
erst
heUni
onTer
ri
tor
ies.(
Art
icl
e
239)
.

Legi
slat
ivePower
s:

ThePr
esi
dent
,bei
ngani
ntegr
alpar
toft
hePar
li
amentofI
ndi
a,enj
oys
cer
tai
nlegi
sl
ati
vepower
[Link]
e:

i
) ThePr
esi
dentnomi
nat
es12member
stot
heRaj
yaSabhaf
rom
amongst per
sons hav
ing speci
alknowl
edge of or pr
act
ical
exper
iencei
nrespectofl
i
ter
atur
e,sci
ence,ar
tandsoci
alser
vice.
(
Art
icl
e80)
.

i
i
) ThePr
esi
dentmaynomi
nat
etwomember
stot
heLokSabhaf
rom
t
heAngl
o-I
ndi
ancommuni
ty,i
fhei
soft
heopi
niont
hatt
heAngl
o-
I
ndi
an communi
tyi
snotadequat
elyr
epr
esent
ed i
nthe House.
(
Art
icl
e331)
.

i
i
i) ThePr
esi
dentcanf
rom t
imet
oti
mesummonorpr
orogueei
ther
HouseofPar
li
amentordi
ssol
vet
heLokSabha.(
Art
icl
e85)
.

i
v) ThePr
esi
dentmayaddr
essei
therHouseofPar
li
amentorsummon
t
hej
ointsi
tt
ingofbot
htheHousesofPar
li
ament
,whi
chi
spr
esi
ded
ov
erbyt
heSpeakeroft
heLokSabha.(
Art
icl
e86[
1])
.

v
) ThePr
esi
dentmaysendmessaget
oei
therHouseofPar
li
ament
wi
thr
espectt
oabi
l
lpendi
ngi
nthePar
li
amentorot
her
wise.(
Art
icl
e
86[
2])
.

v
i) The Pr
esi
dentmayaddr
ess ei
therHouse ofPar
li
amentatt
he
commencementoft
hef
ir
stsessi
onaf
tereachgener
alel
ect
iont
o
t
heLokSabhaandatt
hecommencementoft
hef
ir
stsessi
onof
eachy
ear
.(Ar
ti
cle87)
.

v
ii
) ThePr
esi
dentmayappoi
ntanymemberoft
heRaj
yaSabhat
o
pr
esi
de ov
ert
he pr
oceedi
ngs when t
he of
fi
ces ofbot
hthe
Chai
rmanandt
heDeput
yChai
rmanf
all
vacant
.(Ar
ti
cle91)
.

v
ii
i) ThePr
esi
dentmayappoi
ntanymemberf
rom t
heLokSabhat
o
 pr
esi
deov
eri
tspr
oceedi
ngswhent
heof
fi
cesofbot
htheSpeaker
s
andDeput
ySpeakerf
all
vacant
.(Ar
ti
cle95)
.

i
x) ThePr
esi
denthast
hepowert
odeci
deont
hequest
ionsast
o
di
squal
i
ficat
ionofmember
soft
hePar
li
amenti
nconsul
tat
ionwi
th
t
heEl
ect
ionCommi
ssi
onandt
hedeci
siongi
venbyt
hePr
esi
dent
shal
lbef
inal
.(Ar
ti
cle103)
.

x) Whenabi
l
lhasbeenpassedbybot
htheHousesofPar
li
ament
,it
shal
lbepr
esent
edt
othePr
esi
dent
,thePr
esi
dentcan

(
a)gi
vehi
sassentt
othebi
l
l,or

(
b)wi
thhol
dhi
sassentt
othebi
l
l(Vet
oPower
),or

(
c)r
etur
nthebi
l
l(i
fiti
snotmoneybi
l
l)f
orr
econsi
der
ati
onoft
he
Par
li
ament
.(Ar
ti
cle111)
.

xi
) ThePr
esi
dentcanpr
omul
gat
eor
dinancewhent
hePar
li
amenti
s
noti
nsessi
oni
fhei
ssat
isf
iedt
hatt
heci
rcumst
ancessoexi
st
whi
chdemandi
mmedi
ateact
[Link]
er,suchor
dinancesmust
be appr
oved by t
he Par
li
ament wi
thi
n si
x weeks f
rom i
ts
r
eassembl
[Link]
sal
soempower
edt
owi
thdr
awsuchor
dinancesat
anyt
ime.(
Art
icl
e123)
.

xi
i
) The Pr
esi
dentl
ayst
he r
epor
toft
he Compt
rol
l
erand Audi
tor
Gener
al,Uni
onPubl
i
cSer
viceCommi
ssi
on,Fi
nanceCommi
ssi
on
andot
herCommi
ssi
onsbef
oret
hePar
li
ament
.

Fi
nanci
alPower
s:

i
) Moneybi
l
lscanbei
ntr
oducedi
nthePar
li
amentonl
ywi
tht
hepr
ior
r
ecommendat
ionoft
hePr
esi
dent
.(Ar
ti
cle117)
.

i
i
) ThePr
esi
dentshal
linr
espectofev
eryf
inanci
aly
earcauset
obe
l
aidbef
oret
hePar
li
amentast
atementofest
imat
edr
ecei
ptsand
expendi
tur
eoft
heGov
ernmentofI
ndi
afort
haty
ear
,whi
chi
scal
l
ed
 ast
he‘
annual
financi
alst
atement
’(Ar
ti
cle112)
.

i
i
i) No demand f
or a gr
ant shal
l be made except on t
he
r
ecommendat
ionoft
hePr
esi
dent
.(Ar
ti
cle113[
3])
.

i
v) ThePr
esi
dentcanmakeadv
ancesoutoft
hem Cont
ingencyFund
ofI
ndi
atomeetanyunf
oreseenexpendi
tur
e.(
Art
icl
e267)
.

v
) ThePr
esi
dentappoi
ntsCompt
rol
l
erandAudi
torGener
alofI
ndi
ato
exami
net
heaccount
sofUni
onandSt
ateGov
ernment
s.(
Art
icl
e
148)
.

v
i) ThePr
esi
dentconst
it
utesaFi
nanceCommi
ssi
onev
eryf
ivey
ear
s
t
orecommendt
hedi
str
ibut
ionoft
axesbet
weent
heCent
reand
St
ate.(
Art
icl
e280)
.

Judi
cialPower
s:

i
) ThePr
esi
dentappoi
ntst
heChi
efJust
iceandt
hej
udgesoft
he
Supr
emeCour
tandHi
ghCour
ts.(
Art
icl
e124[
2])
.

i
i
) ThePr
esi
dentcanseekadv
icef
rom t
heSupr
emeCour
tonany
quest
ionofl
aworf
act
.(Ar
ti
cle143)
.

i
i
i) The Pr
esi
dentshal
lhav
e powert
o gr
antpar
dons,r
epr
iev
es,
r
espi
tesandr
emi
ssi
onsofpuni
shment
,ort
osuspend,r
emi
tor
commut
ethesent
enceofanyper
sonconv
ict
edofanyof
fence.
(
Art
icl
e72)

(
a)i
nal
lcaseswher
ethepuni
shmentorsent
encei
sbyacour
t
mar
ti
al

(
b)i
nal
lcaseswher
ethepuni
shmentorsent
encei
sforanof
fence
agai
nstanyl
aw r
elat
ingt
oamat
tert
owhi
cht
heexecut
ive
poweroft
heUni
onext
ends

(
c)i
nal
lcaseswher
ethesent
encei
sasent
enceofdeat
h.

Di
plomat
icPower
s:
ThePr
esi
dentbei
ngt
hef
ir
stci
ti
zenofI
ndi
a

i
) TheNat
ionalandI
nter
nat
ionalt
reat
iesandConv
ent
ionswi
l
lbe
negot
iat
edandconcl
udedi
nthenameoft
hePr
esi
dentofI
ndi
a.
Howev
er,
theyar
esubj
ectt
otheappr
oval
oft
hePar
li
ament

i
i
) ThePr
esi
dentsendsandr
ecei
vesdi
plomat
icr
epr
esent
ati
vesl
i
ke
ambassador
s,hi
ghcommi
ssi
oner
sandsoon.

Mi
li
tar
yPower
s:

ThePr
esi
denti
ssupr
emecommanderoft
hedef
encef
orcesofI
ndi
a

i
) I
nthatcapaci
ty,heappoi
ntst
hechi
efsoft
heAr
my,t
heNav
yand
t
heAi
rFor
ce.

i
i
) Hecan decl
arewarorconcl
udepeacet
reat
iessubj
ectt
othe
appr
oval
oft
hePar
li
ament
.

Emer
gencyPower
s:

TheConst
it
uti
onconf
ersont
hePr
esi
dentpowert
opr
ocl
aimt
hef
oll
owi
ng
t
ypesofemer
genci
es:

 Nat
ional
Emer
gency(
Art
icl
e352)

 St
ateEmer
gency(
Art
icl
e356)

 Fi
nanci
alEmer
gency(
Art
icl
e360)
.

Powerdur
ingpr
ocl
amat
ionofNat
ionalEmer
gency
:

i
) ThePr
esi
dentcangi
vedi
rect
ionst
oanyst
atesast
othemanneri
n
whi
cht
heexecut
ivepower
soft
hest
atei
stobeexer
cised.(
Art
icl
e
353)

i
i
) ThePr
esi
dentmaymodi
fyt
hepat
ter
nofdi
str
ibut
ionoff
inanci
al
r
esour
cesbet
weent
heUni
onandt
heSt
ates.(
Art
icl
e354)

i
i
i) Whent
hepr
ocl
amat
ioni
smadeont
hegr
oundofwarorext
ernal
aggr
essi
on t
he r
ightt
othe si
xfundament
alf
reedoms can be
 suspendedbyt
hePr
esi
dent
.(Ar
ti
cle358)

i
v) The Pr
esi
dentcan suspend t
he f
undament
alr
ight
s ofci
ti
zens
exceptt
her
ightt
oli
feandper
sonall
i
ber
tyi
nAr
ti
cle21andt
he
r
ightt
opr
otect
ioni
nrespectofconv
ict
ionf
orof
fencesi
nAr
ti
cle20.
(
Art
icl
e359)

Power
sofPr
esi
dentdur
ingpr
ocl
amat
ionofSt
ateEmer
gency
:

i
) ThePr
esi
dentmayassumet
ohi
msel
fal
loranyoft
hef
unct
ionsof
t
he St
ate Gov
ernmentorany oft
he powerexci
sabl
e by t
he
Gov
ernororanybodyoraut
hor
it
yint
heSt
ateot
hert
han t
he
Legi
slat
ureoft
heSt
ate.(
Art
icl
e356[
a])

i
i
) ThePr
esi
dentcandecl
aret
hatt
hepower
soft
heSt
ateLegi
slat
ure
shal
lbeexer
cisabl
ebyorundert
heaut
hor
it
yoft
hePar
li
ament
.
(
Art
icl
e356[
b])

i
i
i) ThePar
li
amentcanconf
eront
hePr
esi
dentt
hepowert
omake
l
awswhi
chi
sthepoweroft
heSt
ateLegi
slat
ure.(
Art
icl
e357[
a])

i
v) ThePr
esi
dentcanaut
hor
iseexpendi
tur
efr
om t
heConsol
i
dat
ed
Fund oft
heSt
ate,whent
heLokSabhai
snoti
nsessi
onand
pendi
ng t
he sanct
ion ofsuch expendi
tur
e by t
he Par
li
ament
.
(
Art
icl
e357[
c])
.

Power
sofPr
esi
dentdur
ingpr
ocl
amat
ionofFi
nanci
alEmer
gency
:

i
) ThePr
esi
dentcangi
vedi
rect
ionst
otheSt
atest
oobser
vet
he
canonsoff
inanci
alpr
opr
iet
y.(
Art
icl
e360[
3])

i
i
) ThePr
esi
dentcani
ssuedi
rect
ionsf
ort
her
educt
ionofsal
ari
esand
al
l
owancesofal
loranycl
assofper
sons.(
Art
icl
e360[
4][
a][
i]
)

i
i
i) ThePr
esi
dentcanr
equi
ret
hatal
lmoneybi
l
lsandot
herf
inanci
al
bi
l
ls passed by t
he St
ate Legi
slat
ure be r
eser
ved f
or hi
s
consi
der
ati
on.(
Art
icl
e360[
4][
a][
ii
])

i
v) ThePr
esi
dentcani
ssuedi
rect
ionsf
ort
her
educt
ionofsal
ari
esand
al
l
owancesofal
loranycl
assofper
sonsser
vingi
nconnect
ionwi
th
 t
heaf
fai
rsoft
heUni
on,i
ncl
udi
ngt
hej
udgesoft
heSupr
emeCour
t
andt
heHi
ghCour
ts.(
Art
icl
e360[
4][
b])
.

Howev
er,
Financi
alEmer
gencyhasnotbeendecl
aredi
nIndi
asof
ar.

THEVI
CEPRESI
DENT

Ar
ti
cle63–Ther
eshal
lbeaVi
cePr
esi
dentofI
ndi
a.

Ar
ti
cle64–TheVi
cePr
esi
denti
sex-
off
ici
oChai
rmanofRaj
yaSabha.

Ar
ti
cle65- TheVi
cePr
esi
dentcandi
schar
get
hef
unct
ionsoft
he
Pr
esi
denti
ntheev
entofoccur
renceofanyv
acancyi
ntheof
fi
ceoft
he
Pr
esi
dentduet
odeat
h,r
esi
gnat
ionorr
emov
alofPr
esi
dent
,orwhent
he
Pr
esi
denti
sunabl
etodi
schar
gehi
sfunct
ionsduet
oabsence,i
l
lnessor
anyot
hercause.

SI
MILARI
TIES OF THE OFFI
CE OF THE PRESI
DENT AND VI
CE-
PRESI
DENT

Mustbeaci
ti
zenofI
ndi
a

Qual
i
ficat
ions Musthav
ecompl
etedt
heageof35y
ear
s
f
orEl
ect
ion
Mustnothol
danyof
fi
ceofpr
ofi
tundert
heGov
ernment
ofI
ndi
aorofaSt
ate ofanyot
heraut
hor
it
yundert
he
cont
rol
ofei
theroft
heGov
ernment
s

El
ect
ion I
n accor
dance wi
th t
he sy
stem of Pr
opor
ti
onal
r
epr
esent
ati
onbymeansofasi
ngl
etr
ansf
erabl
evot
e.

Ter
m ofOf
fi
ce Fi
vey
ear
sfr
om t
hedat
eofent
eri
ngof
fi
ce

Re-
elect
ion Anynumberoft
imes.

DI
SSI
MILARI
TIES OF THE OFFI
CE OF THE PRESI
DENT AND VI
CE-
PRESI
DENT.

Pr
esi
dent Vi
ce-
Presi
dent
Qual
i
ficat
ion Must be qual
i
fied f
or Must be qual
i
fied f
or
f
orEl
ect
ion el
ect
ion ofHouse oft
he el
ect
ionofCounci
lofSt
ates
Peopl
e(LokSabha) (
Raj
yaSabha)

El
ect
ion El
ect
edbyEl
ect
oralCol
l
ege El
ect
edbyEl
ect
oralCol
l
ege
consi
sti
ng of el
ect
ed consi
sti
ng of el
ect
ed
member
sof member
sofbot
htheHouse
(
a) Bot
h Houses of ofPar
li
ament
Par
li
ament (
b) Legi
slat
ive
Assembl
i
esoft
heSt
ates
Resi
gnat
ion May r
esi
gn ear
li
er, by Mayr
esi
gnear
li
er,
bywr
it
ing
wr
it
ing addr
essed t
o Vi
ce- addr
essedt
oPr
esi
dent
Pr
esi
dent

Remov
al May be r
emov
ed by t
he May be r
emov
ed by a
pr
ocessofi
mpeachment r
esol
uti
on passed by
maj
ori
ty of member
s of
Counci
l of St
ates and
agr
eedt
oitbyt
heHouseof
t
hePeopl
e.

Funct
ions Theexecut
ivepoweroft
he Ther
e ar
e no speci
al
Uni
onv
est
edi
nhi
m,andhe f
unct
ionsast
obeexer
cised
exer
cisesi
t,ont
headv
ice as t
he Vi
ce-
Presi
dent
.
oft
heCounci
lofMi
nist
ers Howev
er,i
fthe v
acancy
oft
heUni
on. ar
isesi
ntheof
fi
ceoft
he
Pr
esi
dent
,hehast
oactas
Pr
esi
dent unt
il a new
pr
esi
dent i
s el
ect
ed and
ent
ersupont
heof
fi
ce.

Act
sasex-
off
ici
oChai
rman
ofCounci
lofSt
ates.
 THEPRI
MEMI
NISTER
Ar
ti
cle74(
1):Ther
eshal
lbeaCounci
lofMi
nist
erswi
tht
hePr
imeMi
nist
er
att
heheadt
oai
dandadv
iset
hePr
esi
dentwhoshal
l
,int
heexer
ciseofhi
s
f
unct
ions,
acti
naccor
dancewi
thsuchadv
[Link]
imeMi
nist
ershal
lbe
att
heheadoft
heCounci
lofMi
nist
ers.

Appoi
ntmentoft
hePr
imeMi
nist
er

Ar
ti
cle75(
1):ThePr
imeMi
nist
ershal
lbeappoi
ntedbyt
hePr
esi
dentand
ot
herMi
nist
ersshal
lbeappoi
ntedbyt
hePr
esi
dentont
headv
iceoft
he
Pr
imeMi
nist
er.

Ar
ti
cle75(
2):TheMi
nist
ersshal
lhol
dof
fi
cedur
ingt
hepl
easur
eoft
he
Pr
esi
dent
.

Ar
ti
cle75(
3):TheCounci
lofMi
nist
ersshal
lbecol
l
ect
ivel
yresponsi
blet
o
t
heHouseoft
hePeopl
e.

Ar
ti
cle75(
4):Bef
oreaMi
nist
erent
ersuponhi
sof
fi
ce;
thePr
esi
dentshal
l
admi
nist
ert
ohi
mtheoat
hofof
fi
ceandofsecr
ecyaccor
dingt
othef
orms
setoutf
ort
hepur
poseoft
heThi
rdSchedul
e.

Ar
ti
cle75(
5):AMi
nist
erwhof
oranyper
iodofsi
xconsecut
ivemont
hsi
s
notamemberofei
therHouseofPar
li
amentshal
latt
heexpi
rat
ionoft
hat
per
iodceaset
obeaMi
nist
er.

Const
it
uti
onalPosi
ti
on

Pr
esi
denti
sthenomi
nalexecut
iveaut
hor
it
yandPr
imeMi
nist
eri
sther
eal
execut
iveaut
hor
it
y.I
nor
derwor
ds,Pr
esi
denti
stheheadoft
hest
ate
whi
l
ePr
imeMi
nist
eri
stheheadoft
heGov
ernment
.

Power
sandf
unct
ions

Thepower
sandf
unct
ionsofPr
imeMi
nist
ercanbest
udi
edundert
he
f
oll
owi
ngheads:
Ar
ti
cle78:I
nrel
ati
ont
othePr
esi
dent
:ThePr
imeMi
nist
erexer
cisest
he
f
oll
owi
ngpower
sinr
elat
iont
othePr
esi
dent
:

1)Hei
sthepr
inci
palchannelofcommuni
cat
ionbet
weent
hePr
esi
dent
and t
he Counci
lofMi
nist
ers. I
nthi
s capaci
ty,he per
for
ms t
he
f
oll
owi
ngf
unct
ions:

a)Tocommuni
cat
etot
hePr
esi
dental
ldeci
sionsoft
heCounci
lof
Mi
nist
ersr
elat
ingt
oadmi
nist
rat
ionoft
heaf
fai
rsoft
heUni
onand
pr
oposal
sfort
hel
egi
slat
ions.

b)To f
urni
sh suchi
nfor
mat
ionr
elat
ing t
o admi
nist
rat
ion oft
he
af
fai
rsoft
heUni
onandpr
oposal
sforl
egi
slat
ionast
hePr
esi
dent
maycal
lfor
;and

c)I
fthePr
esi
dentsor
equi
res,t
osubmi
tfort
heconsi
der
ati
onoft
he
Counci
lofMi
nist
ersanymat
teronwhi
chadeci
sionhasbeent
aken
byami
nist
erbutwhi
chhasnotbeenconsi
der
edbyt
heCounci
l
.

I
nrel
ati
ont
othePar
li
ament
:ThePr
imeMi
nist
eri
sleaderoft
heLok
Sabha.I
nthi
s capaci
ty,
heenj
oyst
hef
oll
owi
ngpower
s:

1)Hecanr
ecommenddi
ssol
uti
onoft
heLokSabhat
oPr
esi
dentatany
t
ime.

2)Heast
heChi
efoft
heGov
ernmentannouncesGov
ernmentpol
i
cieson
t
hef
looroft
heHouse.

I
nrel
ati
ont
otheCounci
lofMi
nist
ers:ThePr
imeMi
nist
erenj
oyst
he
f
oll
owi
ngpower
s ast
heheadoft
heUni
onCounci
lofMi
nist
ers.

1)Her
ecommendsper
sonswhocanbeappoi
ntedasmi
nist
ersbyt
he
Pr
esi
dent
.

2)Heal
l
ocat
esandr
eshuf
fl
esv
ari
ouspor
tfol
i
osamongt
hemi
nist
ers.

3)Hecanaskami
nist
ert
oresi
gnoradv
iset
hePr
esi
dentt
odi
smi
sshi
m.

4)He pr
esi
des ov
ert
he meet
ings oft
he Counci
lofMi
nist
ers and
i
nfl
uencesi
tsdeci
sions.
5)Hegui
des,di
rect
s,cont
rol
sandcoor
dinat
est
heact
ivi
ti
esofal
lthe
mi
nist
ers.

6)He can br
ing aboutt
he col
l
apse oft
he Counci
lofMi
nist
ers by
r
esi
gni
ngf
rom t
heof
fi
ce.

Mi
scel
laneousPower
s:

1)He i
s t
he Chai
rman of t
he Pl
anni
ng Commi
ssi
on, Nat
ional
Dev
elopmentCounci
l
,Nat
ionali
ntegr
ati
on Counci
land I
nter
-St
ate
counci
l
.

2)Hepl
aysasi
gni
fi
cantr
olei
nshapi
ngt
hef
orei
gnpol
i
cyoft
hecount
ry.

3)Hei
sthechi
efspokesmanoft
heUni
onGov
ernment
.

4)He i
sthe cr
isi
s manager
-i
n-chi
ef at t
he pol
i
ticall
eveldur
ing
emer
genci
es.

5)Asal
eaderoft
henat
ion,hemeet
svar
ioussect
ionsofpeopl
ein
di
ff
erentst
atesandr
ecei
vesmemor
andaf
rom t
hem r
egar
dingt
hei
r
pr
obl
ems,
andsoon.

6)Hei
sthel
eaderoft
hepar
tyi
npower
.

7)Hei
spol
i
tical
headoft
hest
ate.

TheCounci
lofMi
nist
ers:

TheConst
it
uti
ondoesnotcl
assi
fyt
heCounci
lofMi
nist
ersi
ntodi
ff
erent
r
anks. Al
lthi
s cl
assi
fi
cat
ion ofMi
nist
ers has been done i
nfor
mal
l
y,
f
oll
owi
ngt
heEngl
i
shpr
act
ice.

Themi
nist
ersar
ecl
assi
fi
edundert
hreer
anks:

i
) Cabi
netMi
nist
ers

i
i
) Mi
nist
erofSt
ate

i
i
i) Deput
yMi
nist
ers.

ThePr
esi
dentappoi
ntst
heMi
nist
ersont
headv
iceoft
hePr
imeMi
nist
er,
al
soal
l
ocat
espor
tfol
i
osamongt
hem anddet
ermi
nest
her
ankofdi
ff
erent
Mi
nist
[Link]
ti
cle75(
1).

THECABI
NET

I
tist
hei
nnerbodyoft
heCounci
lofMi
nist
ers.I
tiscomposedofCabi
net
Mi
nist
erswhohol
dsi
mpor
tantpor
tfol
i
[Link]
eresponsi
blegener
all
y
f
ort
heGov
ernment
’spol
i
cyandadmi
nist
rat
[Link]
koft
heCabi
net
i
smai
nlydonebyCabi
netCommi
tt
ees.

TheCabi
nethasf
ourmaj
orf
unct
ionst
oexer
cise:

 To appr
ove al
lpr
oposal
sfor t
he l
egi
slat
ive enact
ment of
Gov
ernmentPol
i
cy.

 Tor
ecommendal
lmaj
orappoi
ntment
s.

 Toset
tl
eint
erdepar
tment
aldi
sput
es,
and

 To co-
ordi
nat
ethe v
ari
ous act
ivi
ti
es oft
he Gov
ernmentand
ov
erseet
heexecut
ionofi
tspol
i
cies.

POWERSANDFUNCTI
ONSOFTHECOUNCI
LOFMI
NISTERS:

TheCounci
lofMi
nist
ersf
ormst
heGov
ernmentoft
heUni
[Link]
ime
Mi
nist
er,whoi
stheheadoft
heUni
onGov
ernment
,headsi
t.I
tspower
s
andf
unct
ionsar
easf
oll
ows:

1)Legi
slat
iveFunct
ions:TheCounci
lofMi
nist
erscont
rol
sthel
egi
slat
ure
oft
he Uni
on Gov
ernment
. I
tfor
mul
ates t
he pol
i
cysubmi
ts and
expl
ainsi
ttoPar
li
amentf
orappr
oval
. TheMi
nist
ersi
ntr
oducet
he
l
egi
sl
ati
veBi
l
lsbef
oret
hePar
li
ament
.

2)Fi
nanci
alPower
s:TheCabi
netcont
rolt
hef
inanci
alpol
i
cyoft
heUni
on
I
tist
heFi
nancemi
nist
erwhosubmi
tst
hebudgett
othePar
li
ament

3)Execut
ivePower
s:TheCounci
lofMi
nist
ersi
stheexecut
iveoft
he
Uni
on. Themi
nist
erspr
esi
deov
ert
hev
ari
ousdepar
tment
soft
he
Gov
ernmentandgi
vedi
rect
iont
otheadmi
nist
rat
ion. Thecabi
net
br
ingsaboutco-
ordi
nat
ionofpol
i
cyamongv
ari
ousdepar
tment
sand
set
tl
est
hei
rconf
li
cts. Thecabi
netf
ormul
atesf
orei
gnanddef
ence
pol
i
ciesoft
hecount
ryandexecut
est
hef
ive-
yearpl
ans.
THEPARLI
AMENT(
Art
icl
e79TOAr
ti
cle122)
CONSTI
TUTI
ONOFPARLI
AMENT(
Art
icl
e79)

Ther
eshal
lbeapar
li
amentf
ort
heUni
on,whi
chshal
lconsi
stoft
he
Pr
esi
dentandt
wohouses,t
obeknownr
espect
ivel
yast
heCounci
lof
St
ates1 andt
heHouseofPeopl
e2.

Thewor
dPar
li
amenti
sder
ivedf
rom t
heFr ds ‘
enchwor Par
ler
’whi
ch
means,‘
tot
alk’
.Thet
ermi
ndi
cat
esapl
acewher
epeopl
esi
tanddi
scuss
nat
ionali
ssues and i
nter
nat
ionalaf
fai
rs. The Par
li
ament enact
s
l
egi
slat
ionsf
ort
hecount
[Link]
li
amenti
nIndi
aisbi
camer
alconsi
sti
ngof
t
woHouses:TheRaj
yaSabha(
Counci
lofSt
ates)andt
heLokSabha
(
Houseoft
hePeopl
e).

TheRaj
yaSabhaconsi
stsofr
epr
esent
ati
vesoft
heSt
atesel
ect
ed
byt
heSt
ateAssembl
i
es.

TheLokSabhaconsi
stsofr
epr
esent
ati
vesoft
hepeopl
eel
ect
ed
t
hroughuni
ver
sal
adul
tfr
anchi
sedi
rect
lybyt
hePeopl
e.

Theset
wohousesandt
hePr
esi
dentt
oget
herconst
it
utePar
li
ament
.

SESSI
ONSOFPARLI
AMENT

TheLokSabhashal
lmeetatl
eastt
wicei
nay
earandt
hei
nter
valbet
ween
t
woconsecut
ivesessi
onsshal
lnotbemor
ethansi
xmont
[Link]
ime
andpl
aceofmeet
ingwi
l
lbedeci
dedbyt
hePr
esi
dentwhowi
l
lsummon
t
heHouset
omeet
.

Ev
eryy
eart
her
ewi
l
lbet
hreesessi
onsoft
hePar
li
ament
.

Fi
rstSessi
on Febr
uar
ytoMay BudgetSessi
on

SecondSessi
on Jul
ytoSept
ember MonsoonSessi
on

Thi
rdSessi
on Nov
ember t
o Wi
nterSessi
on
December
 LOKSABHA(
HOUSEOFTHEPEOPLE)

COMPOSI
TIONOFLOKSABHA(
ARTI
CLE81)
.

TheLokSabhai
sknownast
heLowerHouseoft
hePar
li
ament
.TheLok
Sabhacannot`
hav
emor
ethan552member
s. Outoft
hese530ar
e
el
ect
edf
rom t
heSt
atesandnotmor
ethan20member
stor
epr
esent
Uni
onTer
ri
tor
[Link]
dingt
oAr
ti
cle331t
womember
sfr
om t
heAngl
o-
I
ndi
anCommuni
tymaybenomi
nat
edbyt
hePr
esi
dent
,ifhei
soft
he
opi
niont
hatt
heCommuni
tyi
snotadequat
elyr
epr
esent
edi
ntheLok
Sabha.

ELECTI
ONTOLOKSABHA

Theel
ect
iont
oLokSabhai
sconduct
edont
hebasi
sofuni
ver
saladul
t
f
ranchi
se;anyper
sonwhohascompl
eted18y
ear
sofagei
squal
i
fiedt
o
v
ote.

TERM OFLOKSABHA

Thet
erm ofLokSabhai
sfi
vey
ear
sfr
om t
hedat
eappoi
ntedf
ori
tsf
ir
st
meet
ing. The expi
rat
ion oft
he per
iod off
ivey
ear
sresul
tsi
nthe
di
ssol
uti
on ofLokSabha. TheLokSabhamaybedi
ssol
ved byt
he
Pr
esi
dentbef
oret
heexpi
ryofi
tsf
ullt
erm undercer
tai
nci
rcumst
ances.
Whenanemer
gencyi
sinf
orce,
thet
erm ofLokSabhacanbeext
endedby
Par
li
amentf
ora per
iod notexceedi
ng one y
earata t
ime and not
exceedi
ngi
nanycaseaper
iodsi
xmont
hsaf
tert
hepr
ocl
amat
ionhas
ceasedt
ooper
ate.

QUALI
FICATI
ONSOFMEMBEROFLOKSABHA

 Heshoul
dbeaci
ti
zenofI
ndi
a.

 Compl
etedt
heageof25y
ear
s

 Suchot
herqual
i
ficat
ionsaspr
escr
ibedbyt
hePar
li
ament
.
 DI
SQUALI
FICATI
ONSOFMEMBEROFLOKSABHA

I
fhehol
dsanyof
fi
ceofpr
ofi
tundert
heGov
ernmentofI
ndi
aor
t
heGov
ernment
ofanySt
ate.
I
fhei
sofunsoundmi
nddecl
aredbyt
hecompet
entCour
t.
I
fhei
sundi
schar
gedi
nsol
vent
.
I
fhehasv
olunt
ari
l
yacqui
redt
heci
ti
zenshi
poff
orei
gncount
ry.
I
fhei
ssodi
squal
i
fiedbyorunderanyl
awmadebyPar
li
ament
.

SPEAKERPROTEM
Af
tert
hegener
alel
ect
ioni
sov
erwhent
heLokSabhai
ssummonedf
or
t
hef
ir
stt
ime,
thePr
esi
dentappoi
ntsusual
l
ytheseni
ormostmember
sas
SpeakerPr
[Link]
oTem pr
esi
desov
ert
[Link]
admi
nist
ersoat
htot
henewl
yel
ect
edmember
[Link]
est
heHouset
o
el
ecti
tsSpeaker
.
THESPEAKEROFTHELOKSABHA
TheLokSabhai
spr
esi
dedbyt
heSpeakerwhoi
sel
ect
edbyt
heHouse
f
rom amongi
tsmember
[Link]
fi
ceoft
heSpeakeri
smuchhonour
ed
anddi
gni
fi
edof
fi
ce. Hei
sneut
ralper
sonr
egar
dingpar
typol
i
tics. He
hol
ds t
he hi
gh posi
ti
on nextt
o Pr
esi
dent
,Vi
ce Pr
esi
dentand Pr
ime
Mi
nist
er. Hi
s sal
ary and al
l
owances wi
l
lbe char
ged f
rom t
he
Consol
i
dat
edFundofI
ndi
a.

THEDEPUTYSPEAKEROFTHELOKSABHA
TheDeput
ySpeakeri
saDeput
yPr
esi
dingOf
fi
cerwhent
heSpeakeri
s
absent
,theDeput
ySpeakerpr
esi
desov
ert
hedel
i
ber
ati
onoft
heHouse
andwhi
l
esopr
esi
dingex
erci
seal
lthepower
soft
heSpeakeri
ntheHouse
undert
heRul
esofPr
ocedur
[Link]
ySpeakerhasnof
unct
ionsor
r
esponsi
bil
i
tieswi
thr
efer
encet
otheSecr
etar
iatofLokSabha. When
Deput
ySpeakeri
spr
esi
dingr
uli
ngsmadebyhi
m ar
efi
nalont
hemat
ter
s
underdi
scussi
[Link]
ySpeakermayr
eser
veamat
terf
orr
uli
ngby
t
heSpeakerormayconsul
thi
m bef
oregi
vi
ngadeci
sion.

ELECTI
ONOFSPEAKERANDDEPUTYSPEAKER
TheSpeakerandt
heDeput
ySpeakeroft
heLokSabhaar
eel
ect
edi
n
accor
dancewi
tht
hepr
ocedur
elai
ddownunderAr
ti
[Link]
sel
ect
ion
i
stobehel
dassoonasmaybeaf
tert
hef
ir
stsi
tt
ingoft
heHouse.

TERM OFSPEAKERANDDEPUTYSPEAKER
Speakeronceel
ect
edhol
dsof
fi
cef
rom t
hedat
eofhi
sel
ect
ionandshal
l
bedeemedt
obet
heSpeakerunt
il“
immedi
atel
ybef
oret
hef
ir
stmeet
ing
oft
heHouse.
”

Accor
dingt
oAr
ti
cle94,t
heSpeakerorDeput
ySpeakershal
lvacat
ehi
s
of
fi
ce
a)i
fheceasest
obeamemberoft
heHouse
b)mayatanyt
ime,
bywr
it
ingunderhi
shandaddr
essed,
ifsuchmember
i
stheSpeaker
,tot
heDeput
ySpeaker
,andi
fsuchmemberi
sthe
Deput
ySpeaker
,tot
hespeaker
,resi
gnhi
sof
fi
ce,
and
c)mayber
emov
edbyr
esol
uti
onoft
heHouseoft
hePeopl
epassedbya
maj
ori
tyofal
loft
het
henmember
soft
heHouse.
TheSpeakercanber
emov
edbyar
esol
uti
onoft
heHouseaccor
dingt
o
Ar
ti
cle 94(
c)f
orwhi
ch 14 day
s not
ice i
s mandat
ory
,whi
ch shal
lbe
ef
fect
iveonl
yifpassedbyamaj
ori
tyofal
loft
het
henmember
soft
he
House.

POWERSANDFUNCTI
ONSOFTHESPEAKER

1)TheSpeakerbei
ngt
hepr
esi
dingof
fi
ceroft
heLokSabhaconduct
sthe
busi
ness oft
he House i
n an or
der
ly mannerand r
egul
ates t
he
pr
oceedi
ngsoft
heHouse.
2)The Speakert
ends hi
s cast
ing v
otei
nthe ev
entofa t
iei
nthe
 deci
si
onsoft
heHouse.
3)Thedeci
sionoft
heSpeakeri
sfi
nalwi
thr
egar
dtoal
l
otmentoft
imet
o
eachagendaoft
heHouse.
4)TheSpeakeradmi
tsal
lther
esol
uti
onsf
ordi
scussi
onanddeci
des
whenadi
scussi
ononaBi
l
lshoul
dbeadj
our
ned.
5)Hecani
nst
ructt
heGov
ernmentt
opl
aceadocumentont
het
abl
eof
t
heHouse.
6)The Speakeraut
hent
icat
es t
he Bi
l
lpassed by t
he House by hi
s
si
gnat
urebef
orepr
esent
ingi
ttot
hePr
esi
dentf
orhi
sassent
.
7)Hei
sthecust
odi
anofr
ight
sandpr
ivi
l
egesofMember
sofLokSabha.
8)Hemayi
ssuesummons,i
faper
soni
srequi
redt
oappearbef
oret
he
Houseonachar
geofcont
emptorbr
eachofpr
ivi
l
egeoft
heHouse.
9)Hi
sdeci
si
onr
egar
dingwhet
herapar
ti
cul
arbi
l
lisamoneybi
l
lornoti
s
f
inal
.
10)
Hepr
esi
desov
ert
heJoi
ntSessi
onofbot
htheHousesofPar
li
ament
.
11)
Heaccept
sal
lresi
gnat
ionssentt
ohi
m bymember
soft
heHouse.
12)
AllPar
li
ament
aryCommi
tt
eesoft
heLokSabhaar
econst
it
utedbyhi
m
orbyt
[Link]
unct
ionunderhi
scont
rol
anddi
rect
ion.
13)
Heappoi
ntst
heChai
rmenofal
lCommi
tt
eesandt
heywor
kaccor
ding
t
ohi
sdi
rect
ions.
14)
Hei
sresponsi
blef
orpr
ovi
dingv
ari
oust
ypesoff
aci
l
iti
est
omember
s
such as pr
int
ing and suppl
yi
ng t
he par
li
ament
ary paper
stot
he
member
s.
15)
Her
egul
atest
headmi
ssi
onofVi
sit
ors,Pr
esscor
respondent
stot
he
Gal
l
eryandi
sal
sor
esponsi
blef
ort
hesecur
it
yar
rangement
s.
16)
TheSpeakerl
aydownt
hegui
del
i
nesf
orr
ecogni
ti
onofPar
li
ament
ary
par
ti
esandt
hei
rleader
soft
her
espect
ivepar
ti
es.
17)
TheSpeakerhast
heexcl
usi
vepowert
odeci
deont
hequest
ionof
di
squal
i
ficat
ionofamemberoft
heLokSabhaar
isi
ngont
hegr
ounds
ofdef
ect
ion.
18)
Ifamemberoft
heLokSabhai
sar
rest
ed,i
mpr
isonedorsent
enced
underacr
imi
nalchar
georbyanexecut
iveor
dert
hef
actmustbe
 i
mmedi
atel
yrepor
tedt
otheSpeaker
.

THERAJYASABHA(
COUNCI
LOFSTATES)

THECOMPOSI
TION OFRAJYA SABHA:Accor
dingt
oAr
ti
cle80oft
he
Const
it
uti
on,
theRaj
yaSabhashal
lconsi
stof
:

a)Twel
vemember
swi
l
lbenomi
nat
edbyt
hePr
esi
dentofI
ndi
a. The
per
sonshav
ing speci
alknowl
edgeorpr
act
ical exper
iencei
nthe
f
iel
dsofl
i
ter
atur
e,sci
ence,ar
tandsoci
alser
vices,ar
econsi
der
edf
or
nomi
nat
ion;
and

b)Notmor
ethan230r
epr
esent
ati
vesoft
heSt
atesandUni
onTer
ri
tor
ies
wi
l
lconst
it
uteRaj
yaSabha.

ELECTI
ONOFTHEMEMBERSOFTHERAJYASABHA
Themember
soft
heRaj
yaSabhaar
eindi
rect
lyel
ect
edonapr
opor
ti
onal
r
epr
esent
ati
on by means ofsi
ngl
etr
ansf
erabl
evot
e by t
he St
ate
Legi
slat
ures.

TERM OFTHERAJYASABHA
Raj
yaSabhai
sper
manentHouse. Thet
erm ofmember
sofRaj
yaSabha
i
ssi
xyear
[Link]-
thi
rdofmember
soft
heRaj
yaSabhar
eti
reev
eryt
wo
y
ear
s.

CHAI
RMANANDDEPUTYCHARI
MANOFTHERAJYASABHA
TheVi
ce-
Presi
dentofI
ndi
aisex-
off
ici
oChai
rmanoft
heRaj
yaSabha.
TheDeput
yChai
rmani
sel
ect
edbyt
hemember
soft
heRaj
yaSabhaand
hepr
esi
desov
ert
hesi
tt
ingsoft
heRaj
yaSabhawhenev
ert
heChai
rman
doesnotdoso.

LI
MITATI
ONSONTHEPOWERSOFRAJYASABHA
Thef
oll
owi
ngar
eli
mit
ati
onsont
hepower
sofRaj
yaSabha:
AMoneyBi
l
lcannotbei
ntr
oducedi
ntheRaj
yaSabha
Raj
yaSabhacanonl
ymaker
ecommendat
ionsont
heMoneyBi
l
l.I
t
cannotr
ejectoramendanymoneybi
l
l.I
fRaj
yaSabhaf
ail
stosend
t
heMoneyBi
l
lbackt
oLokSabhawi
thi
n14day
stheni
tshal
lbe
deemedt
obepassedbyt
heRaj
yaSabhaasi
nit
sor
igi
nalf
orm as
passedbyt
heLokSabha.
TheSpeakerofLokSabhadeci
deswhet
herapar
ti
cul
arBi
l
lis
MoneyBi
l
lornot
.
TheRaj
yaSabhahast
hepowert
odi
scusst
heAnnualFi
nanci
al
St
atement(
Budget
)butdonothav
ethepowert
ovot
eonDemands
f
orGr
ant
s.
TheCounci
lofMi
nist
ersar
eresponsi
blet
o LokSabha. Raj
ya
Sabhahasnopowert
opassNoConf
idenceMot
ioni
ntheCounci
l
ofMi
nist
ers.

Legi
slat
ivepower
s(Ar
ti
cle245andAr
ti
cle246)
:TheConst
it
uti
onhas
di
vi
ded t
hesubj
ect
sforl
egi
slat
ion i
ntot
hreel
i
stsunderSchedul
e
Sev
enoft
heI
ndi
anConst
it
uti
on,
theyar
e:
a)Uni
on Li
st:TheUni
on Li
stconsi
stsof97 subj
ect
sov
erwhi
ch
Par
li
amenthasex
clusi
vej
uri
sdi
cti
ont
omaket
hel
aws.
b)St
ateLi
st:TheSt
ateLi
stconsi
stsof66subj
ect
sov
erwhi
cht
he
St
ateLegi
slat
urehast
heex
clusi
vej
uri
sdi
cti
ont
omakel
aws.
c)Concur
rentLi
st:TheConcur
rentLi
stconsi
stsof47subj
ect
sov
er
whi
ch bot
hthe Par
li
amentand t
he St
ate Legi
slat
ure hav
ethe
j
uri
sdi
cti
ont
olegi
slat
eont
hesemat
ter
s.
d)Resi
duar
yPower
:Par
li
amenthasexcl
usi
vepowert
omakeanyl
aw
wi
thr
espectt
oanymat
ternotenumer
atedi
ntheConcur
rentl
i
stor
St
ateLi
st.(
Art
icl
e248)
.

THELEGI
SLATI
VEPROCESS
 Thepr
imar
ydut
yoft
hePar
li
amentandt
heSt
ateLegi
slat
uresi
stoenact
t
hel
awsf
ort
hewel
far
eoft
hepeopl
eofI
ndi
a.

The pr
oposal
sforl
egi
slat
ions ar
e pr
epar
ed by t
he Mi
nist
ers and a
summar
yofsuchdr
aftshal
lbesubmi
tt
edt
otheCabi
netf
ori
tsappr
oval
.

Ar
ti
cle 107:Power of Par
li
ament– Ar
ti
cle 196:Power of St
ate
Legi
slat
ure.
Af
tert
hedr
aft
ingi
sov
ert
heBi
l
lhast
opasst
hrought
hreer
eadi
ngsi
n
eachHouseoft
hePar
li
ament
.Fi
rstr
eadi
ngi
sthei
ntr
oduct
ionoft
heBi
l
l.

Secondr
eadi
ngi
sthedet
ail
edandmi
nut
eexami
nat
ionoft
heBi
l
l.
I
nthesecondr
eadi
nggener
aldi
scussi
onsont
heBi
l
lisconduct
edbyt
he
House. Att
hisst
age t
he House mayr
efert
he Bi
l
lei
thert
o Sel
ect
Commi
tt
eeoft
heHouseorJoi
ntCommi
tt
eeoft
het
woHouses.

Thet
hir
dreadi
ngi
sthest
agewher
eal
lcl
ausesandschedul
esoft
heBi
l
l
hasbeenconsi
der
edandv
otedbyt
[Link]
nist
ercanmov
ethat
t
heBi
l
lbepassed.

Af
terhav
ingpassedi
ntheor
igi
nat
ingHouse,t
heBi
l
list
ransf
err
edt
othe
ot
[Link]
eagai
nal
lthet
hreest
ageswi
l
lfol
l
ow.

I
nthecaseofdeadl
ockordi
sagr
eementbet
weent
heHousesonaBi
l
lthe
Const
it
uti
onempower
sthePr
esi
dentt
osummon‘
j
ointsi
tt
ing’ofbot
h
Housesf
ort
hepur
poseofr
esol
vi
ngt
hei
ssueandv
oti
ngt
heBi
l
[Link]
j
ointsi
tt
ingi
spr
esi
dedbyt
heSpeaker
.
 THEUNI
ONJUDI
CIARY(
Art
icl
e124t
oAr
ti
cle147)

THESUPREMECOURTOFI
NDI
A

COMPOSI
TIONOFTHESUPREMECOURT
Ar
ti
cle124oft
heConst
it
uti
onpr
ovi
dest
hatt
her
eshal
lbeaSupr
eme
Cour
tofI
ndi
aconsi
sti
ngofChi
efJust
iceofI
ndi
aandot
herj
udges.
APPOI
NTMENTOFJUDGES(
Art
icl
e124[
2])

Ev
eryJudgeoft
heSupr
emeCour
tshal
lbeappoi
ntedbyt
hePr
esi
dent
.In
caseofappoi
nti
ngChi
efJust
iceofI
ndi
a,t
hePr
esi
denthast
oconsul
t
suchot
herj
udgesoft
heSupr
emeCour
tandHi
ghCour
tashedeems
necessar
y.I
n caseofappoi
nti
ng ot
herj
udgest
hePr
esi
denthast
o
consul
ttheChi
efJust
iceofI
ndi
aandsuchot
herJudges,
ashemaydeem
necessar
y.

QUALI
FICATI
ONOFSUPREMECOURTJUDGE(
Art
icl
e124[
3])

1)Ci
ti
zenofI
ndi
a

2)AJudgeofaHi
ghCour
torHi
ghCour
tsf
orf
iveormor
eyear
s;or

3)AnAdv
ocat
eofHi
ghCour
torHi
ghCour
tsf
ort
enormor
eyear
s;or

4)I
ntheopi
nionoft
hePr
esi
dent
,hei
sadi
sti
ngui
shedj
uri
st.

TENUREOFJUDGES

TheJudgeoft
heSupr
emeCour
thol
dsof
fi
cet
il
lheat
tai
ns65y
ear
sof
[Link]
er,
he mayr
esi
gnhi
sof
fi
cebywr
it
ingt
othePr
esi
dent
.

REMOVALOFJUDGES

TheJudgeoft
heSupr
emeCour
tshal
lber
emov
edf
rom hi
sof
fi
cebyt
he
Pr
esi
dentonanaddr
essbybot
htheHousesofPar
li
ament
,pr
esent
edi
n
t
hesamesessi
onf
orpr
ovedmi
sbehav
iourori
ncapaci
ty,suchaddr
ess
mustbesuppor
tedbyamaj
ori
tyoft
het
otalmember
shi
pineachHouse,
andal
sobyamaj
ori
tyofnotl
esst
hant
wo-
thi
rds(
2/3)oft
hemember
sof
t
heHousepr
esentandv
oti
ng(
Art
icl
e124[
4])
.

POWERSANDJURI
SDI
CTI
ONOFTHESUPREMECOURT

The Supr
eme Cour
tbei
ng an Apex body i
nthe j
udi
cialhi
erar
chy
possessesv
erybr
oadpower
s,t
hosear
easf
oll
ows:

1)Cour
tofRecor
d(Ar
ti
cle129)
.

a)Powert
odet
ermi
nei
tsownj
uri
sdi
cti
on.

b)Powert
opuni
shf
ori
tscont
empt
.

c)Powert
opuni
shf
ort
hecont
emptofHi
ghCour
tandSubor
dinat
e
Cour
ts.

d)Powert
opuni
shf
ort
hecont
emptofAdj
udi
cat
orybodi
es.

2)Or
igi
nalJur
isdi
cti
on

The Supr
eme Cour
thasbeen const
it
uted as t
he guar
dian oft
he
Fundament
alRi
ght
sthusAr
ti
cle32empower
stheCour
ttoi
ssuewr
it
s
f
ort
heenf
orcementofFundament
alRi
ght
s.

3)Ext
ra-
ordi
nar
yor
igi
nalj
uri
sdi
cti
on

a)Ar
ti
cle 71 pr
ovi
des t
hat al
ldoubt
s and di
sput
es ar
isi
ng i
n
connect
ionwi
tht
heel
ect
ionoft
hePr
esi
dentar
etobedeci
dedby
t
heSupr
emeCour
twhosedeci
sioni
sfi
nal
.

b)Ar
ti
cle131 pr
ovi
dest
hatSupr
emeCour
thasexcl
usi
veor
igi
nal
j
uri
sdi
cti
oni
nanydi
sput
ebet
weent
he:

Gov
ernmentofI
ndi
aandoneormor
eSt
ates,
or

Gov
ernmentofI
ndi
aandanySt
ateorSt
atesononesi
deandone
ormor
e
 St
atesont
heot
her
,or

Twoormor
eSt
ates.

4)Appel
l
ateJur
isdi
cti
on:

a)UnderAr
ti
cle132(
1)anappeall
i
est
otheSupr
emeCour
tfr
om any
j
udgmentdecr
eeorf
inalor
der
,whet
heri
nci
vi
lorcr
imi
nalorot
her
pr
oceedi
ngsofaHi
ghCour
t,i
fitcer
ti
fi
est
hatt
hecasei
nvol
vesa
subst
ant
ialquest
ion of l
aw as t
othe i
nter
pret
ati
on of t
he
Const
it
uti
on.

b)UnderAr
ti
cle133(
Civ
ilAppeal
)anappealshal
lli
etot
heSupr
eme
Cour
tfr
om anyj
udgment
,fi
nalor
der
,ori
nthet
err
it
oryofI
ndi
aif
t
heHi
ghCour
tifi
tcer
ti
fi
est
hat–

The case i
nvol
ves a subst
ant
ialquest
ion ofl
aw ofgener
al
i
mpor
tance,
and

I
ntheopi
nionoft
heHi
ghCour
t,t
hesai
dquest
ionneedst
obe
deci
dedby

t
heSupr
emeCour
t.

UnderAr
ti
cle134(
Cri
minalAppeal
)anappealshal
lli
etot
he
Supr
emeCour
t

f
rom anyj
udgment
,fi
nalor
der
,ori
nthet
err
it
oryofI
ndi
aift
he
Hi
ghCour
t-

Hasonappealr
ever
sedanor
derofacqui
tt
alofanaccused
per
sonand

sent
encedhi
mtodeat
h;or
 Haswi
thdr
awnf
ort
ri
albef
orei
tsel
fanycasef
rom anycour
t
subor
dinat
eto

i
tsaut
hor
it
yandhasi
nsucht
ri
alconv
ict
edt
heaccusedper
son
and

sent
encedhi
mtodeat
h;or

Cer
ti
fi
esunderAr
ti
cle134At
hatt
hecasei
sfi
tforappealt
othe
Supr
eme

Cour
t.

5)Speci
alLeav
ePet
it
ion(
Art
icl
e136)

Ar
ti
cle136pr
ovi
dest
hatt
heSupr
emeCour
tmayi
nit
sdi
scr
eti
ongr
ant
speci
all
eav
eto appealf
rom anyj
udgmentdecr
ee,det
ermi
nat
ion,
sent
enceoror
deri
nanycaseormat
terpassedormadeanycour
tor
t
ri
bunal
int
het
err
it
oryofI
ndi
a.

6)Adv
isor
yJur
isdi
cti
on(
Art
icl
e143)

Ar
ti
cle143pr
ovi
dest
hati
fatanyt
imei
tappear
stot
hePr
esi
dentof
I
ndi
athat–

a)aquest
ionofl
aworf
acthasar
isenori
sli
kel
ytoar
ise;
and

b)t
hequest
ioni
sofsuchanat
ureandsuchpubl
i
cimpor
tancet
hati
t
i
sexpedi
entt
oobt
aint
heopi
nionoft
heSupr
emeCour
tuponi
t

ThePr
esi
dentmayr
eferi
ttot
heSupr
emeCour
tfori
tsconsi
der
ati
on.
 THESTATEEXECUTI
VE

PARTVIOFTHECONSTI
TUTI
ON

Ar
ti
cle153:TheConst
it
uti
onpr
ovi
desf
oranof
fi
ceoft
heGov
ernori
n
st
[Link]
l
y, t
her
eisaGov
ernorf
oreachst
ate.

TheGov
ernori
sthechi
efexecut
ivehead oft
heSt
ate. Butl
i
ket
he
Pr
esi
dentofI
ndi
ahei
sthenomi
nalexecut
iveheadoft
heSt
ate. The
Gov
ernoral
soact
sast
her
epr
esent
ati
veoft
heCent
ralGov
ernmentand
t
her
efor
e,t
heof
fi
ceoft
heGov
ernorhasaduel
rol
e.

APPOI
NTMENT
ThePr
esi
dentofI
ndi
aappoi
ntsaGov
ernorbywar
rantunderhi
shandand
seal(
Art
icl
e155)
.Thenomi
nalt
erm ofof
fi
cei
sfi
vey
ear
sfr
om t
hedat
e
onwhi
chheent
ersuponhi
sof
fi
ce;hehol
dsof
fi
cedur
ingt
hepl
easur
eof
t
hePr
esi
dent
.Hecanal
sor
esi
gnany
timebyaddr
essi
nghi
sresi
gnat
ion
t
othePr
esi
dent(
Art
icl
e156)
.

QUALI
FICATI
ONS(
Art
icl
e157)

The Const
it
uti
on l
ays down t
he f
oll
owi
ng qual
i
ficat
ions f
or t
he
appoi
ntmentasaGov
ernor
.

[Link]
dbeaci
ti
zenofI
ndi
a.

[Link]
dhav
ecompl
etedt
heageof35y
ear
s.

[Link]
dnotbeamemberofei
therHouseofPar
li
amentoroft
he
St
ateLegi
slat
ure.

[Link]
dnothol
danyot
herof
fi
ceofpr
ofi
t.

POWERSANDFUNCTI
ONS

The Gov
ernorpossesses execut
ive,l
egi
slat
ive,f
inanci
aland j
udi
ci
al
power
s anal
ogous t
othe Pr
esi
dentofI
ndi
a. Howev
er,he has no
di
plomat
ic,
mil
i
tar
yoremer
gencypower
sli
ket
hePr
esi
dent
.

1)Execut
ivePower
s

i
) Al
lexecut
iveact
ions oft
heGov
ernmentofSt
atear
efor
mal
l
y
t
akeni
nthenameofGov
ernor(
Art
icl
e166[
1])

i
i
) TheGov
ernorcanmaker
ulesspeci
fyi
ngt
hemanneri
nwhi
ch
 t
heor
der
sandot
heri
nst
rument
smadeandexecut
edi
nhi
s
nameshal
lbeaut
hent
icat
e.

i
i
i) TheGov
ernorcanmaker
ulesf
ormor
econv
eni
entt
ransact
ion
ofbusi
nessoft
heSt
ateGov
ernment
,andf
oral
l
ocat
ionamong
t
hemi
nist
ers,
oft
hesai
dbusi
ness.

i
v) TheGov
ernorappoi
ntst
heChi
efMi
nist
erandt
heCounci
lof
Mi
nist
ers(
Art
icl
e163)
.

v
) The Gov
ernorappoi
ntst
he Adv
ocat
e-Gener
alofst
ate and
det
ermi
nes hi
sremuner
ati
on. The Adv
ocat
e-Gener
alhol
ds
of
fi
cedur
ingt
hepl
easur
eoft
heGov
ernor(
Art
icl
e165)
.

v
i) TheGov
ernorappoi
ntst
heSt
ateEl
ect
ionCommi
ssi
onerand
det
ermi
neshi
scondi
ti
onsofser
viceandt
enur
eofof
fi
ce.

v
ii
) The Gov
ernor can seek i
nfor
mat
ion r
elat
ing t
o t
he
admi
nist
rat
ion of af
fai
rs of t
he St
ate,and pr
oposalf
or
l
egi
slat
ionf
rom t
heChi
efMi
nist
er(
Art
icl
e167)
.

v
ii
i) The Gov
ernorcan r
equi
ret
he Chi
efMi
nist
ert
o submi
tfor
consi
der
ati
onoft
hecounci
lofmi
nist
ers,
anymat
teronwhi
cha
deci
sionhasbeent
akenbyami
nist
erbut
,whi
cht
hecounci
l
hasnotconsi
der
ed.

i
x) The Gov
ernorcan r
equi
ret
he Chi
efMi
nist
ert
o submi
tfor
consi
der
ati
onoft
hecounci
lofmi
nist
ers,
anymat
teronwhi
cha
deci
sionhasbeent
akenbyami
nist
erbut
,whi
cht
hecounci
l
hasnotconsi
der
ed.

x) TheGov
ernorcanr
ecommendt
hei
mposi
ti
onofConst
it
uti
onal
emer
gencyi
nast
atet
othePr
esi
dent
.Dur
ingt
heper
iodof
Pr
esi
dent
’sr
ulei
nast
ate,t
heGov
ernorenj
oyst
heext
ensi
ve
execut
ivepower
sasar
epr
esent
ati
veoft
hePr
esi
dent
.
2)Legi
slat
ivePower
s

i
) TheGov
ernorcansummonorpr
oroguet
heSt
ateLegi
slat
ure
anddi
ssol
vet
heSt
ateLegi
slat
iveAssembl
y.

i
i
) The Gov
ernor can addr
ess t
he St
ate Legi
slat
ure at t
he
commencementoft
hef
ir
stsessi
onaf
tereachgener
alel
ect
ion
andt
hef
ir
stsessi
onofeachy
ear
.

i
i
i) TheGov
ernorcansendmessaget
othehousesoft
heSt
ate
Legi
slat
ure,wi
thr
espectt
oabi
l
lpendi
ngi
ntheLegi
slat
ureor
ot
her
wise.

i
v) TheGov
ernorcanappoi
ntanymemberoft
heSt
ateLegi
slat
ure
t
opr
esi
deov
eri
tspr
oceedi
ngswhent
heof
fi
ceofbot
h,t
he
SpeakerandDeput
ySpeakerf
all
vacant
.

v
) TheGov
ernornomi
nat
esone-
sixt
hoft
hemember
soft
heSt
ate
Legi
slat
ivecounci
lfr
om amongstt
heper
sonshav
ingspeci
al
knowl
edge orpr
act
icalexper
ience i
nrespectofl
i
ter
atur
e,
sci
ence,
artandsoci
alser
vice.

v
i) TheGov
ernordeci
desont
hequest
ionast
odi
squal
i
ficat
ionof
member
s oft
he St
ate Legi
slat
urei
n consul
tat
ion wi
tht
he
El
ect
ionCommi
ssi
on.

v
ii
) When aBi
l
lissentt
otheGov
ernoraf
teri
thasbeenpassedby
t
heSt
ateLegi
slat
ure,
hecan

1)Gi
vehi
sassentt
othebi
l
l,or

2)Wi
thhol
dhi
sassentt
othebi
l
l,or

3)Ret
urnt
hebi
l
l(ot
hert
hanmoneybi
l
l)f
orr
econsi
der
ati
onof
t
heSt
ateLegi
slat
[Link]
er,
ift
hebi
l
lispassedagai
nby
 t
hest
atel
egi
slat
urewi
thorwi
thoutamendment
,aGov
ernor
hast
ogi
vehi
sassentt
othebi
l
l.

v
ii
i) He can r
eser
vef
ort
he consi
der
ati
on ofPr
esi
dent
,anybi
l
l
passedbyt
heSt
ateLegi
slat
ure,whi
chendanger
stheposi
ti
on
oft
heSt
ateHi
ghCour
t.

i
x) Hecanpr
omul
gat
eor
dinanceswhent
heSt
ateLegi
slat
urei
snot
i
n sessi
on. The St
ate Legi
slat
ure must appr
ovet
hese
or
dinanceswi
thi
nsi
xweeksf
rom i
tsr
eassembl
[Link]
so
wi
thdr
awanor
dinanceatanyt
ime.(
Art
icl
e213)
.

x) Hel
ayst
her
epor
toft
heSt
ateFi
nanceCommi
ssi
on,St
ate
Publ
i
c Ser
vice Commi
ssi
on,Audi
tor
-Gener
alr
elat
ing t
othe
account
soft
heSt
atebef
oret
heSt
ateLegi
slat
ure.

3) Fi
nanci
alPower
s

i
) TheGov
ernorseest
hatt
heAnnualFi
nanci
alSt
atement(
Stat
e
budget
)isl
aidbef
oret
heSt
ateLegi
slat
ure.

i
i
) TheMoneyBi
l
lcanbei
ntr
oducedi
nthest
ateLegi
slat
ureonl
y
wi
thhi
spr
iorr
ecommendat
ion.(
Art
icl
e199)
.

i
i
i) No demand f
or gr
ant can be made except on hi
s
r
ecommendat
ion.

i
v) TheGov
ernorcanmakeadv
ancesoutoft
heCont
ingencyFund
oft
heSt
atet
omeetanyunf
oreseenexpendi
tur
e.

v
) TheGov
ernorconst
it
utesaFi
nanceCommi
ssi
onaf
terev
eryf
ive
y
ear
stor
evi
ewt
hef
inanci
alposi
ti
onoft
hepanchay
atsandt
he
muni
ci
pal
i
ties.
4) Judi
cialPower
s

i
) TheGov
ernorcangr
antpar
don,
repr
iev
e,r
espi
teandr
emi
ssi
on
ofpuni
shment
,orsuspend,r
emi
torcommut
ethesent
enceof
anyper
sonconv
ict
edofanyof
fenceagai
nstanyl
awr
elat
ingt
o
amat
tert
owhi
cht
heexecut
ivepoweroft
heSt
ateext
ends.
Thepar
doni
ngpoweroft
heGov
ernordi
ff
ersf
rom t
hatoft
he
Pr
esi
denti
nthef
oll
owi
ngr
espect
s:

a)The Pr
esi
dentcan par
don deat
h sent
ence whi
ch t
he
Gov
ernorcannot

b)The Pr
esi
dentcan par
don sent
ences i
nfl
i
cted by cour
t
mar
ti
alwhi
l
etheGov
ernorcannot
.

i
i
) ThePr
esi
dentwhi
l
eappoi
nti
ngt
hej
udgesoft
heconcer
ned
st
ateHi
ghCour
tconsul
tst
heGov
ernor
.

i
i
i) TheGov
ernormakesappoi
ntment
s,post
ingandpr
omot
ionsof
t
hedi
str
ictj
udgesi
nconsul
tat
ionwi
tht
hest
ateHi
ghCour
t.

i
v) TheGov
ernoral
soappoi
ntsper
sonst
othej
udi
cialser
viceo
t
hest
atei
nconsul
tat
ionwi
tht
hest
ateHi
ghCour
tandt
he
St
atePubl
i
cSer
viceCommi
ssi
on.

[Link]
gencyPower
s

TheGov
ernorcanmakear
epor
ttot
hePr
esi
dentwhenev
erhei
s
sat
isf
iedt
hatasi
tuat
ionhasar
iseni
nwhi
cht
heGov
ernmentoft
he
St
atecannotbecar
ri
edoni
naccor
dancewi
tht
hepr
ovi
sionsoft
he
Const
it
uti
on(
Const
it
uti
onalbr
eakdown)andhencecanr
ecommend
“
Presi
dent
’sRul
e”i
ntheSt
ate.
THECHI
EFMI
NISTER

TheChi
efMi
nist
eroccupi
esapi
vot
alposi
ti
oni
nast
ate.

APPOI
NTMENT

TheGov
ernor
,theexecut
iveheadoft
heSt
ate,
appoi
ntst
heChi
efMi
nist
er.

QUALI
FICATI
ONS

1) Heshoul
dbeaci
ti
zenofI
ndi
a

2)Heshoul
dbe25y
ear
sofage

3)Heshoul
dbeamemberofei
therhouseoft
hest
ateLegi
slat
ure.

POWERSANDFUNCTI
ONS

TheChi
efMi
nist
erofast
ate,bei
ngt
her
ealexecut
iveheadoft
heSt
ate
enj
oysv
astpower
sandf
unct
ion,
theyar
e:

1)Hei
sthewor
kingheadoft
heSt
ateGov
ernmentandassuchhe
adv
isest
heGov
ernmenti
nmat
ter
srel
ati
ngt
othesel
ect
ionsofhi
s
mi
nist
ers.

2)Hepr
esi
desov
ert
hemeet
ingsoft
heCounci
lofMi
nist
ersandseest
o
i
tthatt
hepr
inci
pleofcol
l
ect
iver
esponsi
bil
i
tyi
smai
ntai
ned.

3)Hecommuni
cat
est
otheGov
ernoral
ldeci
sionsofhi
sCounci
lof
Mi
nist
ersr
elat
ingt
otheadmi
nist
rat
ionoft
heSt
ateofaf
fai
rsand
pr
oposal
sfort
hel
egi
slat
ion.

4)He f
urni
shes t
othe Gov
ernorsuch i
nfor
mat
ion r
elat
ing t
othe
admi
nist
rat
ionoft
hest
ateofaf
fai
rsandpr
oposal
sofl
egi
slat
ionashe
 maycal
lfor
.

5)Hepl
acesamat
terf
ort
heconsi
der
ati
onoft
heCounci
lofMi
nist
ers
wher
ethe Gov
ernorr
equi
res hi
m t
o hav
ethe deci
sion oft
he
Gov
ernment
.

6)Heact
sast
hesol
echannelofcommuni
cat
ionbet
weenhi
smi
nist
ers
andt
heGov
ernor
.

7)Hei
sal
sot
hesol
echannelofcommuni
cat
ionbet
weenhi
smi
nist
ers
andt
hel
egi
slat
ure.(
Allbi
l
ls,r
esol
uti
ons,et
c.t
hatar
emov
edi
nthe
l
egi
sl
atur
emusthav
ehi
spr
iorappr
oval
.)

8)Hei
sthel
eaderoft
hemaj
ori
typar
tyandassuchi
tishi
sdut
ytosee
t
hatdi
sci
pli
nei
smai
ntai
ned.

9)Hemayt
enderhi
sresi
gnat
ionanyt
imeandt
henadv
iset
heGov
ernor
t
o summon such and such per
son f
ort
hei
nst
all
ati
on ofanot
her
mi
nist
ryort
odi
ssol
vet
heHouseandt
her
ebypl
acet
hest
ateundert
he
Pr
esi
dent
’sRul
e.

10)
Int
heor
yal
lthe appoi
ntment
sar
e made byt
he Gov
ernor
,buti
n
pr
act
icepowerofpat
ronagev
est
swi
tht
heChi
efMi
nist
er. Hei
s
consul
tedaboutt
heappoi
ntmentofj
udgesoft
hest
ateHi
ghCour
t.
No post
ing and t
ransf
ercan t
ake pl
ace i
nthe st
ate wi
thouthi
s
appr
oval
.Hei
sconsul
tedi
ntheappoi
ntmentofMember
soft
heSt
ate
Publ
i
cSer
viceCommi
ssi
on.

QUALI
FICATI
ONSOFMI
NISTERS
1)Heshoul
dbeCi
ti
zenofI
ndi
a
2)Heshoul
dbe25y
ear
sage
3)Heshoul
dbeamemberofei
therhouseoft
hest
ateLegi
slat
ure.
Howev
er,anon-
membercanbet
heMi
nist
erwi
tht
hesubsequent
condi
ti
ont
hathemustbecomeamemberoft
hel
egi
slat
urewi
thi
nsi
x
mont
hs,
fai
l
ingwhi
chhei
sli
abl
etof
orf
eithi
sof
fi
ce.
Al
ltheMi
nist
ers,howev
er,donotbel
ongt
othesamer
ank. Theyar
e
cl
assi
fi
edundert
hreedi
ff
erentr
anks:
i
) Cabi
netMi
nist
ers
i
i
) Mi
nist
erofSt
ate
i
i
i) Deput
yMi
nist
ers.

THESTATELEGI
SLATURE(
Art
icl
e168TO212)

TheSt
atel
egi
sl
atur
ecompr
isesoft
heGov
ernorandoneort
wohouses.
Accor
dingt
oAr
ti
cle168oft
heConst
it
uti
onf
iveSt
atessuchasBi
har
,
Jammu&Kashmi
r,Mahar
asht
ra,Kar
nat
akaandUt
tarPr
adeshshal
lhav
e
t
woHouses,andr
emai
ningal
lot
herSt
ateshal
lhav
eonl
yoneHouse
(
Legi
slat
iveAssembl
y).Wher
ether
ear
etwoHousesoneshal
lbeknown
asLegi
slat
iveAssembl
yandt
heot
hershal
lbeknownasLegi
slat
ive
Counci
l
.

CREATI
ONORABOLI
TIONOFTHELEGI
SLATI
ECOUNCI
L(Ar
ti
cle169)
Ar
ti
cle169pr
ovi
desf
ort
heabol
i
tionorcr
eat
ionofLegi
slat
iveCounci
l
f
rom t
heSt
ates.I
ftheLegi
slat
ureoft
heSt
atepassesar
esol
uti
ont
othat
ef
fectbyamaj
ori
tyoft
otalmember
shi
p oft
heAssembl
yand bya
maj
ori
tyofnotl
esst
hant
wo-
thi
rd oft
hemember
soft
heAssembl
y
pr
esentandv
oti
[Link]
tersuchr
esol
uti
oni
tshal
lbet
ransmi
tt
edt
othe
Par
li
ament
.ThePar
li
amentmaypr
ovi
def
ort
heabol
i
tionoft
heLegi
slat
ive
Counci
lofaSt
ate,
ift
hatSt
[Link]
li
amentmaycr
eat
esuch
aCounci
linaSt
ate,
whi
chdoesnothav
eit
,ift
heLegi
slat
iveAssembl
yof
t
hepar
ti
cul
arSt
atepassesar
esol
uti
ont
othatef
fect
.

COMPOSI
TIONOFTHELEGI
SLATI
VEASSEMBLY(
Art
icl
e170)

Accor
dingt
oAr
ti
cle170oft
heConst
it
uti
oni
neachst
atet
her
eshal
lbea
Legi
slat
iveAssembl
y. TheLegi
slat
iveAssembl
yconsi
stsofnotmor
e
t
han500andnotl
esst
han60member
schosenbydi
rectel
ect
ionf
rom
t
err
it
ori
alconst
it
uenci
esoft
heSt
ate.

Ar
ti
cle172Ev
eryLegi
slat
iveAssembl
yhasaf
ivey
ear
ster
mfr
om t
hedat
e
appoi
ntedf
ori
tsf
ir
stmeet
ingunl
essdi
ssol
vedear
li
[Link]
ingt
heper
iod
off
ivey
ear
sifemer
gencyi
sinoper
ati
ont
het
erm maybeext
endedbyt
he
Par
li
amentf
ora per
iod notexceedi
ng one y
earata t
ime,and not
ext
endi
ng i
n any case bey
ond a per
iod of si
x mont
hs af
ter t
he
pr
ocl
amat
ionhasceasedt
ooper
ate.

QUALI
FICATI
ONSOFMEMBERS

1. Heshoul
dbeci
ti
zenofI
ndi
a.
[Link]
dbe25y
ear
sofage,
and

Possesssuchqual
i
ficat
ionsasmaybepr
escr
ibedbyt
hePar
li
amentby
l
aw.

TheAssembl
ymustsi
tatl
eastt
wicei
nay
earandal
sot
hatt
hei
nter
val
bet
weent
het
wosessi
onsshal
lnotbemor
ethan6mont
hs.

POWERSANDFUNCTI
ONSOFTHEASSEMBLY

1.I
tcanmakel
awsonanysubj
ecti
nSt
ateLi
st.
2.I
tcanmakel
awsonanysubj
ecti
nConcur
rentLi
sti
ncase,i
fitdoes
notconf
li
ctwi
thal
awal
readymadebyPar
li
ament
.
3.I
thascont
rol
overt
heCounci
lofMi
nist
ersbywayofaski
ngquest
ions,
passi
ngNo-
Conf
idencemot
ion,
etc.
4.I
tcont
rol
sthef
inancesoft
hegov
ernment
,andi
thasexcl
usi
vepower
t
opassMoneybi
l
ls.
[Link]
yel
ect
sit
sownSpeakerandDeput
ySpeakerandmay
r
emov
ethem bypassi
ng r
esol
uti
on bya maj
ori
tyofal
lthe t
hen
member
soft
heAssembl
y.

Legi
slat
iveAssembl
ychoosest
womember
soft
heAssembl
ytobet
he
SpeakerandDeput
ySpeaker
.

POWERSOFTHESPEAKEROFTHELEGI
SLATI
VEASSEMBLY.

[Link]
ngt
hepr
esi
dingof
feroft
heLegi
slat
iveAssembl
y
conduct
sthe busi
ness oft
he House i
n an or
der
ly mannerand
r
egul
atest
hepr
oceedi
ngsoft
heHouse.
[Link]
ender
shi
scast
ingv
otei
ntheev
entofat
ie,i
nthe
deci
sionsoft
heHouse.
[Link]
sionoft
heSpeakeri
sfi
nalwi
thr
egar
dtoal
l
otmentoft
he
t
imet
oeachagendaoft
heHouse.
[Link]
tsal
lther
esol
uti
onsf
ordi
scussi
onanddeci
des
whenadi
scussi
ononaBi
l
lshoul
dbeadj
our
ned.
[Link]
nst
ructt
heGov
ernmentt
opl
aceadocumentont
het
abl
eof
t
heHouse.
[Link] Speakeraut
hent
icat
es t
he Bi
l
lpassed by t
he House by hi
s
si
gnat
urebef
orepr
esent
ingi
ttot
heGov
ernorf
orhi
sassent
.
[Link]
sthecust
odi
anofr
ight
sandpr
ivi
l
egesofMember
sofLegi
slat
ive
Assembl
y.
[Link]
ssuesummons,i
faper
soni
srequi
redt
oappearbef
oret
he
Houseonachar
geofcont
emptorbr
eachofpr
ivi
l
egeoft
heHouse.
[Link]
sdeci
si
onr
egar
dingwhet
herapar
ti
cul
arbi
l
lisamoneybi
l
lornoti
s
f
inal
.
10.
Heaccept
sal
lresi
gnat
ionssentt
ohi
m bymember
soft
heHouse.
11.
AllCommi
tt
eesoft
heLegi
slat
iveAssembl
yar
econst
it
utedbyhi
m or
byt
[Link]
unct
ionunderhi
scont
rol
anddi
rect
ion.
12.
Heappoi
ntst
heChai
rmanofal
lCommi
tt
eesandt
heywor
kaccor
ding
t
ohi
sdi
rect
ions.
13.
Hei
sresponsi
blef
orpr
ovi
dingv
ari
oust
ypesoff
aci
l
iti
est
omember
s
suchaspr
int
ingandsuppl
i
est
heLegi
slat
ivepaper
stot
hemember
s.
14.
Her
egul
atest
headmi
ssi
onofVi
sit
ors,Pr
esscor
respondent
stot
he
Gal
l
eryandi
sal
sor
esponsi
blef
ort
hesecur
it
yar
rangement
s.
15.
TheSpeakerl
aydownt
hegui
del
i
nesf
orr
ecogni
ti
onofLegi
slat
ive
par
ti
esandt
hei
rleader
soft
her
espect
ivepar
ti
esi
ntheHouse.
16.
TheSpeakerhast
heexcl
usi
vepowert
odeci
deont
hequest
ionof
di
squal
i
ficat
ionofamemberoft
heLegi
slat
iveAssembl
yar
isi
ngon
t
hegr
oundofdef
ect
ion.
17.
Ifamemberoft
heLegi
slat
iveassembl
yisar
rest
ed,i
mpr
isonedor
sent
encedunderacr
imi
nalchar
georbyanexecut
iveor
dert
hef
act
mustbei
mmedi
atel
yrepor
tedt
otheSpeaker
.

TheOf
fi
ceoft
heSpeakerorDeput
ySpeakerbecomesv
acant

1)Whent
heyceaset
obet
hememberoft
heAssembl
y.
2)Resi
gnt
hei
rof
fi
cebywr
it
ing.
3)Ar
eremov
edbypassi
ngar
esol
uti
onoft
heAssembl
ypassedbya
maj
ori
tyofal
lthet
henmember
soft
heAssembl
[Link]
orepassi
ng
suchr
esol
uti
onatl
east14day
snot
icei
stobegi
ven.

Accor
dingt
oAr
ti
cle171oft
heConst
it
uti
ont
het
otalnumberofmember
s
i
ntheLegi
slat
iveCounci
lofaSt
atehav
ingsuchaCounci
lshal
lnot
exceed one-
thi
rd oft
he t
otalnumberofmember
sint
he Legi
slat
ive
Assembl
yoft
heSt
ate,
howev
eri
nnocaset
henumberofmember
soft
he
Legi
slat
iveCounci
lbel
esst
hanf
ort
y,unl
essandunt
ilt
hePar
li
ament
ot
her
wisepr
ovi
desbyl
aw.

Unt
ilsuchl
aw byPar
li
amentcl
ause(
3)ofAr
ti
cle171pr
ovi
desf
ort
he
t
otal
numberofmember
soft
heLegi
slat
iveCounci
lofaSt
ateas
(
a)as near
ly as may be,one-
thi
rd shal
lbe el
ect
ed by el
ect
orat
es
consi
sti
ng ofmember
sofmuni
cipal
i
ties,di
str
ictboar
dsand such
ot
herl
ocal
aut
hor
it
iesi
ntheSt
ateasPar
li
amentmaybyl
awspeci
fy;
(
b)as near
lyas maybe,one-
twel
ft
h shal
lbe el
ect
ed byel
ect
orat
es
consi
sti
ngofper
sonsr
esi
dingi
ntheSt
atewhohav
ebeenf
oratl
east
t
hreey
ear
sgr
aduat
esofanyuni
ver
sit
yint
het
err
it
oryofI
ndi
aorhav
e
been f
oratl
eastt
hree y
ear
sint
he possessi
on ofqual
i
ficat
ions
pr
escr
ibedbyorunderanyl
aw madebyPar
li
amentasequi
val
entt
o
t
hatofagr
aduat
eofanysuchuni
ver
sit
y.
(
c)as near
lyas maybe,one-
twel
ft
h shal
lbe el
ect
ed byel
ect
orat
es
consi
sti
ngofper
sonswhohav
ebeenf
oratl
eastt
hreey
ear
sengaged
i
nteachi
ngi
nsucheducat
ionali
nst
it
uti
onswi
thi
ntheSt
ate,notl
ower
i
nst
andar
dthant
hatofasecondar
yschool
,asmaybepr
escr
ibedby
orunderanyl
awmadebyPar
li
ament
.
(
d)asnear
lyasmaybe,one-
thi
rdshal
lbeel
ect
edbyt
hemember
soft
he
Legi
slat
iveAssembl
yoft
heSt
atef
rom amongstper
sonswhoar
enot
member
soft
heAssembl
y.
(
e)asnear
lyasmaybe,
onet
hir
dshal
lbenomi
nat
edbyt
heGov
ernorwho
shal
lconsi
stofper
sons hav
ing speci
alknowl
edge orpr
act
ical
 exper
iencei
nrespectofl
i
ter
atur
e,sci
ence,
art
,co-
oper
ati
vemov
ement
andsoci
alser
vice(
Art
icl
e171(
5))
.

The Legi
sl
ati
ve Counci
lis a per
manentbodyand i
s notsubj
ectt
o
di
ssol
uti
on. Howev
er,one-
thi
rdofi
tsmember
sret
ir
eev
eryt
woy
ear
s,
af
tercompl
eti
ngt
het
erm ofsi
xyear
s.

Qual
if
icat
ionofMember
soft
heLegi
slat
iveCounci
l

1)Heshoul
dbeaCi
ti
zenofI
ndi
a.
2)Heshoul
dhav
ecompl
etedt
heageof30y
ear
s,and

possessessuchqual
i
ficat
ionsasmaybepr
escr
ibedbyt
hePar
li
amentby
l
aw.

ThePr
esi
dingOf
fi
ceroft
heLegi
slat
iveCounci
li
sdesi
gnat
edasChai
rman,
el
ect
ed by t
he member
s among t
hemsel
ves. I
n addi
ti
on,Deput
y
Chai
rmani
sal
soel
ect
ed,whopr
esi
desov
ert
hemeet
ingsoft
heCounci
l
i
ntheabsenceoft
heChai
[Link]
emov
edf
rom of
fi
cebya
r
esol
uti
onoft
heCounci
lsuppor
tedbyamaj
ori
tyoft
heexi
sti
ngmember
s
i
ntheCounci
latt
het
imeofpassi
ngsuchr
esol
uti
on.

THEHI
GHCOURTS(
Art
icl
e214t
oAr
ti
cle231)
.

TheHi
ghCour
tact
sast
heheadoft
heSt
ateJudi
cialAdmi
nist
rat
ion.
EachHi
ghCour
tcompr
isesofaChi
efJust
iceandsuchot
herj
udgesas
t
hePr
esi
dentmayf
rom t
imet
oti
me,
appoi
nt(
Art
icl
e214)
.
ThePr
esi
dentappoi
ntsev
eryj
udgeofaHi
ghCour
t,i
ncl
udi
ngt
heChi
ef
Just
ice. The appoi
ntmentoft
he Chi
efJust
ice i
s made af
tert
he
consul
tat
ionwi
tht
heChi
efJust
iceofI
ndi
aand t
heGov
ernoroft
he
concer
nedSt
ate.I
ncaseoft
heappoi
ntmentofaj
udge,t
heChi
efJust
ice
oft
heHi
ghCour
tconcer
nedi
sal
soconsul
tedi
naddi
ti
ont
otheChi
ef
Just
iceofI
ndi
aandt
heGov
ernoroft
heconcer
nedst
ate(
Art
icl
e217)
.

Qual
if
icat
ionsofHi
ghCour
tJudge

1)Heshal
lbeaci
ti
zenofI
ndi
a.
2)HemustbeanAdv
ocat
eofHi
ghCour
torHi
ghCour
tsf
oratl
eastt
en
y
ear
s.

Ter
m ofHi
ghCour
tJudges

Thej
udgeoft
heHi
ghCour
thol
dsof
fi
cet
il
lheat
tai
ns62y
ear
sofage.
Howev
er,
hemayr
esi
gnhi
sof
fi
cebywr
it
ingt
othePr
esi
dent
.

Remov
aloft
heHi
ghCour
tJudge(
Art
icl
e217[
1][
b])

Thej
udgeoft
heHi
ghCour
tcanber
emov
edf
rom t
heof
fi
ce,byt
he
Pr
esi
dentonanaddr
essbybot
htheHousesofPar
li
ament
,pr
esent
edi
n
t
hesamesessi
onf
orpr
ovedmi
sbehav
iourori
ncapaci
[Link]
ess
mustbesuppor
tedbyamaj
ori
tyoft
het
otalmember
shi
pineachHouse,
andal
sobyamaj
ori
tyofnotl
esst
hant
wo-
thi
rd(
2/3)oft
hemember
sof
t
heHousepr
esentandv
oti
ng.

PowerofHi
ghCour
t

Ev
eryHi
ghCour
tshal
lhav
epower
s,t
hroughoutt
het
err
it
ori
esi
nrel
ati
on
t
o whi
chi
tex
erci
sesj
uri
sdi
cti
ont
oissuet
o anyper
sonoraut
hor
it
y,
i
ncl
udi
ngi
nappr
opr
iat
ecases,anyGov
ernment
,wi
thi
nthoset
err
it
ori
es
di
rect
ions,or
derorwr
it
s,i
ncl
udi
ngwr
it
sint
henat
ureofHabeasCor
pus,
Mandamus,Pr
ohi
bit
ion,Cer
ti
orar
iandQua-
war
rant
ooranyoft
hem,f
or
t
heenf
orcementofanyoft
her
ight
sconf
err
edbyFundament
alRi
ght
sand
f
oranyot
herpur
pose(
Art
icl
e226)
.

Ev
eryHi
ghCour
tshal
lhav
esuper
int
endenceov
eral
lcour
tsandt
ri
bunal
s
t
hroughoutt
het
err
it
ori
esi
nrel
ati
ont
o whi
ch i
texer
cisesj
uri
sdi
cti
on
(
Art
icl
e227)
.

Tr
ansf
erofcer
tai
ncasest
oHi
ghCour
t(Ar
ti
cle228)

I
ftheHi
ghCour
tissat
isf
iedt
hatacasependi
ngi
nacour
tsubor
dinat
eto
i
tinv
olv
esasubst
ant
ialquest
ionofl
aw ast
othei
nter
pret
ati
onoft
his
Const
it
uti
ont
hedet
ermi
nat
ionofwhi
chi
snecessar
yfort
hedi
sposalof
t
hecase.
 SPECI
ALPROVI
SIONSRELATI
NGTOCERTAI
NCLASSES.
(
Art
icl
e330t
oAr
ti
cle342)
PARTXVIOFTHECONSI
TTUTI
ON

CONSTI
TUTI
ONAL PROVI
SIONS FOR PROTECTI
ON OF WOMEN AND
CHI
LDREN.

TheConst
it
uti
onpr
ovi
desf
orv
ari
ouspr
ovi
sionsf
ort
hepr
otect
ionof
WomenandChi
l
dren.

Ar
ti
cle15(
3):
Theai
m ofAr
ti
cle15(
3)i
stoel
i
minat
ethesoci
o-economi
cbackwar
dness
ofwomenandt
oempowert
hem soast
oachi
evet
heef
fect
iveequal
i
ty
bet
weent
hemenandwomen.

Ar
ti
cle21A:Thest
ateshal
lpr
ovi
def
reeandcompul
sor
yeducat
iont
oal
l
chi
l
drenoft
heageofsi
xtof
our
teeny
ear
sinsuchmannerast
heSt
ate
may
,byl
aw,
det
ermi
ne.

Ar
ti
cle23:Tr
aff
ici
nhumanbei
ngsandbegarandot
hersi
mil
arf
ormsof
f
orcedl
abourar
epr
ohi
bit
edandanycont
rav
ent
ionsoft
hesepr
ovi
sions
shal
lbeanof
fencepuni
shabl
einaccor
dancewi
thl
aw.

Ar
ti
cle24:Nochi
l
dbel
owt
heageoff
our
teeny
ear
sshal
lbeempl
oyedt
o
wor
kin any f
act
ory ormi
ne orengaged i
n any ot
herhazar
dous
empl
oyment
.

Ar
ti
cle51A(
k):Whoi
sapar
entorguar
diant
opr
ovi
deoppor
tuni
ti
esf
or
educat
iont
ohi
schi
l
dor
,ast
hecasemaybe,
war
dbet
weent
heageofsi
x
andf
our
teeny
ear
s.
Ar
ti
cle39(
f):Thatt
hechi
l
drenar
egi
venoppor
tuni
ti
esandf
aci
l
iti
est
o
dev
elopi
nheal
thymannerandi
ncondi
ti
onsoff
reedom anddi
gni
tyand
t
hatchi
l
dhoodandy
out
har
epr
otect
edagai
nstexpl
oit
ati
onandagai
nst
mor
alandmat
eri
alabandonment
.

TheNat
ionalCommi
ssi
onf
orWomen.

I
tisast
atut
orybodyconst
it
utedundert
heNat
ionalCommi
ssi
onf
or
WomenAct
,1990. I
trev
iewspr
ovi
sionsr
elat
ingt
othesaf
eguar
dsf
or
women undert
heConst
it
uti
on aswel
lasi
n ot
herl
aws.I
ttakesup
pet
it
ions f
rom women f
orr
edr
essaloft
hei
rgr
iev
ances and does
pr
omot
ional
resear
chf
ort
headv
ancementofwomen.

THECONSTI
TUTI
ONALPROVI
SIONSFORBACKWARDCLASSES

The Const
it
uti
on ofI
ndi
a benef
ici
all
yrecogni
zes t
he exi
stence ofa
cat
egor
yofI
ndi
a’
speopl
ecal
l
edt
he“
Soci
all
yandEducat
ional
l
ybackwar
d
cl
asses”orbackwar
dcl
assesot
hert
hanSchedul
edCast
eandSchedul
ed
Tr
ibes.

Ar
ti
cle15(
4)empower
stheSt
atet
o makespeci
alpr
ovi
sionsf
ort
he
adv
ancementofsoci
all
yandeducat
ional
l
ybackwar
dcl
assesandal
sot
o
SC’
sandST’
s.

Ar
ti
cle16(
4)–Thi
sAr
ti
cleempower
stheSt
atet
omaker
eser
vat
ionof
appoi
ntment
sinf
avourofany‘
backwar
dcl
asses’ofci
ti
zenswhi
chi
nthe
opi
nionoft
heSt
atei
snotadequat
elyr
epr
esent
edi
ntheSt
ateser
vices.

TheNat
ionalCommi
ssi
onf
orBackwar
dCl
asses

TheNat
ionalCommi
ssi
onf
orBackwar
dCl
assesAct
,1993wasenact
ed
ont
hedi
rect
ionoft
heSupr
emeCour
ttosetupaper
manentbodyf
or
ent
ert
aini
ng,
exami
ningandadv
isi
ngt
heGov
ernmentofI
ndi
aonr
equest
s
f
ori
ncl
usi
on and compl
aint
s ofov
er-
incl
usi
on i
nthe l
i
sts ofOt
her
Backwar
dCl
asses(
OBC’
s)ofCi
ti
[Link]
hepr
ovi
sionoft
heAct
,the
adv
icet
ender
edbyt
heCommi
ssi
onshal
lor
dinar
il
ybebi
ndi
ngupont
he
Gov
ernment
.

TheSupr
emeCour
tinI
ndr
aSawhneycase,hasdi
rect
edt
heSt
atet
o
appoi
ntacommi
tt
eet
olooki
ntot
heal
l
egat
ionsofwr
ongi
ncl
usi
onsor
non-
incl
usi
onofgr
oups,cl
assesandsect
ionsi
nthel
i
stsofBackwar
d
cl
assesot
hert
han t
heSchedul
ed Cast
esand Schedul
eTr
ibes. The
Nat
ional
Commi
ssi
onf
orBackwar
dCl
assesshal
lconsi
stof
:

a)AChai
rper
son,whoi
sorhasbeenaSupr
emeCour
toraHi
ghCour
t
Judge,

b)ASoci
alSci
ent
ist

c)Two per
sons hav
ing speci
alknowl
edge i
n mat
ter
srel
ati
ng t
o
Backwar
dCl
asses;
and

d)A Member
-secr
etar
y,whoi
sorhasbeenanof
fi
ceroft
heCent
ral
Gov
ernmenti
nther
ankofaSecr
etar
ytot
heGov
ernmentofI
ndi
a,
.

Funct
ionsofBackwar
dCl
assesCommi
ssi
on(
Sect
ion9)

a)To exami
neanyr
equestf
ori
ncl
usi
on ofanycl
assofci
ti
zensas
Backwar
dCl
assesi
nthel
i
standhearcompl
aint
sofov
er-
incl
usi
onor
under
-i
ncl
usi
onofanyBackwar
dCl
assi
nsuchl
i
stsandt
endersuch
adv
icet
otheCent
ral
Gov
ernmentasi
tdeemsappr
opr
iat
e.
b)Theadv
iceoft
heCommi
ssi
onshal
lor
dinar
il
ybebi
ndi
ngupont
he
Cent
ral
Gov
ernment
.
c)Li
stofBackwar
dcl
assesar
epr
epar
edbyt
heCent
ralGov
ernment
 f
rom t
imet
oti
mef
orpur
posesofmaki
ngpr
ovi
sionf
ort
her
eser
vat
ion
ofappoi
ntment
s orpost
sinf
avouroft
he Backwar
d Cl
asses of
Ci
ti
zens,whi
chi
ntheopi
nionoft
heGov
ernmentar
enotadequat
ely
r
epr
esent
ed,
int
heSt
ateser
vices.

THE CONSTI
TUTI
ONAL PROVI
SIONS FOR SCHEDULED CASTES AND
SCHEDULEDTRI
BES

TheNat
ionalCommi
ssi
onf
orSchedul
eCast
es

Ar
ti
cle338pr
ovi
dest
hatt
her
eshal
lbeaCommi
ssi
onf
orSC’
stobe
knownas‘
Nat
ional
Commi
ssi
onf
orSchedul
edCast
es.

TheNat
ionalCommi
ssi
onconsi
stsofaChai
rper
son,aVi
ce-
Chai
rper
son
andf
iveot
hermember
s.

Cl
ause(
5)ofAr
ti
cle338pr
ovi
desf
ort
hedut
iesoft
heCommi
ssi
on
Theyar
easf
oll
ows:

a)t
oinv
est
igat
e andmoni
toral
lmat
ter
s r
elat
ingt
othesaf
eguar
ds
pr
ovi
dedf
ort
heSC’
sundert
hisConst
it
uti
onorunderanyot
herl
awf
or
t
het
imebei
ngi
nfor
ceorunderanyor
deroft
heGov
ernmentandt
o
ev
aluat
ethewor
kingofsuchsaf
eguar
ds;
b)t
oinqui
rei
ntospeci
fi
ccompl
aint
swi
thr
espectt
othedepr
ivat
ionof
r
ight
sandsaf
eguar
dsoft
heSC’
s
c)Topar
ti
cipat
eandadv
iseont
hepl
anni
ngpr
ocessofsoci
o-economi
c
dev
elopmentoft
he SC’
s and t
o ev
aluat
ethe pr
ogr
ess oft
hei
r
dev
elopmentundert
heUni
onandanySt
ate.
d)t
opr
esentt
othePr
esi
dent
,annual
l
yandatsuchot
hert
imesast
he
Commi
ssi
on may deem f
it
,repor
ts upon t
he wor
king oft
hose
saf
eguar
ds;
e)t
omakei
nsuchr
epor
tsr
ecommendat
ionsast
othemeasur
est
hat
 shoul
d be t
aken by t
he Uni
on or any St
atef
or t
he ef
fect
ive
i
mpl
ement
ati
on oft
hose saf
eguar
ds and ot
hermeasur
es f
ort
he
pr
otect
ion,
wel
far
eandsoci
o-economi
cdev
elopmentoft
heSC’
sand
f
) Todi
schar
gesuchot
herf
unct
ionsi
nrel
ati
ont
othepr
otect
ion,
wel
far
e
anddev
elopmentandadv
ancementoft
heSC’
sthePr
esi
dentmay
,
subj
ectt
othepr
ovi
sionsofanyl
aw madebyPar
li
ament
,byt
her
ule
speci
fy.

TheNat
ionalCommi
ssi
onf
orSchedul
edTr
ibes

Ar
ti
cle 338A wasi
nser
tedi
ntheEi
ght
y-ni
nthConst
it
uti
onalAmendment
Act
,2003,ear
li
ert
othi
samendmentt
hei
nter
estoft
heSchedul
edTr
ibes
wer
epr
otect
edi
ntheAr
ti
cle338 i
tsel
f,howev
ert
ogi
vet
hem speci
al
pr
ivi
l
egesasepar
ateAr
ti
clei
sinser
tedt
ocr
eat
easepar
ateCommi
ssi
on.

Ar
ti
cle330
Undert
hisAr
ti
cl
eseat
sshal
lber
eser
vedi
ntheLokSabhaf
orSC’
sand
ST’
sineachSt
ateandUni
onTer
ri
tor
iesont
hebasi
sofpopul
ati
on.

Ar
ti
cle332
Si
mil
arl
yunderAr
ti
cle332seat
sshal
lbeser
vedi
ntheLokSabhaorSC’
s
andST’
sint
heLegi
slat
iveAssembl
i
esofeachSt
ate.

Ar
ti
cle335
Thi
sAr
ti
clei
mposesadut
yont
heSt
atet
oconsi
dert
hecl
aimsoft
heSC’
s
andST’
swhi
l
emaki
nganyappoi
ntment
sinconnect
ionwi
tht
heaf
fai
rsof
t
hecent
reandt
heSt
ate.

Nat
ionalCommi
ssi
onf
orMi
nor
it
ieswasconst
it
utedundert
heNat
ional
Commi
ssi
onf
orMi
nor
it
iesAct
,1992,t
oupl
i
ftt
hesecul
arnat
ureoft
he
count
ryand t
o saf
eguar
dthe i
nter
estoft
he r
eli
gious and l
i
ngui
sti
c
mi
nor
it
iesandt
oremov
ethef
eel
i
ngsofi
nequal
i
tyanddi
scr
imi
nat
ion
amongt
hesesect
ions.

Funct
ionsoft
heCommi
ssi
on(
Sec9)

1)Toev
aluat
ethepr
ogr
essoft
hedev
elopmentofmi
nor
it
ies undert
he
Uni
onandt
heSt
ate;
2)Moni
tort
hewor
kingoft
hesaf
eguar
dspr
ovi
dedi
ntheConst
it
uti
onand
i
nthel
awsenact
edbyPar
li
amentandt
heSt
ateLegi
slat
ures;
3)Make r
ecommendat
ions by t
he ef
fect
ive i
mpl
ement
ati
on of
saf
eguar
dsf
ort
hepr
otect
ion oft
hei
nter
estofmi
nor
it
iesbyt
he
Cent
ral
Gov
ernmentort
hest
ateGov
ernment
s;
4)Looksi
nto speci
fi
ccompl
aint
sregar
dingdepr
ivat
ionofr
ight
sand
saf
eguar
ds oft
hemi
nor
it
iesandt
akesupsuchmat
ter
swi
tht
he
appr
opr
iat
eaut
hor
it
ies;
5)Causesst
udi
est
obeunder
takeni
ntopr
obl
emsar
isi
ngoutofany
di
scr
imi
nat
ionagai
nstmi
nor
it
iesandr
ecommendsmeasur
esf
ort
hei
r
r
emov
al;
6)Conductst
udi
es,
resear
chandanal
ysi
sont
hei
ssuesr
elat
ingt
osoci
o-
economi
candeducat
ional
dev
elopmentofmi
nor
it
ies;
7)Suggestappr
opr
iat
e measur
es i
nrespectofany mi
nor
it
yto be
under
takenbyt
heCent
ral
Gov
ernmentort
heSt
ateGov
ernment
s.
8)Makeper
iodi
calorspeci
alr
epor
tst
otheCent
ralGov
ernmentonany
mat
terper
tai
ningt
omi
nor
it
iesandi
npar
ti
cul
ardi
ff
icul
ti
esconf
ront
ed
byt
hem;
and
9)Any ot
hermat
terwhi
ch may be r
efer
red t
oitby t
he Cent
ral
Gov
ernment
.
EMERGENCYPROVI
SIONS(
Art
icl
e352t
oAr
ti
cle360)

PARTXVI
IIoft
heConst
it
uti
on

NATI
ONALEMERGENCY(
Art352)
.

ThePr
esi
denti
fsat
isf
iedt
hatagr
aveemer
gencyexi
stswher
ebyt
he
secur
it
yofI
ndi
aoranypar
tther
eofi
sthr
eat
enedcanpr
ocl
aimi
nthe
ent
ir
ecount
ryori
nanypar
toft
hecount
ryanat
ionalemer
gency
,ont
he
f
oll
owi
nggr
ounds:

i
) War
;or
i
i
) Ext
ernal
aggr
essi
on,
or
i
i
i) Ar
medr
ebel
l
ion.

ThePr
esi
dentcanpr
ocl
aimt
hisemer
gencyonl
yaf
terr
ecei
vi
ngawr
it
ten
r
ecommendat
ion f
rom t
he Cabi
net
. Ar
ti
cle 352(
3)def
ines t
he t
erm
‘
Cabi
net
’as ‘
the counci
lconsi
sti
ng oft
he Pr
ime Mi
nist
erand ot
her
Mi
nist
erofCabi
netr
ank’
. The pr
ocl
amat
ion ofemer
gencymustbe
appr
ovedbyt
hePar
li
amentwi
thi
nonemont
h.I
fappr
oved,
theemer
gency
shal
lcont
inuef
orsi
xmont
hs.I
tcanbeext
endedf
orani
ndef
ini
teper
iod
wi
tht
heappr
oval
oft
hePar
li
amentf
orev
erysi
xmont
hs.

Ext
ra-
ordi
nar
yPower
soft
heUni
ondur
ingNat
ionalEmer
gency
:

1)ThePr
esi
dentcangi
vedi
rect
ionst
o anyst
atewi
thr
egar
dtot
he
manneri
nwhi
chi
tsexecut
ivepoweri
stobeexer
cised.
2)ThePar
li
amentcanext
endt
henor
malt
enur
eoft
heLokSabhabyone
y
earatat
ime.
3)ThePr
esi
dentcanmodi
fyt
hepat
ter
noft
hedi
str
ibut
ionoff
inanci
al
r
esour
cesbet
weent
heUni
onandt
heSt
ates.
4)ThePr
esi
dentcansuspendt
heFundament
alRi
ght
sofci
ti
zensexcept
 t
her
ightt
oli
feand per
sonall
i
ber
ty(
Art
icl
e 21)and t
her
ightt
o
pr
otect
ioni
nrespectofconv
ict
ionf
orof
fences(
Art
icl
e20)
.Mor
eov
er,
t
her
ightt
osi
xfr
eedoms(
Art
icl
e19)canonl
ybesuspendedi
ncaseof
ext
ernal
emer
gencyandnoti
ncaseofi
nter
nal
emer
gency
.

STATEEMERGENCY(
Art
icl
e356)–Pr
esi
dent
’sRul
e

Pr
ovi
sions i
n case off
ail
ure ofConst
it
uti
onalmachi
ner
yin St
ates
(
Art
icl
e356)
.

Ar
ti
cle355obl
i
gat
est
heCent
ret
opr
otectev
erySt
ate
1)Agai
nstext
ernal
aggr
essi
on;
2)I
nter
nal
dist
urbance,
and
3)To ensur
ethatt
he Gov
ernmentofev
ery St
atei
s car
ri
ed on i
n
accor
dancewi
tht
hepr
ovi
sionsoft
heConst
it
uti
on.

Emer
gencyunderAr
ti
cle356i
sal
soknownasast
ateemer
gencyora
const
it
uti
onalemer
gency
.Itcanbepr
ocl
aimedbyt
hePr
esi
dentont
he
f
oll
owi
nggr
ounds:

i
) Fai
l
ureofConst
it
uti
onal
machi
ner
yint
heSt
ate
i
i
) Fai
l
uret
ocompl
ywi
thort
ogi
veef
fectt
odi
rect
ionsgi
venbyt
he
Uni
on.
Thi
s pr
ocl
amat
ion shoul
d be appr
oved byt
he Par
li
amentwi
thi
ntwo
mont
hs. I
fappr
oved,i
tremai
ns i
nfor
ce f
orsi
xmont
hs.I
tcan be
ext
ended f
oramax
imum per
iod oft
hreey
ear
swi
tht
heappr
ovalof
Par
li
amentev
erysi
xmont
hs. Howev
er,bey
ond one y
ear
,itcan be
ext
endedbysi
xmont
hsatat
imeonl
ywhent
hef
oll
owi
ngt
wocondi
ti
ons
ar
eful
fi
ll
ed;

1)Apr
ocl
amat
ionofnat
ionalemer
gencyshoul
dbei
noper
ati
oni
nthe
ent
ir
ecount
ry,
ori
nthewhol
eoranypar
toft
heconcer
nedst
ate;
and
2)TheEl
ect
ionCommi
ssi
onmustcer
ti
fyt
hatt
hegener
alel
ect
ionst
othe
concer
nedSt
ateLegi
slat
iveAssembl
ycannotbehel
donaccountof
di
ff
icul
ti
es.

ThePr
esi
dentacqui
rest
hef
oll
owi
ng ext
ra-
ordi
nar
ypower
swhen t
he
Pr
esi
dent
’sr
ulei
sinoper
ati
on:
ThePr
esi
dentcanassi
gnt
ohi
msel
fal
loranyoft
hef
unct
ionsof
t
hest
ategov
ernmentandal
loranyoft
hepower
svest
edi
nthe
Gov
ernororanybodyoraut
hor
it
yint
heSt
ate.
ThePr
esi
dentcandecl
aret
hatt
hepower
soft
heSt
ateLegi
slat
ure
shal
lbeexer
cisabl
ebyt
orundert
heaut
hor
it
yoft
hePar
li
ament
.
ThePr
esi
dentcanaut
hor
ise,
whent
heLokSabhai
snoti
nsessi
on,
expendi
tur
efr
om t
heConsol
i
dat
eFundoft
hest
ate,pendi
ngt
he
sanct
ionofsuchexpendi
tur
ebyt
hePar
li
ament
.
ThePr
esi
dentcanpr
omul
gat
eor
dinancesf
ort
headmi
nist
rat
ionof
t
hest
atewhent
hePar
li
amenti
snoti
nsessi
on.

FI
NANCI
ALEMERGENCY(
Art
icl
e360)

ThePr
esi
dentcanpr
ocl
aimf
inanci
alemer
gencyi
fhei
ssat
isf
iedt
hatt
he
f
inanci
alst
abi
l
ityorcr
edi
tofI
ndi
aoranypar
tther
eof
,ist
hreat
[Link]
apr
ocl
amat
ionmustbeappr
ovedbyt
hePar
li
amentwi
thi
ntwomont
hs.

The Pr
esi
dentacqui
res t
he f
oll
owi
ng ext
raor
dinar
ypower
s when t
he
f
inanci
alemer
gencyi
spr
ocl
aimed:

i
) ThePr
esi
dentcangi
vedi
rect
ionst
otheSt
atest
oobser
vet
he
cannonsoff
inanci
alpr
opr
iet
y.
i
i
) ThePr
esi
dentcani
ssuedi
rect
ionsf
ort
her
educt
ionofsal
ari
esand
al
l
owancesofal
loranycl
assofper
sons.
i
i
i) ThePr
esi
dentcanr
equi
ret
hatal
lmoneybi
l
lsandot
herf
inanci
al
bi
l
ls passed by t
he St
ate Legi
slat
ure be r
eser
ved f
or hi
s
 consi
der
ati
on.
i
v) ThePr
esi
dentcani
ssuedi
rect
ionsf
ort
her
educt
ionofsal
ari
esand
al
l
owancesofal
loranycl
assofper
sonser
vingi
nconnect
ionwi
th
t
heaf
fai
rsoft
heUni
on,i
ncl
udi
ngt
hej
udgesoft
heSupr
emeCour
t
andt
heHi
ghCour
t.

Howev
ert
hist
ypeofemer
gencyhasnotbeendecl
aredsof
ar.
 AMENDMENTOFTHECONSTI
TUTI
ON
(
Art
icl
e368)
PARTXXoft
heConst
it
uti
on

PROCESSOFAMENDMENT

Theuni
quef
eat
ureofConst
it
uti
onalamendmenti
nIndi
acanwel
lbe
descr
ibedaspar
tl
yri
gidandpar
tl
yfl
exi
[Link]
ureofr
igi
dit
ydepends
upont
hei
mpor
tanceoft
hepar
ti
cul
arpr
ovi
sionandi
tsef
fect
saf
tersuch
amendment
.Accor
dingl
ytheConst
it
uti
onpr
ovi
desf
ort
hef
oll
owi
ngt
hree
t
ypesofamendment
s

1)BySi
mpl
emaj
ori
ty
2)BySpeci
almaj
ori
tyaccor
dingt
oAr
ti
cle368
3)BySpeci
almaj
ori
tyandr
ati
fi
cat
ionbyone-
hal
foft
hest
atel
egi
slat
ure.

BySi
mpl
emaj
ori
ty

These pr
ovi
sionscan be amended bypassi
ng or
dinar
ylegi
slat
ion i
n
Par
li
amentbysi
mpl
emaj
ori
ty.I
tisnotr
egar
dedasanamendmentoft
he
Const
it
uti
onandi
snotsubj
ectt
othespeci
alpr
ocedur
elai
ddownunder
Ar
ti
cle368. Few oft
hesepr
ovi
sionsoft
heConst
it
uti
onwhi
chcanbe
amendedbysi
mpl
emaj
ori
tyar
easf
oll
ows:

a)UnderAr
ti
cle2t
hepowerofPar
li
amentt
oadmi
tanewst
atei
ntot
he
Uni
onofI
ndi
a.
b)UnderAr
ti
cle11 powerofPar
li
amentt
o makepr
ovi
sionsf
ort
he
acqui
sit
ionandt
ermi
nat
ionofci
ti
zenshi
p.
c)AmendmentbyPar
li
amentt
othe2nd schedul
eto det
ermi
net
he
sal
ari
esandal
l
owancesofcer
tai
nof
fi
cer
sundert
heConst
it
uti
onsuch
asPr
esi
dent
,Gov
ernor
,Pr
imeMi
nist
er,
Counci
lofMi
nist
ers,
etc.
d)Pr
ivi
l
eges,power
sandi
mmuni
ti
esoft
heMember
soft
hePar
li
ament
asdef
inedunderAr
ti
cle105.
e)Schedul
eVandVIdeal
i
ngwi
thadmi
nist
rat
ionoft
heschedul
ear
eas
andschedul
etr
ibesandt
ri
bal
areasi
nAssam.
f
) Cr
eat
ionofl
egi
slat
ivecounci
l
sinaSt
ateunderAr
ti
cle169.

BySpeci
almaj
ori
ty

The pr
ovi
sions whi
ch ar
e mor
e si
gni
fi
cantar
e amended by speci
al
maj
ori
tyasl
aiddowni
nAr
ti
[Link]
ocedur
eofsuchamendmenti
s
asf
oll
ows:

a)AConst
it
uti
onamendmentBi
l
lcanbei
ntr
oducedi
nei
therHouseof
t
hePar
li
ament
.
b)TheBi
l
lhast
obepassedbyeachHousebyamaj
ori
tyofi
tst
otal
member
shi
pandamaj
ori
tyofnotl
esst
hant
wo-
thi
rd(
2/3)ofi
ts
member
spr
esentandv
oti
ng.
c)SuchBi
l
lispr
esent
edt
oPr
esi
dentf
orhi
sassent
,thedat
eonwhi
ch
suchassenti
srecei
vedt
heConst
it
uti
onst
andsamended.

BySpeci
almaj
ori
tyandr
ati
fi
cat
ionbyone-
hal
foft
heSt
atel
egi
slat
ures

Ther
e ar
e cer
tai
n Const
it
uti
onalpr
ovi
sions,whi
ch ar
erel
ated t
othe
i
nter
estofbot
hCent
reandSt
ate,suchast
hedi
str
ibut
ionofpower
s,t
he
sev
ent
hschedul
e,et
[Link]
ovi
sionscanbeamendedbyt
hepr
ocess.
Af
terpassi
ngt
hebi
l
linbot
htheHousesofPar
li
ament
,theBi
l
lshal
lbe
sentt
othe St
ate Legi
slat
ures and one-
hal
f(1-
1/2)ofsuch St
ate
Legi
slat
uresshal
lrat
if
yit
.Af
terr
ati
fi
cat
iont
hePr
esi
denthast
ogi
venhi
s
assent
,thedat
eonwhi
chsuchassenti
srecei
vedt
heConst
it
uti
onst
ands
amended.

Fewoft
hef
oll
owi
ngpr
ovi
sionsoft
heConst
it
uti
onf
all
undert
hiscat
egor
y
1)El
ect
ionoft
hePr
esi
dentunderAr
ti
cle57
2)Amendmentt
oSchedul
eVI
I,deal
i
ngwi
thUni
on,St
ateandConcur
rent
Li
st.
3)AmendmentofAr
ti
cle368i
tsel
f
4)Uni
onandSt
ateJudi
ciar
y.

Keshav
anandaBhar
atiVSt
ateofKer
ala

I
nit
ial
l
yawr
itpet
it
ionwasf
il
edt
ochal
l
enget
hev
ali
dit
yofKer
alaLand
Ref
ormsActof1963asamendedi
n1969.I
tisoneoft
hemi
l
est
onesi
n
t
hehi
stor
yofj
uri
spr
[Link]
dby13j
udgesandt
hei
r
j
udgementwasdel
i
v edon24thApr
er il1973.

Al
lthe13j
udgeswer
eoft
hev
iewt he24th Amendmenti
hatt sval
i
d,t
hat
t
hePar
li
amenthast
hepowert
oamendanyoral
lthepr
ovi
sionsoft
he
Const
it
uti
oni
ncl
udi
ngt
hoser
elat
ingt
oFundament
alRi
ght
s.

Howev
er,t
hemaj
ori
ty(
7judges)hel
dthatt
hepowert
oamendanyoral
l
t
hepr
ovi
sionsoft
heConst
it
uti
onunderAr
ti
cle368i
ssubj
ectt
ocer
tai
n
i
mpl
i
edandi
nher
entl
i
mit
ati
onsandt
hati
ntheexer
ciseofamendi
ng
power
,Par
li
amentcannotamendt
he‘
Basi
cSt
ruct
ure’or‘
fr
amewor
kof
t
heconst
it
uti
on’
.

I
MPORTANTCONSTI
TUTI
ONALAMENDMENTS

Fi
rstAmendmentAct
,1951

Thi
samendmentwasmadewi
thi
noney
earoft
hecommencementoft
he
Const
it
uti
on.

Someoft
hei
mpor
tantmodi
fi
cat
ionswer
edi
scussedbel
ow:
1)UnderAr
ti
cle19(
2)i
taddedcer
tai
nreasonabl
erest
ri
cti
onst
othe
f
reedom ofspeechandexpr
essi
onguar
ant
eedunderAr
ti
cle19(
1).
Ther
est
ri
cti
onsar
easf
oll
ows:
(
a)Publ
i
cor
der
(
b)Fr
iendl
yrel
ati
onswi
tht
hef
orei
gnst
ates
(
c)I
nci
tementt
oanof
fence.

2)I
tal
socur
tai
l
edt
heFundament
alRi
ghtt
o pr
oper
tyguar
ant
eedunder
Ar
ti
cl
e 31 so as t
o gi
ve ef
fectt
o agr
ari
an r
efor
ms l
egi
slat
ions
(
par
ti
cul
arl
yacqui
si
ti
onofpr
oper
tyandpay
mentofcompensat
ion)
enact
edbyt
heSt
ateandal
sot
oimmuni
set
hesameagai
nstt
hecour
t
at
tack.

3)Fur
theri
taddedAr
ti
cle31A,31BandNi
nthschedul
e,soast
omake
l
awswi
thr
egar
dtoabol
i
tionofzami
ndar
isy
stem i
mmunef
rom t
he
j
uri
sdi
cti
onoft
heCour
ts.

Twent
yFour
thAmendmentAct
,1971

Ar
ti
cle13andAr
ti
cle368wer
eamendedt
oremov
ethedoubt
sregar
ding
t
he powerofPar
li
amentt
o amend t
he Const
it
uti
on i
ncl
udi
ng t
he
Fundament
alRi
ght
s. Af
tert
his,t
hePr
esi
denti
sboundt
oassentt
oa
Const
it
uti
onAmendmentBi
l
l.

Thi
rt
y-Fi
rstAmendmentAct
,1973
Byt
hisamendmentt
heupperl
i
mitf
ort
her
epr
esent
ati
onofst
atesi
nthe
LokSabhai
sincr
easedf
rom 525t
o545member
sanddecr
easest
he
upperl
i
mitf
orr
epr
esent
ati
onofUni
onTer
ri
tor
iesf
rom 25t
o20member
s.

For
ty-
SecondAmendmentAct
,1976

Theamendmenti
swel
lknownast
hemi
ni-
const
it
uti
onofI
ndi
a(enact
ed
dur
ingt
het
imeofemer
gency
). Thi
samendmentwasef
fect
edt
ogi
ve
ef
fectt
other
ecommendat
ionsmadebyt
heSwar
naSi
nghCommi
tt
ee
appoi
ntedbyt
heCongr
essPar
[Link]
hei
mpor
tantmodi
fi
cat
ions
ar
edi
scussedbel
ow:

1)Pr
eambl
e:Thewor
dsSoci
ali
st,Secul
arwer
eaddedsoast
oexpr
ess
I
ndi
a’
s char
act
eri
sti
cs as Soci
ali
sm and Secul
ari
sm al
ong wi
th
Sov
erei
gn,
Democr
ati
c,Republ
i
[Link]
soaddedI
ntegr
it
yoft
henat
ion
soast
oemphasi
sont
hei
ntegr
it
y(i
ndi
vi
sibi
l
ity
)oft
hecount
ryal
ong
wi
tht
heuni
tyoft
henat
ion.

2)Bef
oret
his amendment(
underAr
ti
cle 103)t
he quest
ion whet
her
MemberofPar
li
amenthadbeensubj
ectt
odi
squal
i
ficat
ionornotwas
t
o be deci
ded byt
he Pr
esi
dentwi
tht
he opi
nion oft
he El
ect
ion
Commi
ssi
[Link]
tert
hisamendmentt
hePr
esi
dentwhi
l
edeci
dingsuch
quest
ionshal
lal
soobt
aint
heopi
nionofCounci
lofMi
nist
ersal
ong
wi
tht
heEl
ect
ionCommi
ssi
on.

3)I
tal
soamendedAr
ti
cle74soast
omaket
hePr
esi
dentt
oacti
n
accor
dancewi
tht
headv
iceoft
heCounci
lofMi
nist
ersi
nthedi
schar
ge
ofhi
sfunct
ions.(
Thust
hePr
esi
denti
sboundbyt
headv
iceoft
he
Counci
lofMi
nist
ers)
.

I
tshal
lbenot
edt
hatnosuchamendmentwasmadebyt
hef
ort
y
secondamendmentt
othepr
ovi
sionsoft
heSt
ateGov
ernor
. Thi
s
 Gov
ernorhascer
tai
ndi
scr
eti
onar
yfunct
ionst
odi
schar
gei
nrespectof
whi
chhei
snotboundonmi
nist
eri
aladv
ice,e.
[Link]
l
eexer
cisi
ngt
he
powerunderAr
ti
cle356(
breakdownofConst
it
uti
onalmachi
ner
yin
t
heSt
ate)
.

4)Cur
tai
ledt
hepoweroft
hej
udi
ciar
y:Bef
oref
ort
ysecondamendment
,
t
he Supr
eme Cour
tand Hi
gh Cour
ts ent
ert
aint
he Const
it
uti
onal
v
ali
dit
y of Cent
ralor St
ate Legi
slat
ions wi
thout di
ff
erent
iat
ion.
Howev
er,f
ort
ysecond amendmentActadded Ar
ti
cle 32A whi
ch
pr
ovi
des f
ort
he Const
it
uti
onalv
ali
dit
y ofCent
rall
aw woul
dfal
l
excl
usi
vel
ywi
thi
nthepur
viewoft
heSupr
emeCour
tandt
heSt
atel
aw
wi
thi
nthe pur
view oft
he Hi
gh Cour
t.(
Howev
erAr
ti
cle 32A was
r
epeal
edbyt
he43r
damendmentAct
).

5)Cent
reandSt
ater
elat
ions:Theent
ri
essuchas

Educat
ion,
For
est
,Pr
otect
ionofwi
l
dani
mal
sandbi
rdsandWei
ghtand
Measur
es,
wer
etakenoutf
rom t
heSt
ateLi
standpl
acedi
nConcur
rent
l
i
st.

6)Emer
gency
:Bef
oref
ort
y second amendmentt
he Pr
esi
dentcan
decl
areemer
gencyunderAr
ti
cle352t
hroughoutt
hecount
ryandnot
onl
yinapar
toft
hecount
ry,byt
hisamendment t
hispr
ovi
sionsi
s
r
ect
if
ied,
nowPr
esi
dentcandecl
areemer
gencyt
hroughoutt
hecount
ry
oranypar
toft
hecount
ry.

7)Bef
oret
hisamendmenti
ftheemer
gencyi
sdecl
aredunderAr
ti
cle356,
appr
ovaloft
hePar
li
amenti
sneededatt
heendofev
erysi
xmont
hs.
Af
tert
hisamendmentsucht
imei
sext
endedt
ooney
ear
.

8)Ef
fect
son Fundament
alRi
ght
s:Ar
ti
cle 31C wasi
nser
ted t
o gi
ve
 pr
imacyt
otheDi
rect
ivePr
inci
plesofSt
atePol
i
cyov
ert
heFundament
Ri
ght
s.

9)NewAr
ti
clei
nDi
rect
ivePr
inci
ples:Ar
ti
cle39A,43A,48Awer
eadded
t
oPar
tIVoft
heConst
it
uti
on.

10)
AmendedAr
ti
cle31Csoast
ogi
vepr
imacyt
oDi
rect
ivePr
inci
plesof
St
atePol
i
cyov
ert
heFundament
alRi
ght
s(i
.[Link]
awgi
vi
ngef
fectt
o
anyoft
heDi
rect
ivePr
inci
plesofSt
atePol
i
cyev
ent
hroughv
iol
ati
veof
Ar
ti
cle14and19cannotbedecl
aredasv
oidorunconst
it
uti
onal
.

11)
Fundament
alDut
ies:Anew par
tIVAi
saddedcont
aini
ngAr
ti
cle51A
(
a)t
o(g)
.

For
ty-
four
thAmendmentAct
,1978

For
ty-
second amendmentwas v
erycont
rov
ersi
al,hence t
he Janat
a
Gov
ernmentwhi
chwasi
npowerr
epeal
edsomeoft
hedr
ast
icpr
ovi
sions
af
fect
edbyf
ort
y-secondamendment
,bypassi
ngf
ort
y-t
hir
dandf
ort
y-
f
our
thamendmentAct
.Someoft
hei
mpor
tantpr
ovi
sionsmadebyt
he
f
ort
yfour
thamendmentar
e:

1)Ther
ight
ytopr
oper
tywast
akenoutf
rom t
heFundament
alRi
ght
sand
i
nser
tedunderAr
ti
cle300Aandmadei
tanor
dinar
ylegal
right
.
2)For
tysecondamendmenthadext
endedt
het
erm ofLokSabhaand
St
ateLegi
sl
ati
veAssembl
yfr
om f
ivet
osi
xyear
s,t
hisamendment
r
educedt
het
erm agai
ntof
ivey
ear
s.

3)Emer
gencyAr
ti
cle382wasamendedsoast
osaf
eguar
dagai
nstt
he
abuseofpowerr
egar
dingpr
ocl
amat
ionofemer
gencyandhencet
he
wor
d‘I
nter
nalDi
stur
bance’whi
chi
soneoft
hecont
rov
ersi
algr
ound
t
aken by t
he Congr
ess Gov
ernmentdur
ing 1975 emer
gency was
subst
it
utedwi
tht
hewor
ds‘
ArmedRebel
l
ion’
.
4)Ar
ti
cle356:i
samended,nowt
hepr
ocl
amat
ionwoul
dremai
ninf
orce
f
orsi
xmont
hs(
inst
eadofoney
ear
)fr
om t
hedat
eofi
tsappr
ovalby
t
heHouseofPar
li
ament
.

5)Ar
ti
cle359i
sal
soamendedt
ofur
thercheckont
heemer
gencysoas
t
omaker
ightt
oli
feunderAr
ti
cle21andr
ightt
opr
otect
ioni
nrespect
ofconv
ict
ion underAr
ti
cle20 cannotbesuspended,bydecl
ari
ng
emer
gency
.

Fi
ft
ySecondAmendmentAct
,1985

Tent
hschedul
ewasaddedt
otheConst
it
uti
ont
olaydownpr
ovi
sionsf
or
t
heAnt
i-
def
ect
ionl
awwi
thr
espectt
otheMember
soft
hePar
li
amentand
t
heMember
soft
heSt
ateLegi
slat
ure.

Si
xtyFi
rstAmendmentAct
,1989

Reducedt
hev
oti
ngagef
rom 21t
o18y
ear
sbyamendi
ngAr
ti
cle326.

Sev
ent
yThi
rdAmendmentAct
,1993
AnewPar
tIXdeal
i
ngwi
tht
hepr
ovi
sionsofPanchay
atshasbeeni
nser
ted
i
ntheConst
it
uti
ont
oconst
it
ute
1)Gr
am Sabhai
nav
il
lageorgr
oupofv
il
lages;
2)Panchay
atsi
nrur
alar
eas.

Sev
ent
yFour
thAmendedAct
,1993

AnewPar
tIXAr
elat
ingt
oMuni
cipal
i
tieshasbeeni
ncor
por
atedt
opr
ovi
de
f
oramongot
hert
hings. Const
it
uti
onoft
hreet
ypesofMuni
cipal
i
ties,
suchas:
1)NagarPanchay
atsf
orar
easi
ntr
ansi
ti
onf
rom ar
uralar
eat
our
ban
ar
ea;
2)Muni
ci
pal
Counci
l
sforsmal
l
erur
banar
eas;
and
3)Muni
ci
pal
Cor
por
ati
onsf
orl
argerur
banar
eas.

Sev
ent
ySev
ent
hAmendmentAct
,1995

AmendmentofAr
ti
cle16–I
nAr
ti
cle16oft
heConst
it
uti
on,af
tercl
ause
(
4),
thef
oll
owi
ngcl
ausewasi
nser
ted,
namel
y:

“
(4A)Not
hingi
nthi
sar
ti
cleshal
lpr
eventt
heSt
ateFr
om maki
ngany
pr
ovi
sionf
orr
eser
vat
ioni
nmat
ter
sofpr
omot
iont
oanycl
assorcl
asses
ofpost
sint
heser
vicesundert
heSt
atei
nfav
ouroft
heSchedul
edCast
es
andt
heSchedul
edTr
ibeswhi
ch,i
ntheopi
nionoft
heSt
ate,ar
enot
adequat
elyr
epr
esent
edi
ntheser
vicesundert
heSt
ate”
.

Ei
ght
ySi
xthAmendmentAct
,2002

Ar
ti
cle21A wasi
nser
teddeal
i
ngwi
thRi
ghtt
oEducat
ion,accor
dingl
y
Ar
ti
cle45wassubst
it
utedf
orear
lychi
l
dhoodcar
eandeducat
ionf
oral
l
chi
l
drenunt
ilt
heycompl
etet
heageofsi
xyear
s.

Ar
ti
cle51Awasamendedandanewcl
ause(
k)wasaddedaf
tercl
ause(
j)
i
treadsasf
oll
ows

‘
(k)Whoi
sapar
entorguar
diant
opr
ovi
deoppor
tuni
ti
esf
oreducat
iont
o
hi
schi
l
dor
,ast
hecasemaybe,
war
dbet
weent
heageofsi
xandf
our
teen
y
ear
s.’
 ELECTI
ONS(
Art
icl
e324t
oAr
ti
cle329)
PARTXVoft
heConst
it
uti
on.

THEELECTI
ONCOMMI
SSI
ONOFI
NDI
A(Ar
ti
cle324)

I
tisaConst
it
uti
onal
bodyconsi
sti
ngofChi
efEl
ect
ionCommi
ssi
oner(
CEC)
andsuchnumberofEl
ect
ionCommi
ssi
oner
s(ECs)ast
hePr
esi
dentmay
f
ixf
rom t
ime t
oti
me. The appoi
ntment of t
he Chi
ef El
ect
ion
Commi
ssi
onerandot
herEl
ect
ionCommi
ssi
oner
sshal
l
,subj
ectt
othe
pr
ovi
sionsofanyl
aw madei
nthatbehal
fbyt
hePar
li
amentbemadeby
t
hePr
esi
dent
.

Secur
it
yoft
enur
etot
heChi
efEl
ect
ionCommi
ssi
oner

UnderAr
ti
cle324(
5)t
heChi
efEl
ect
ionCommi
ssi
onercannotber
emov
ed
f
rom hi
sof
fi
ceexcepti
nthel
i
kemannerandont
hel
i
kegr
oundsasa
j
udge ofSupr
eme Cour
t,and t
he pr
ovi
so t
othe sai
d cl
ause f
urt
her
pr
ovi
dest
hat
,thecondi
ti
onsofser
vicesofChi
efEl
ect
ionCommi
ssi
oner
cannotbev
ari
edt
ohi
sdi
sadv
ant
ageaf
terhi
sappoi
ntment
.

Ar
ti
cle326pr
ovi
dest
hatt
heel
ect
ioni
sbasedonadul
tsuf
frage,means
ev
eryci
ti
zenofI
ndi
awhoi
s18y
ear
sofagei
sent
it
ledt
ovot
eatt
he
el
ect
ion pr
ovi
ded he/
shei
snotdi
squal
i
fied byanypr
ovi
sionsoft
he
Const
it
uti
onsorofanyl
aw madebyt
heappr
opr
iat
eLegi
slat
ureont
he
gr
ound ofnon-
resi
dence,unsoundness ofmi
nd orcor
ruptori
l
legal
pr
act
ice.

POWERSANDFUNCTI
ONS

1)Ar
ti
cle324usest
hewor
ds“
Super
int
endence,Di
rect
ionandCont
rol
”,
t
heSupr
emeCour
twhi
l
edeci
dingEl
ect
ionCommi
ssi
onofI
ndi
aV
 AshokKumarobser
vedt
hatt
hewor
ds“
Super
int
endence,
Dir
ect
ionand
Cont
rol
”ar
ewi
deenought
oincl
udeal
lpower
snecessar
yforsmoot
h
andef
fect
iveconductofel
ect
ionssot
hatt
hewi
l
loft
hepeopl
eis
expr
essed.
2)TheEl
ect
ionCommi
ssi
onpr
epar
esel
ect
oralr
oll
sfort
heel
ect
ionst
o
Par
li
ament
. St
atel
egi
slat
uresaswel
lasl
ocalbodi
esandr
evi
ses
t
heseel
ect
oral
rol
l
s.
3)TheEl
ect
ionCommi
ssi
onerl
aysdowngener
alr
ulesf
orel
ect
ionsand
i
ssuesnot
if
icat
ionofdat
esandschedul
esofel
ect
ionandensur
es
secur
it
yofnomi
nat
ionpaper
s.
4)The El
ect
ion Commi
ssi
on det
ermi
nes t
he code ofconductt
o be
obser
vedbyt
hepar
ti
esandt
hecandi
dat
esatt
het
imeoft
heel
ect
ions.
5)TheEl
ect
ionCommi
ssi
onal
l
otssy
mbol
sandaccor
dsr
ecogni
ti
ont
o
pol
i
tical
par
ti
es.
6)The El
ect
ion Commi
ssi
on r
ender
s adv
ice t
othe Pr
esi
dentand
Gov
ernor
sonquest
ionsr
elat
ingt
odi
squal
i
ficat
ionsofmember
sof
Par
li
amentandSt
ateLegi
slat
ures.
7)The El
ect
ion Commi
ssi
on post
pones t
he el
ect
ions f
or speci
fi
c
mandat
es.
8)TheEl
ect
ionCommi
ssi
onappoi
ntsel
ect
ionof
fi
cer
sfori
nqui
ri
ngi
nto
t
hedi
sput
esar
isi
ngoutori
nconnect
ionwi
thel
ect
ionar
rangement
s.

ELECTORALPROCEDURE

1)TheEl
ect
ionCommi
ssi
onhast
odeci
det
heschedul
eoft
heel
ect
ion
ei
thert
othePar
li
amentort
otheSt
ateLegi
slat
ures,subj
ectt
othe
r
ecommendat
ionsoft
heGov
ernment
.

2)TheEl
ect
ionpr
ocessst
art
sonl
yaf
tert
henot
if
icat
ionoft
hePr
esi
dent
orGov
ernorast
hecasemaybecal
l
ingupont
hev
otert
oel
ectt
hei
r
r
epr
esent
ati
ves.
3)Nor
mal
l
y8 day
sar
eal
l
owed f
orf
il
ing nomi
nat
ion paper
soft
he
candi
dat
es;
wit
hrespectt
otwocondi
ti
ons:

a)Thecandi
dat
emustbet
hev
oteri
nthecount
ry.

b)Thepr
oposer
smustbev
oter
sint
heconcer
nedconst
it
uencywher
e
t
hecandi
dat
eiscont
est
ing.

(
From t
heabov
etwocondi
ti
onsi
tisanaccept
edpr
inci
plet
hatan
i
ndi
vi
dualmaycont
estf
rom anynumberofconst
it
uenci
esi
fhehas
pr
oposer
sfr
om mor
ethanoneconst
it
uency
).

4)Af
tert
henomi
nat
ion,t
heRet
urni
ngOf
fi
cerexami
nest
henomi
nat
ion
paper
s;i
fhef
indsanyser
iousdef
ecti
nthem i
tmayl
eadt
othei
r
r
eject
ion.

5)Af
terexami
nat
iont
woday
sar
eal
l
owedt
othecandi
dat
esf
ort
he
wi
thdr
awal
oft
hei
rnomi
nat
ionpaper
s.

6)Fi
nal
l
ytheRet
urni
ngOf
fi
cerf
inal
i
sest
hel
i
stofcandi
dat
es.

7)Aper
iodof20day
s(f
rom t
hedat
eofwi
thdr
awalofnomi
nat
ion)i
s
al
l
owedf
orcampai
gni
ng.

8)Atanycostt
hecampai
gnhast
oendi
naconst
it
uencybef
ore48hour
s
oft
hepol
l
.

Accor
dingt
oAr
ti
cle 329t
heCour
tsar
ebar
redt
oint
erf
erei
nel
ect
oral
mat
ter
ssuchas;

Thev
ali
dit
yofanyl
awr
elat
ingt
othedel
i
mit
ati
onofconst
it
uenci
es
ort
heal
l
otmentofseat
stosuchconst
it
uenci
esshal
lnotbecal
l
ed
i
nquest
ioni
nanycour
t.
Noel
ect
iont
oei
therHouseofPar
li
amentort
otheHouseorei
ther
Houseoft
heLegi
slat
ureofaSt
ateshal
lbecal
l
edi
nquest
ion
exceptbyanel
ect
ionpet
it
ionpr
esent
edt
osuchaut
hor
it
yandi
n
suchmannerasmaybepr
ovi
dedf
orbyorunderanyl
awmadeby
t
heappr
opr
iat
eLegi
slat
ure.
 PROFESSI
ONALETHI
CS

Engi
neer
inget
hicsmustbedi
sti
ngui
shedf
rom per
sonalet
hics andf
rom
t
heet
hicalobl
i
gat
ionst
hatonemayhav
easanoccupantofot
hersoci
al
r
oles. Engi
neer
inget
hicsi
sconcer
nedwi
tht
hequest
ionofappl
yi
ng
st
andar
dsofet
hicst
oengi
neer
ingsi
tuat
ionsf
ort
hebenef
itoft
hesoci
ety
.

Engi
neer
ing i
sav
erynobl
e pr
ofessi
on. Engi
neerpr
oduces,cr
eat
ed,
pr
ocessesandmai
ntai
nsi
temsorser
vicest
osat
isf
ythebasi
cneedsf
or
t
hebenef
itofmanki
nd. Heal
sost
ri
vest
oenhancet
heconv
eni
ence,
powerandbeaut
yofev
ery
dayl
i
fe.

ETHI
CS,
MORALI
TY&ENGI
NEERI
NGETHI
CS

Et
hicsi
sthesci
enceofmor
ali
[Link]
ali
tyi
sconnect
edwi
thv
irt
uousl
i
fe.
Et
hicsandmor
ali
tyar
ethebasi
sofspi
ri
tual
li
fe.

Engi
neer
ingwi
thoutet
hicsi
sat
reewi
thoutr
oot
s,ahousebui
l
tonl
oose
sandorar
udder
lessboat
.

Et
hicsi
sar
elat
ivesci
encel
i
ker
ightandwr
ong.

Char
act
erwi
thoutet
hicsi
sli
keasal
tl
essdi
[Link]
act
iceofet
hicswi
l
lhel
p
ev
eryengi
neert
oli
vei
nhar
monywi
thhi
snei
ghbour
s,f
ri
ends,hi
sown
f
ami
l
ymember
s,f
ell
owbei
ngsandal
lot
herpeopl
e.

Ev
eryengi
neer shoul
dbui
l
dupt
hei
r char
act
erand gr
ow. St
ickt
o
pr
act
iceskeepi
ngt
hewel
far
eoft
hesoci
etyatl
arge. Oureducat
ional
i
nst
it
uti
onsshoul
dpr
oducey
oungmenandwomenofsoundchar
act
er,
di
sci
pli
ne,r
esponsi
ve,r
esponsi
bleandt
rust
wor
thyf
itci
ti
zensofaf
ree
count
ry.

ETHI
CALTHEORI
ES

Et
hicalt
heor
ies ar
edev
elopedt
oil
l
umi
nat
e,uni
fyandcor
rectcommon
sensej
udgement
sandr
efi
necommonsensej
udgment
saboutspeci
fi
c
si
tuat
ions.

Ther
ear
ebasi
cal
lyf
ourt
ypesofet
hicalt
heor
ies:

[Link]
rt
ueet
hicst
heor
yemphasi
sesi
deal
sofgoodchar
act
erbasedon
appr
eci
ati
onoft
hebasi
cval
uesunder
lyi
ngr
esponsi
bleconduct
.

[Link]
ghtet
hics t
heor
yvi
ewsact
ionsaswr
ongwhent
heyv
iol
atemor
al-
humanr
ight
s. I
tsay
sthatwehav
edut
iest
oot
herpeopl
ebecause
peopl
ehav
efr
ight
sthatoughtt
ober
espect
ed.

[Link]
y et
hics t
heor
ywher
eint
hebasi
cconcepti
sdut
iest
orespect
per
[Link]
stheor
yconsi
der
sdut
iesr
athert
hangoodconsequences
asf
undament
[Link]
stofdut
ies:Behonest
,keepy
ourpr
omi
ses,
donot
i
nfl
i
ctsuf
fer
ingonot
herpeopl
e,bef
air
,maker
epar
ati
onwheny
ou
hav
ebeenunf
air
,show gr
ati
tudef
orki
ndnessext
endedbyot
her
s,
seekt
oimpr
oveone’
sowni
ntel
l
igenceandchar
act
er,dev
elopone’
s
t
alent
s,don’
tcommi
tsui
cide.

[Link]
il
it
ari
ani
sm t
heor
yisbasedont
heconcept “
Mostgoodf
ort
he
mostpeopl
e”.Ut
il
it
ycanbedef
inedast
heov
eral
lbal
anceofgood
ov
[Link]
il
it
ari
ani
sm hol
dst
hatweoughtal
way
sto
pr
ovi
de t
he mostut
il
it
y, gi
vi
ng equalconsi
der
ati
on t
o ev
eryone
af
fect
[Link]
etomax
imi
seut
il
it
y.
 PROFESSI
ONALCODEOFETHI
CS

Pr
ofessi
onalet
hicsi
sthesetofst
andar
dsadopt
edbypr
ofessi
onali
nsof
arast
hey
seet
hemsel
vesact
ingaspr
ofessi
onal
[Link]
ofessi
onalcodesofet
hicspr
onounce
di
sti
nct
lyshar
edst
andar
dsofpr
ofessi
onal
ethi
cs.

RESPONSI
BILI
TYOFENGI
NEERSANDI
MPEDI
MENTSTO
RESPONSI
BILI
TY.

Oneoft
heobj
ect
ivesofacour
sei
nengi
neer
inget
hicsi
stohel
pthest
udent
sto
assumei
ntel
l
igent
lyt
hemant
leofpr
ofessi
onalr
esponsi
bil
i
tyandt
oleadhi
mto
becomer
esponsi
bleengi
neer
.

Responsi
blemeansl
i
abl
etobecal
l
edt
oaccountone’
sact
ion.

Fr
om mor
alpoi
ntsofv
iew,engi
neer
sar
emor
all
yresponsi
ble f
orhar
mst
hey
i
ntent
ional
l
y(knowi
ngl
yanddel
i
ber
atel
ycausi
nghar
m),negl
i
gent
ly(
notknowi
ngl
y
causi
nghar
m butf
ail
i
ngt
oexer
ciseduear
e),orr
eckl
essl
y(notai
mingt
ocause
har
m butact
ingi
nconsci
ousawar
enesst
hathar
misl
i
ket
oresul
t)cause,
regar
dless
ofwhom,
ifanyonei
shel
dlegal
l
yresponsi
ble(
thei
rsuper
visor
sorcompany
).

Engi
neer
shav
ear
esponsi
bil
i
tyt
oser
vet
hei
rempl
oyer
sandpubl
i
cin way
sthat
r
educet
hel
i
kel
i
hoodofhar
mtoot
her
sforwhi
chei
thert
hey
,thei
rsuper
visor
s,or
t
hei
rcompanycanbehel
dlegal
l
yli
abl
e.

RESPONSI
BILI
TYOFENGI
NEERS

Engi
neer
sshal
lnotat
temptt
oinj
ure,mal
i
ciousl
yorf
alsel
y,di
rect
lyori
ndi
rect
lyt
he
pr
ofessi
onalr
eput
ati
on,pr
ospect
,pr
act
iceorempl
oymentofot
herengi
neer
snor
unt
rut
hful
l
ycr
it
ici
seot
herengi
neer
s’wor
[Link]
neer
swhobel
i
eveot
her
sar
egui
l
ty
ofunet
hicalori
l
legalpr
act
iceshal
lpr
esentsuchi
nfor
mat
iont
othepr
operaut
hor
it
y
f
oract
ion.

Engi
neer
shav
ether
esponsi
bil
i
tyt
oguar
dagai
nstcommi
tt
ingoccupat
ionalcr
imes
whi
ch ar
e secr
eti
vev
iol
ati
on ofl
aws r
egul
ati
ng wor
k act
ivi
ti
es,mot
ivat
ed by
per
sonal
greed,
cor
por
ateambi
ti
on,
companyl
oyal
tyandmanyot
hermot
ives.
Engi
neer
s mustkeep pr
ivi
l
eged i
nfor
mat
ion aboutt
hei
rcompani
es and cl
i
ent
s
conf
ident
ial
. Keepi
ng conf
idence i
s one of t
he most cent
raland wi
del
y
acknowl
edgeddut
iesofanypr
ofessi
on.

I
MPEDI
MENTSTORESPONSI
BILI
TY

I
mpedi
ment
sar
etheobst
acl
esconf
ront
edwhi
l
eappl
yi
ngengi
neer
ingr
esponsi
bil
i
ty
i
nact
ualengi
neer
ingpr
act
ice. Someoft
hei
mpedi
ment
stor
esponsi
bil
i
tyar
eas
f
oll
ows:

1. Sel
fint
erest

Engi
neer
sli
keev
ery
oneel
se,ar
epeopl
ewi
thper
sonalhopesandambi
ti
onsnot
r
est
ri
ctedt
opr
ofessi
onali
deal
s. Somet
imesconcer
nfort
hei
rowni
nter
estt
empt
s
t
hem t
oactcont
rar
ytowhatot
her
sexpectf
rom t
hem aspr
ofessi
onal
.Sel
fint
erest
bl
ockst
hem f
rom seei
ngorf
ull
yunder
standi
ngt
hei
rpr
ofessi
onal
responsi
bil
i
ty.

2. Fear
:

Engi
neer
swhi
l
eper
for
mingmaybemov
edbyv
ari
oust
ypesoff
ear
s– Fearof
acknowl
edgi
ng t
hei
rmi
stakes,f
earofl
osi
ng one’
sjob,f
earofsome sor
tof
puni
shmentorot
herbad consequences. Fearpr
event
sengi
neer
sfr
om act
ing
r
esponsi
bly
.

3. Sel
fDecept
ion:

Sel
fDecept
ionmeanswi
l
ful
lackofsel
funder
standi
ng.I
tist
hei
ntent
ional
avoi
dance
oft
rut
hthatwewoul
dfi
ndi
tpai
nfult
oconf
rontsel
fconsci
ousl
[Link]
he
nat
ureoft
hesel
fdecept
ion,i
tispar
ti
cul
arl
ydi
ff
icul
ttodi
scov
eri
tinonesel
fand
pr
event
sper
for
mingr
esponsi
bly
.

4. I
gnor
ance:

Anobv
iousbar
ri
ert
oresponsi
bleact
ioni
signor
anceofv
itali
nfor
mat
ion.I
gnor
ance
maybeduet
olackofi
magi
nat
ion,notl
ooki
ngi
nther
ightpl
acesf
ornecessar
y
i
nfor
mat
ion,
afai
l
uret
oper
sist
,ort
hepr
essur
eofdeadl
i
ne.

5. Egocent
ri
ctendenci
es:

Manyat
imeswet
endt
oint
erpr
etsi
tuat
ionsf
rom v
eryl
i
mit
edper
spect
iveandi
t
t
akesspeci
alef
for
tst
oacqui
reamor
eobj
ect
ivev
iewpoi
[Link]
chol
ogi
stscal
lthi
s
egocent
ri
cit
[Link]
egoodi
ntent
ionsf
orot
her
s,butf
ailt
oreal
i
set
hatt
hei
r
per
spect
ivesar
edi
ff
erentf
rom our
sini
mpor
tantway
[Link]
sisanot
herf
orm of
i
gnor
anceaf
fect
ingt
her
esponsi
bleper
for
mancebyt
heengi
neer
.

6. Mi
croscopi
cvi
sion:

Whenwel
ooki
ntoami
croscope,weseet
hingst
hatwecoul
dnotseebef
ore–but
onl
yinanar
row f
iel
dofr
esol
uti
ononwhi
cht
hemi
croscopef
[Link]
n
accur
atedet
ail
edknowl
edgeatami
croscopi
clev
el,butatt
hesamet
ime,wecease
t
o seet
hingsatt
hemor
eor
dinar
ylev
[Link]
ywhenwel
i
ftourey
esf
rom t
he
mi
croscope,weseewhati
sobv
iousatt
heev
ery
dayl
evel
.Hencesuchmi
croscopi
c
v
isi
oni
sani
mpedi
mentt
oresponsi
bil
i
[Link]
for
mingengi
neer
sneedt
orai
set
hei
r
ey
esf
rom t
hei
rwor
ldofsci
ent
if
icandt
echni
calexper
ti
seandl
ookar
oundt
hem and
under
standt
hel
argeri
mpl
i
cat
ionsofwhatt
heyar
edoi
ng.

7. Uncr
it
icalaccept
anceofaut
hor
it
y:

Mostengi
neer
syi
eldt
owhatt
hei
rbossest
ellt
hem t
odowi
thoutmucht
hinki
ng.
Thi
sisduet
otheconceptofdut
yoff
ait
hful
nesst
othei
rempl
oyer
[Link]
iousl
ythi
s
wi
l
limpedet
her
esponsi
bleper
for
manceand henceneedsspeci
alv
igi
l
ancet
o
pr
eventhar
m.

8. Gr
oupt
hink:

Engi
neer
swor
kint
eamsi
nor
gani
sat
ionalset
[Link]
sleadst
owhati
sknownas
gr
oupt
hink– asi
tuat
ioni
nwhi
chgr
oupscomet
oagr
eementatt
heexpenseof
cr
it
ical
thi
nki
[Link]
oupbecomessuscept
ibl
etof
ail
ure.

I
tcr
eat
esaf
eel
i
ngt
hatv
iewsout
sider
sasadv
erser
iesorenemi
esandencour
ages
st
ereot
ypesofot
her
s.I
ttendst
oshi
ftr
esponsi
bil
i
tyt
oot
her
s.
 I
tcr
eat
esani
l
lusi
onofmor
ali
ty,di
scour
agi
ngcar
efulexami
nat
ionoft
hemor
al
i
mpl
i
cat
ionsofwhatt
hegr
oupi
sdoi
ng.

I
tcr
eat
esani
l
lusi
onofunani
mit
yassumi
ngt
hatt
hesi
l
enceofgr
oupmember
sis
consent
.Fur
theri
tappl
i
esdi
rectpr
essur
eont
hosewhoshowsi
gnsofdi
sagr
eement
,
of
tenbyt
hegr
oupl
eaderwhomakesanef
for
ttokeept
hegr
oupuni
fi
ed.

Last
ly,i
tpr
otect
sthe gr
oup f
rom di
ssent
ing v
iews and t
her
efor
e gr
oup t
hink
i
mpedi
menti
sthepot
ent
ial
sour
ceofi
mpr
opersour
ceofr
esponsi
bil
i
ty.

HONESTY,
INTEGRI
TYANDRELI
ABI
LITY

Engi
neer
ingcodesr
equi
reengi
neer
stobehonestandi
mpar
ti
ali
nthei
rpr
ofessi
onal
j
udgement
.Theconcer
nfort
ell
i
ngt
rut
handt
obehonestext
endsf
arbey
ondt
he
boundar
iesofengi
neer
ingpr
ofessi
[Link]
yleadst
heengi
neert
osat
isf
ied
cont
ent
edl
i
[Link]
sdi
shonestl
osest
hef
ait
hofot
herper
sons.

Engi
neer
ingcodescont
ainmanyr
efer
encest
ohonest
yandi
ntegr
it
y. Ther
ear
e
manyt
empt
ati
onsunderwhi
chengi
neer
smi
suset
rut
h,t
husv
iol
ati
ngt
hepr
inci
ples
ofhonest
[Link]
neer
sgett
hei
rjudgementcor
rupt
edandmi
suset
het
rut
hby
abusi
ng cl
i
ent
-pr
ofessi
onalconf
ident
ial
i
ty. Unr
eli
abl
e engi
neer
ing j
udgementi
s
wor
set
hannoneatal
l
.

Way
sofmi
susi
ngt
het
rut
h
Engi
neer
scanmi
suset
rut
hindi
ff
erentway
s.
[Link]
ing–Al
i
eisast
atementwhi
chi
sbel
i
evedt
obef
alseorser
iousl
ymi
sleadi
ng,
madewi
tht
hei
ntent
iont
odecei
ve.
[Link]
iber
ateDecept
ion – I
fanengi
neerdi
scussest
echni
calmat
teri
n amanner
i
mpl
yi
ngknowl
edgewhi
chhedoesnothav
e,t
oimpr
essapot
ent
ialcl
i
ent
,hei
s
engagi
ngi
ndel
i
ber
atedecept
ion,ev
eni
fhei
snotl
yi
ng. I
nsuchcases,hemay
mi
srepr
esenthi
sownexper
ti
seormi
srepr
esentt
hev
alueofcer
tai
npr
oduct
sor
desi
gnbypr
aisi
ngt
hei
radv
ant
agesexcessi
vel
[Link]
ionshav
edi
sast
rous
consequences.
[Link]
thhol
dingi
nfor
mat
ion- Anengi
neercanbesai
dtobepr
act
ici
ng af
orm of
 di
shonest
ybyomi
ssi
oni
f
[Link]
ail
sto conv
eyi
nfor
mat
iont
hatt
hepubl
i
cwoul
dreasonabl
yexpecthi
m t
o
di
scl
ose,
and
b.I
fthei
ntentofomi
ssi
oni
stodecei
ve.
[Link]
li
ngt
oadequat
elypr
omot
edi
ssemi
nat
ionofi
nfor
mat
ion–Pr
otect
ingheal
thand
saf
etyoft
hepubl
i
cist
hemosti
mpor
tantobl
i
gat
ionoft
heengi
neer
.Engi
neershoul
d
di
scl
ose i
nfor
mat
ion and al
so see t
oitt
hat such i
nfor
mat
ion i
s pr
oper
ly
di
ssemi
nat
ed,
especi
all
yift
hei
nfor
mat
ioncanav
oiddi
sast
er.
[Link]
lur
etoseekoutt
het
rut
h– t
hehonestengi
neeri
sonewhoi
scommi
tt
edt
o
f
indi
ng t
het
rut
[Link]
neerX suspect
sthatsomeoft
hedat
ahehas
r
ecei
vedf
rom t
het
estl
abar
einaccur
ate,i
nusi
ngt
her
esul
tsast
heyar
e,hei
snot
l
yi
ng,nori
sheconceal
i
ngt
het
rut
h,buthemaybei
rr
esponsi
blei
nusi
ngt
her
esul
ts
wi
thoutenqui
ri
ngf
urt
heri
ntot
heaccur
acyoft
hedat
a.
[Link]
eal
ingconf
ident
ialorpr
opr
iet
aryi
nfor
mat
ion–Engi
neer
smi
ghtbet
empt
edt
o
di
scl
oseconf
ident
iali
nfor
mat
ionabouthi
scl
i
entwi
thouthi
sconsent
,usi
ngdesi
gns
andot
herpr
opr
iet
aryi
nfor
mat
ionofaf
ormerempl
oyercanal
sobeadi
shonest
pr
act
ice.
[Link]
lowi
ngone’
sjudgementt
obecor
rupt
ed–Somet
imesengi
neer
sar
ecal
l
edf
or
gi
vi
ngpr
ofessi
onalj
udgement
.Al
l
owi
ngt
hisj
udgementt
obecor
rupt
edorundul
y
i
nfl
uencedbyconf
li
ctsofi
nter
estorot
herext
raneousconsi
der
ati
onscanl
eadt
o
anot
hert
ypeofmi
susi
ngt
rut
hordi
shonestpr
ofessi
onal
pract
ice.

Ef
fect
sofdi
shonest
y
1. Di
shonest
yinengi
neer
ingr
esear
chcani
njur
etheR&Dact
ivi
ti
esbecause,i
f
engi
neer
srecor
dinf
ormat
ionf
alsel
y,oromi
tcr
uci
aldat
a,ot
herr
esear
cher
scannot
dependont
hei
rresul
ts.
2. Di
shonest
ycan al
so under
mine i
nfor
med deci
sion maki
[Link]
sin
busi
nessandgov
ernment
,aswel
lasl
egi
slat
ors,dependont
heknowl
edgeand
j
udgementpr
ovi
dedbyengi
neer
sinmaki
ngdeci
sions.I
fthesear
eunr
eli
abl
e,t
he
abi
l
ityoft
hosewhodependuponengi
neer
stomakegooddeci
sionsr
egar
ding
t
echnol
ogyi
sinj
[Link]
neer
swi
l
lthusf
aili
nthei
robl
i
gat
ionst
opr
omot
epubl
i
c
wel
far
e.
 I
ntegr
it
yinengi
neer
ingr
esear
chandt
est
ing
I
nthef
iel
dofr
esear
chanddev
elopment
,di
shonest
yisexhi
bit
edi
nthef
oll
owi
ng
f
orms.
[Link]
immi
ng–“
smoot
heni
ngofi
rr
egul
ari
ti
est
omakedat
atol
ookext
remel
ypr
eci
se”
done byengi
neer
s,r
esear
cher
s and st
udent
[Link]
sisat
empt
ati
on l
eadi
ng t
o
di
shonest
y.
[Link]
ng– “
Ret
aini
ngonl
ythoser
esul
tst
hatf
itt
het
heor
yorexpect
edt
rendand
di
scar
dingot
her
s.”Ther
esear
cheri
stempt
edt
oadoptt
hisdi
shonestpr
act
icet
o
pr
esentsomet
rendyr
elat
ionshi
pbet
weent
hev
ari
abl
es.
[Link]
ging–“
Inv
ent
ingsomeoral
loft
her
esear
chdat
aandr
epor
ti
ngt
ohav
eobt
ained
t
hedat
abyhi
s/herownexper
iment
alset
up,whi
chwer
enev
erper
for
med”
.Inot
her
wor
ds,
thi
siscr
eat
ingf
alsedat
a,pr
obabl
ytodomuchi
ntool
i
ttl
eti
meont
hewayt
o
getuncr
eat
ivej
ob.
[Link]
agi
ari
sm – “
Useofi
ntel
l
ect
ualpr
oper
tyofot
her
swi
thoutpr
operper
missi
onor
cr
edi
t”
.Thi
sisat
ypeofi
ntel
l
ect
ual
steal
i
ng.
[Link]
ti
pleaut
hor
shi
pofpaper
s–i
sasi
tuat
ionwher
emanyr
esear
cher
sar
eli
stedas
t
heaut
hor
sofasci
ent
if
icpaper
.Thi
sissomet
imesadi
shonestpr
act
icebecause
onei
scl
aimi
ngsi
gni
fi
cantcr
edi
tforsci
ent
if
icr
esear
chwheni
nfact
,hi
scont
ri
but
ion
i
srel
ati
vel
yinsi
gni
fi
cant
.A f
raudul
entcl
aim t
o aut
hor
shi
p gi
vesone an unf
air
adv
ant
agei
nacompet
it
ionf
orj
obs,pr
omot
ionsandr
ecogni
ti
oni
nthesci
ent
if
ic
communi
ty.
I
NTEGRI
TYI
NTHEUSEOFI
NTELLECTUALPROPERTY
I
ntel
l
ect
ualpr
oper
tyi
sthe pr
oper
tyt
hrough i
ntel
l
ect
ualwor
[Link]
e ar
e many
met
hods l
i
ke t
rade mar
king,pat
ent
ing and copy
rightf
orpr
otect
ing i
ntel
l
ect
ual
pr
oper
ty.
Tr
ademar
ks–Wor
ds,phr
ases,desi
gns,sounds,orsy
mbol
sassoci
atedwi
thgoods
orser
[Link]
aisar
egi
ster
edt
rademar
k.
Pat
ent
s–Document
sissuedbygov
ernmentt
hatal
l
ow t
heowneroft
hepat
entt
o
ex
cludeot
her
sfr
om maki
nguseoft
hepat
ent
edi
nfor
mat
ionf
oraspeci
fi
edper
iod
(
20y
ear
s)f
rom t
hedat
eoff
il
[Link]
ainapat
ent
,thei
nvent
ionmustbenew,
usef
ulandnon-
obv
ious.
Copy
right
s–Ri
ght
stocr
eat
ivepr
oduct
ssuchasbooks,
pict
ures,
graphi
cs,
scul
ptur
e,
musi
c,mov
iesandcomput
erpr
ogr
[Link]
horr
etai
nst
hecopy
rightaf
terhi
sor
herdeat
h.

I
NTEGRI
TYANDCLI
ENT-
PROFESSI
ONALCONFI
DENTI
ALI
TY
Foral
lpr
act
ici
ngengi
neer
s,t
her
eisanobl
i
gat
iont
opr
otectt
heconf
ident
ial
i
tyoft
he
cl
i
ent
.Conf
ident
ial
i
tywoul
dor
dinar
il
ycov
erbot
hsensi
ti
vei
nfor
mat
iongi
venbyt
he
cl
i
entandi
nfor
mat
iongai
nedbyt
hepr
ofessi
onal
inwor
kpai
dforbyt
hecl
i
ent
.
I
NTEGRI
TYANDEXPERTTESTI
MONY
Engi
neer
sar
esomet
imeshi
redasex
per
twi
tnessesi
ncasesi
nvol
vi
ngacci
dent
s,
def
ect
ivepr
oduct
s,st
ruct
uraldef
ect
s,pat
enti
nfr
ingement
sandot
herar
easwher
e
compet
entt
echni
calknowl
edgei
srequi
red.I
ntegr
it
yinexper
ttest
imonyr
equi
res
engi
neer
stot
akecasesonl
ywhent
heyhav
eadequat
eti
mef
orpr
epar
ati
on,r
efuse
t
otakecaseswhent
heycannott
est
if
yingoodconsci
enceonbehal
foft
hei
rcl
i
ent
,
consul
text
ensi
vel
y wi
tht
hei
rlawy
erand mai
ntai
n an obj
ect
ive and unbi
ased
out
war
dbehav
ioural
way
sopent
onewi
nfor
mat
ion.
CONFLI
CTOFI
NTEREST
Aper
sonhasaconf
li
ctofi
nter
estwhenheser
vesi
ntwor
olesandt
hei
nter
estof
eachr
olecl
asheswi
tht
heot
her
.Engi
neer
sshal
lnotbef
orcedi
nthei
rpr
ofessi
onal
dut
ies by conf
li
cti
ng i
nter
est
[Link]
neer
s shal
lnotacceptf
inanci
alorot
her
consi
der
ati
ons,i
ncl
udi
ng pr
e-engi
neer
ing desi
gns,f
rom mat
eri
alorequi
pment
suppl
i
ersf
orspeci
fyi
ngt
hei
rpr
oduct
.Engi
neer
sshal
lnotacceptcommi
ssi
onsor
al
l
owancesdi
rect
lyori
ndi
rect
lyf
rom cont
ract
orsorot
herpar
ti
esdeal
i
ngwi
thcl
i
ent
s
orempl
oyer
sfort
heengi
neeri
nconnect
ionwi
tht
hewor
kforwhi
cht
heengi
neeri
s
r
esponsi
[Link]
.Xownsasmal
lRMCpl
antt
hatusescoar
seaggr
egat
[Link]
l
y
speci
fi
escoar
seaggr
egat
esmadef
rom aquar
ryownedbyhi
srel
ati
vei
nhi
sRMC
pl
antev
enwhencoar
seaggr
egat
esmadef
rom anot
hernear
byquar
rymi
ghtbemor
e
appr
opr
iat
[Link]
.X’
ssi
tuat
ioni
nvol
vesaconf
li
ctofi
nter
est
.Conf
li
ctofi
nter
estcan
beact
ual
,pot
ent
ialorappar
ent
.Act
ualconf
li
ctscancor
ruptpr
ofessi
onalj
udgement
.
Pot
ent
ialconf
li
cts may cor
ruptt
he j
udgementmay cor
ruptt
he pr
ofessi
onal
j
udgementi
nfut
[Link]
entconf
li
ctsdecr
easet
heconf
idenceoft
hepubl
i
cint
he
obj
ect
ivi
tyandt
rust
wor
thi
nessoft
hepr
ofessi
onalser
vicesoft
heengi
neer
,though
pr
ofessi
onalj
udgementi
snotact
ual
l
ycor
rupt
ed.I
fconf
li
ctofi
nter
esti
nanyoneof
t
heset
hreesensesi
sunav
oidabl
e,t
hepr
ofessi
onalshoul
drev
eali
tsexi
stence,
r
athert
hanwai
tfort
hecust
omerort
hepubl
i
ctof
indoutabouti
tont
hei
rown.

CONFLI
CTOFI
NTERESTANDACCEPTI
NGGI
FTS/
BRI
BE
Aspeci
alcaseofconf
li
ctofi
nter
esti
saccept
inggi
ft
sfr
om v
endor
sandot
her
s,
whi
chi
sthemostcommonf
orm ofsi
tuat
ionsi
nvol
vi
nghonest
yandi
ntegr
it
yoft
he
engi
neer
.
Cor
rupt
ionhasdowngr
adedt
hei
ntel
l
ect
ualandt
odayapr
ofessi
onalexper
tmeansa
per
sonwhoi
sint
ell
i
gentenought
oknowwhi
chsi
deofhi
sbr
eadi
sbut
ter
ed.
Engi
neer
ing educat
ion has been cal
l
ed t
he t
echni
que of t
ransmi
tt
ing and
t
ransf
ormi
ngci
vi
li
zat
ion.I
tisessent
ial
thatev
eryengi
neer
ingst
udentshoul
dacqui
re
anunder
standi
ngofv
aluesandasenseofmor
algoodsot
hatwhensi
tuat
ionscome
up,hei
sabl
etoputf
ort
hhi
sinnermor
alandet
hicalst
rengt
htor
emai
nadi
gni
fi
ed
pr
ofessi
onal
.