Chapter 3

“World Wars I And II”

Tick (✓) the correct answer:
1. The World War-I was started in:
(a) 1910 CE (b) 1912 CE
(✓ c) 1914 CE (d) 1916 CE

2. The World War-II was started in:

(a) 1933 CE (b) 1935 CE
(c) 1937 CE (✓ d) 1939 CE

3. The Cold War was started between:

(a) America and England (✓ b) America and Soviet Union
(c) Russia and Europe (d) England and France

4. The United Nations was established in:

(a) 1942 CE (b) 1943 CE
(c) 1944 CE (✓ d) 1945 CE

5. The International Court of Justice is based in:

(a) New York City, USA (✓ b) Hague, Netherlands
(c) London, England (d) Paris, France

6. The headquarters of the United Nations is in:

(a) Geneva (b) Hague
(✓ c) New York (d) Paris

7. The Allied forces captured France in:

(a) 1941 CE (✓ b) 1944 CE
(c) 1945 CE (d) 1943 CE
8. A Muslim state that existed in various forms between 1299 CE
and 1923 CE:
(a) Mughal Empire (b) Safavid Empire
(c) Abbasid Caliphate (✓ d) Ottoman Empire

9. The Cold War was a political rivalry between:

(a) England and France
(b) China and Japan
(c) Germany and Italy
(✓ d) The United States and the Soviet Union

10. Pearl Harbor is a lagoon harbor located in:

(a) Alaska, USA (b) California, USA
(✓ c) Oahu, Hawaii, USA (d) Florida, USA

11. What services did Girl Guides and Boy Scouts provide during
the war?
(a) They learned to fight in battles
(b) They became school teachers
(✓ c) They made bandages and slings, grew vegetables, and delivered milk
(d) They built military camps

Short Questions and Answers

i. What was the span of World War-I?

A)The First World War lasted from July 1914 CE to November 1918 CE.

ii. What was the immediate cause of the World War-I?

A)The assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, in

1914 CE was the immediate cause of First World War.
iii. When did the World War-II start?

A)World War-II lasted from September 1939 CE to September 1945 CE.

iv. How would you define the Cold War?

A)The Cold War was a political rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union after
World War-II, where both sought to limit each other’s influence without direct military conflict.

v. Name the pact which was made between the USA and its
European allies?

A)The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was formed in 1949 CE between the USA
and its European allies to protect each in case of attack.

Additional Short Q/A:

1)Who founded the United Nations?

A)The United Nations was founded by representatives of 50 countries who gathered in San
Francisco, USA, in April 1945 C. They signed the UN Charter, officially establishing the UN on
October 24, 1945 CE.

2)What is meant by veto power?

A)Veto power means the right to reject any decision or resolution. In the UN Security Council,
five permanent members can use veto power to stop any action, even if all other members
agree.

3)What is SEATO and CENTO?

SEATO: stands for (Southeast Asia Treaty Organization). It was a defence alliance to stop
communism in Southeast Asia.

CENTO: stands for (Central Treaty Organization). It was a military alliance between Western
and Asian countries.
4)Why did the League of Nations fail?
A)The League of Nations failed because it had no army, was weak, and could not stop powerful
countries from starting wars.

5)When did the Ottoman Empire enter World War I?

A)The Ottoman Empire entered World War I in October 1914 on the side of Germany and
Austria-Hungary.

6)Name the treaty which was signed by Germany in 1918 CE?

A)The Armistice Treaty was signed by Germany in November 1918 CE, marking the end of
World War I.

Long Questions:-
1)Describe some major causes of the First World War?

Military Alliances
An important cause of the First World War was the system of military alliances among European
countries. Europe was divided into two armed camps:
- Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy)
- Triple Entente (Britain, France, Russia, Japan)

These alliances created distrust, and by 1912 CE, both sides had completed military
preparations. A minor dispute could easily spark a major war.

Competition for Colonies

European nations were in a fierce race to acquire colonies. Germany, being a new country,
wanted its share, which threatened British and French colonies in Africa and the Middle East.
This rivalry increased tensions between these powers.

Economic Cause
The Industrial Revolution led to competition for overseas markets and raw materials. Countries
like Britain, France, and Germany quarreled over trade and resources, worsening diplomatic
relations.

Military Preparations
Economic rivalries fueled an arms race. European nations spent heavily on their militaries,
building advanced weapons and large armies. This created a dangerous threat to world peace.

Nationalism
Nationalism—extreme love for one’s country—made European nations hostile toward each
other. The press played a key role in promoting nationalist feelings, making conflicts harder to
resolve peacefully.

Immediate Cause (Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand)

The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand (heir to Austria-Hungary’s throne) in 1914 by a
Serbian student was the final trigger. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, pulling in allies
due to the alliance system, and the war began.

2)Write some events of World WarI?

Outbreak of War (July-August 1914)

- July 1914: Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia after the assassination of Archduke Franz
Ferdinand.
- August 1, 1914: Germany declared war on Russia (Serbia’s ally).
- August 3, 1914: Germany declared war on France and invaded Belgium.
- August 4, 1914: Britain declared war on Germany for violating Belgian neutrality.

Early Battles (1914)

- Battle of the Marne (September 1914): Allied forces stopped Germany’s advance into France,
ending hopes of a quick German victory.

Entry of New Nations (1914-1917)

- November 1914: The Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers (Germany & Austria-
Hungary).
- 1915: Italy switched sides and joined the Allies (Britain, France, Russia).
- 1917: Japan attacked German colonies in the Pacific.

Major Battles (1916-1917)

These were the major battles which were fought between 1916 to 1917.
- Battle of Verdun (1916)
- Battle of the Somme (1916)
- Russian Revolution (1917)

America’s Entry (1917)

- April 1917: The U.S. joined the Allies after German submarines sank American ships.

Final Phase (1918)

- Spring 1918: Germany launched a last major offensive but failed to capture Paris.
- Allied Counterattack (Summer 1918): Pushed Germany back with fresh U.S. forces.
- November 11, 1918: Germany surrendered, signing the Armistice of Compiègne, ending the
war.
 Consequences of WWI
- Treaty of Versailles (1919): Germany was forced to accept blame, pay reparations, and
disarm.
- Austria-Hungary & Ottoman Empire collapsed, leading to new nations like Czechoslovakia and
Yugoslavia.
- League of Nations was formed to prevent future wars.

3)Explain the role of the Ottoman Empire in World War I?

. Introduction
The Ottoman Empire was a Muslim state that existed in various forms between 1299 CE and
1923 CE, with its capital at Constantinople (modern Istanbul).

Entry into the War

The Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers (Germany and Austria-Hungary) in October
1914 CE when its navy attacked the Russian Black Sea fleet at Odessa. This prompted Russia
and other Allied Powers to declare war against them.

Military Campaigns
- Battle of Gallipoli (1915-1916): Achieved a major victory against Allied forces.
- Multiple Fronts:Fought against Russia in the Caucasus and Britain in the Middle East.

Allied Plans for Partition

As early as 1915 CE, the Allies planned to dismember the Ottoman Empire:
- Constantinople Agreement (1915): Promised Constantinople to Russia (canceled after
Russian Revolution).
- Sykes-Picot Agreement (1916): Divided Ottoman Arab lands between Britain and France.

Fall of the Ottoman Empire.

The war brought disaster for the Ottoman Empire. As early as 1915 CE, the Allies had been
planning to dismember the empire:

- Constantinople Agreement (1915): A secret Allied plan to give Constantinople and other
Ottoman lands to Russia after victory. This failed when Russia withdrew due to revolution.
- Sykes-Picot Agreement (1916): Divided the Ottoman Empire’s Arab territories between
**Britain and France

These agreements ensured the empire’s complete collapse after the war.
4)Investigate some causes of World War II?
Treaty of Versailles
The Treaty of Versailles placed harsh conditions on Germany after World War I. It took away its
colonies and forced it to pay heavy war damages. These terms made Germans angry and led to
the rise of Hitler, who promised revenge. This treaty became a main cause of World War II.

Rise of Dictatorship in Italy and Germany

After World War I, Italy and Germany faced political and economic problems. Mussolini and
Hitler took control, rejected peace efforts, and followed aggressive policies. Their leadership and
military actions increased tensions and led to war.

League of Nations
The League of Nations was formed to keep peace after World War I. But it failed to solve
disputes or stop powerful countries from breaking rules. Its weakness made it unable to prevent
World War II.

Immediate Cause
In 1939, Germany demanded Poland to give up Danzig Port. When Poland refused, Germany
attacked. Britain and France declared war on Germany, and World War II began.

5)Explain the role of Indians in World War II?

When the Second World War started in 1939 CE, the British Government needed the support of
Indians. Lord Linlithgow, the Viceroy, invited Quaid-e-Azam and Gandhi to create peace and
unity in India.

Realization by British Government

The British Government realized they could not win the war without the help of Muslims, Hindus,
and Sikhs.

Services and Concessions

Indians gave many services during the war. In return, the British gave several concessions to
the natives and softened their behaviour.

Impact on Independence
This change in behaviour led to the British decision of giving independence to India. Thus,
World War II had a great impact on the subcontinent.

6)Question: What was the Cold War and why did it begin?
Definition of the Cold War

The Cold War was a political rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union after
World War II. It was called "cold" because the two superpowers never directly attacked each
other but competed for global influence.

Background & Causes

- After World War II, the Soviet Union controlled Eastern Europe and imposed communist
governments there.

- The United States wanted to stop communism from spreading and allied with Western Europe.

- This clash of ideologies (U.S. democracy/capitalism vs. Soviet communism) led to tension.

. Beginning of the Cold War

- Division of Germany (1945):After WWII, Germany was split into four zones (U.S., Britain,
France, USSR).

- Berlin Blockade (1948-49): The USSR blocked West Berlin, but the U.S. supplied it via the
Berlin Airlift.

Alliances Formed:

- NATO (1949): U.S. and Western allies' defense pact.

- Warsaw Pact (1955): Soviet response with Eastern Bloc nations.

Major Cold War Conflicts

- Korean War (1950s): North (communist) vs. South (U.S.-backed).

- Vietnam War (1960s): U.S. fought to stop communist takeover.

- Afghan War (1979-89): USSR invaded Afghanistan; U.S. supported anti-Soviet rebels
(Mujahideen).

End of the Cold War

- 1980s Reforms: Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev introduced reforms (glasnost/openness).

- Fall of Berlin Wall (1989): Symbolized the Cold War’s end.

- USSR Collapse (1991): The Soviet Union broke apart, ending communist rule in Eastern
Europe.
Impact on Pakistan

Pakistan allied with the U.S. during the Cold War by joining:

- SEATO (1954) & CENTO (1955): Anti-communist alliances.

- Supported Mujahideen in the Soviet-Afghan War (1980s), receiving U.S. aid.

7)Find out the basic functions of the United Nations?

Establishment & Purpose

The United Nations (UN) was founded on October 24, 1945 CE , after World War II, to
maintain global peace and prevent future wars. It replaced the League of Nations and currently
has 193 member countries, with its headquarters in New York City, USA.

Main Bodies & Their Functions

The UN operates through six principal bodies, as outlined in its Charter:

1. General Assembly

- All member states have equal representation.

- Sets the UN budget, appoints Security Council members, and passes resolutions on global
issues.

[Link] Council

- Maintains international peace and security.

- Authorizes peacekeeping missions and approves new UN members.

- Has 5 permanent members (USA, Russia, China, France, UK) with veto power.

3. Secretariat

- The executive branch, led by the Secretary-General.

- Implements policies and manages daily UN operations.

4. International Court of Justice (ICJ)

- Settles legal disputes between countries (based in The Hague, Netherlands).

5. Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)

- Coordinates specialized agencies (e.g., WHO, UNESCO) to promote human rights and
development.
6. Trusteeship Council

- Originally supervised non-self-governing territories (inactive since 1994).

3. Specialized Agencies

The UN works with **autonomous agencies** to address global challenges:

- (WHO): Improves global health.

- (UNESCO): Promotes education, science, and culture.

- (FAO): Fights **hunger and poverty.

- (World Bank & IMF): Support economic growth.

- (ILO): Protects workers' rights.

Chapter 4
“Political Awakening In Subcontinent”

Q) Tick(✓)the correct answer:

i. The Muslim League was established in:
(a) 1900 CE
(b) 1906 CE ✓
(c) 1910 CE
(d) 1916 CE

ii. The Indian National Congress was established in 1885 in the city of:
(a) Delhi
(b) Bombay ✓
(c) Lahore
(d) Calcutta

iii. The Partition of Bengal was annulled in:

(a) 1911 CE ✓
(b) 1913 CE
(c) 1915 CE
(d) 1917 CE

iv. The Simla Deputation met with:

(a) Lord Canning
(b) Lord Curzon
(c) Lord Minto ✓
(d) Lord Rippon

v. Pakistan Resolution was passed in:

(a) 1939 CE
(b) 1940 CE ✓
(c) 1941 CE
(d) 1942 CE

vi. Quaid-e-Azam presented his Fourteen Points in:

(a) 1919 CE
(b) 1928 CE
(c) 1929 CE ✓
(d) 1940 CE

vii. The First Round Table Conference was held in:

(a) 1928 CE
(b) 1930 CE ✓
(c) 1931 CE
(d) 1932 CE

viii. The Communal Award was presented in:

(a) 1931 CE
(b) 1932 CE ✓
(c) 1933 CE
(d) 1934 CE

ix. Cripps Proposals were presented in:

(a) 1940 CE
(b) 1941 CE
(c) 1942 CE ✓
(d) 1943 CE

x. Quaid-e-Azam advised the Muslims to celebrate Deliverance Day in:

(a) 1936 CE
(b) 1937 CE
(c) 1938 CE
(d) 1939 CE ✓

Additional MCQs
1) Quaid-e-Azam became the first Governor General of Pakistan in:
(a) 14th August 1945
(b) 14th August 1947 ✓
(c) 14th August 1948
(d) 14th August 1950

2) All Christian members of the Assembly voted for the division of Punjab to pave the
path for the establishment of Pakistan on:
(a) 3rd June 1945
(b) 14th August 1947
(c) 21st June 1947 ✓
(d) 15th August 1947

3) In initial demand of the Congress all high posts should be filled through
(a) A Separate Muslim State
(b) Complete Independence from Britain
(c) Competitive Examinations ✓
(d) Provincial Autonomy

Questions and Answers:

1) What is meant by Khilafat Movement?

A) The Muslims of Subcontinent started a movement which came to be known as Khilafat
Movement . Its aims were:-
1) To protect Turkey’s holy places
2) To protect the Caliph of Turkey
3) To restore the Ottoman Empire
It ended in 1924 CE when Mustafa Kamal Ataturk abolished the Khilafat.

2) Why did Muslims refuse to accept the Nehru Report?

A) Muslims rejected the Nehru Report (1928 CE) because it denied separate electorates and
weightage for Muslims in minority provinces, favoring Hindu dominance. Quaid-e-Azam’s
proposed amendments were rejected, uniting Muslims against it.

3) Describe the objectives of the establishment of the Muslim

League?
A) The Muslim League (1906 CE) objectives were:- 1) To achieve the right of separate
electorates
2) To unite the Muslim nation at all level
3) To create political awareness.
It was Founded in Dacca on 30 December, 1906 CE under Nawab Viqar-ul-Mulk, it sought to
protect Muslim rights in British India.

4) Why was Civil Disobedience Movement started?

A)After the announcement of Lord Irwin, Gandhi demanded granting India Dominion Status,
otherwise Congress would not attend the conference. The British Government rejected his
demand and Gandhi started the Civil Disobedience Movement but Muslims did not participate in
this movement.

5) Who led the Shimla Deputation?

A) To increase the representation of Muslims, a deputation of prominent Muslims led by Sir
Agha Khan met Viceroy Lord Minto on 1st October, 1906 CE at [Link] is known as Simla
Deputation,.

6) Who presided over the annual session of Lahore Resolution?

A) The Lahore Resolution held from 22nd March to 24th March, 1940 CE at Minto Park,
[Link] was presided over by Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah. It demanded independent
Muslim states in majority-Muslim regions.

7) What was the purpose of Quit India Movement?

A) The Quit India Movement (1942 CE), started by Gandhi and Congress, demanded British
withdrawal from India and handing over powers to Hindus. The Muslim League opposed it, with
Quaid-e-Azam advocating "Divide and Quit" to ensure Muslim rights post-independence.

8) What did Quaid-e-Azam (RA) say in a meeting at Lyallpur

(Faisalabad) in 1942 CE?
A) Quaid-e-Azam assured minorities equal rights in Pakistan, calling it the solution to their
problems. Christian, Scheduled Caste, Hindu, Sikh, Anglo- Indian and European at Lyallpur in
1924 CE.

Additional Short Q/A

1. Why did Cripps come to India?

A) He was sent by the British government in 1942 to seek Indian support for World War II by
offering limited self-government after the war.
2. Why was All India Muslim League established?
A) It was formed in 1906 to protect Muslim political rights and secure a separate electorate for
Muslims.

3. What was the purpose of partition of Bengal in 1905 CE?

A) It was done to improve administrative efficiency and to divide Hindu and Muslim
communities for political reasons.

Long Q/A :-
1)Discuss the background of the establishment of the Muslims
League?
Initial Efforts for Muslim Political Representation

The idea of a separate political organization for Muslims gained momentum after the Lucknow
Meeting (1901 CE), where Muslim leaders decided to form an organization to protect their
political and social rights. A committee was formed to convene a meeting of Muslim leaders
from all provinces, but this plan initially failed to materialize.

Success of the Simla Deputation (1906 CE)

The Simla Deputation (October 1906 CE), led by Sir Agha Khan and supported by Nawab
Viqar-ul-Mulk, marked a turning point. The delegation successfully presented Muslim demands
to Viceroy Lord Minto, including:
- Separate electorates for Muslims in legislative councils.
- Greater representation than their population share in minority provinces.

This success convinced Muslims of the need for a unified political party to safeguard their
interests at the national level.

Formation of the All India Muslim League (December 1906 CE)

During the annual meeting of the Muhammadan Educational Conference in Dacca (December
1906 CE), key leaders like Nawab Vigar-ul-Mulk (Chairman) and Nawab Saleemullah Khan
(who proposed the resolution) unanimously established the All India Muslim League.

Objectives of the Muslim League

The League was founded with the following aims:
1. To secure a separate electorate for Muslims.
2. To unite Muslims politically and socially.
3. To promote loyalty to the British government while removing misconceptions.
4. To advance Muslim political rights and represent their demands before the British.
5. To prevent hostility toward other communities while safeguarding Muslim interests.
Significance
The Muslim League marked the formal entry of Muslims into Indian politics, providing them a
platform to voice their demands effectively. It laid the foundation for the Two-Nation Theory,
ultimately leading to the creation of Pakistan in 1947 CE.

2)Write down the important points of Lucknow Pact?

The important points of the Lucknow Pact are:

1. Separate Electorates: The Indian National Congress officially accepted the Muslim League's
demand for a separate electorate for Muslims. This meant that Muslims would vote for their own
Muslim representatives in elections.

2. Guaranteed Representation: Muslims were granted one-third (1/3) of the seats in the
Central Legislative Council, ensuring they had a significant voice in the central government.

3. Weightage Formula: A system was agreed upon where Muslims would receive a number of
seats that was not directly proportional to their population. In provinces where they were a
majority, they were given fewer seats than their population would suggest. In provinces where
they were a minority, they were given more seats than their population would suggest.

4. Protection From Biased Laws: To protect minority interests, it was decided that no bill or
resolution against a particular community could be passed unless it was approved by at least
three-fourths (3/4) of the members of that community in the legislative council.

3)Explain Khilafat Movement started by the Indian Muslims in the

Subcontinent?

The Khilafat Movement was a major agitation launched by Indian Muslims to protect the
Ottoman Caliphate after World War I. The key points of this movement are:

1. Background and Cause

Indian Muslims held great respect for the Ottoman Caliph. After the Ottoman Empire (which
fought for Germany) lost World War I, the victorious Allied powers planned to divide Turkey
among themselves. This decision angered Indian Muslims.

2. Leadership
Prominent leaders who started and led the movement included Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad,
Maulana Shaukat Ali, and Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar. These leaders were initially
imprisoned for protesting against British policy.

3. Objectives of the Movement

The movement had three clear aims:

· To protect the holy places in Turkey

· To safeguard the position of the Turkish Caliph
· To restore the territories of the Ottoman Empire

4. Adoption of Non-Cooperation

When the British government refused to address their demands, the Khilafat leaders began a
Non-Cooperation Movement. They received support from the Indian National Congress, led by
Mahatma Gandhi.

5. Hijrat (Migration) Incident

Maulana Abdul Bari and Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad declared India Dar-ul-Harb (land of war),
prompting many Muslims to migrate to Afghanistan. However, Afghanistan closed its borders,
causing severe hardship to the migrants who were forced to return.

6. Decline of the Movement

The movement began to decline after:

· The Chauri Chaura incident (1922) where a mob killed policemen, leading to widespread
arrests
· Gandhi's decision to call off the Non-Cooperation Movement
· Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's abolition of the Caliphate in Turkey (1924), which removed the main
reason for the movement

4)Discuss the Civil Disobedience Movement and its effects on the

unity of Hindu-Muslims?
The Civil Disobedience Movement was a non-violent campaign led by the Indian National
Congress and Mahatma Gandhi against British rule in 1930. However, it negatively impacted
Hindu-Muslim unity.

1. Lack of Muslim Support

The movement was mostly led by Congress without full support from Muslim leaders. The
Muslim League felt its concerns were ignored, so most Muslims did not actively join.

2. Distrust from Earlier Events

Before this movement, the Nehru Report (1928) rejected key Muslim demands, like separate
electorates. This made Muslims distrust Congress and feel their rights were not safe.

3. Different Goals

Congress wanted immediate independence first. Muslims wanted guarantees for their rights and
safety first. This clash in priorities created division.

4. Effects on Unity

The movement increased distrust between the two communities. It pushed Muslims to focus on
their own political party (the Muslim League) and eventually led to the demand for a separate
homeland, Pakistan. Instead of uniting Indians, the movement deepened the divide between
Hindus and Muslims.

5)Highlight the fourteen points of Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali

Jinnah?

The fourteen points are as follows:

1. Federal Constitution: The form of the future constitution should be federal,with any residual
powers (powers not given to the central government) vested in the provinces.

2. Provincial Autonomy: All provinces should be granted a uniform measure of autonomy.

3. Minority Representation: All legislatures and elected bodies must have adequate and
effective representation for minorities in every [Link] representation should be sufficient
to prevent a majority community from reducing a minority to an ineffective status.

4. Muslim Representation in Central Legislative:

Muslim representation in the Central Legislative Council must not be less than one-third.

5. Separate Electorates: The system of separate electorates for communal groups should
[Link], any community should have the right to switch to a joint electorate if it
chooses.

6. Protection of Muslim Majorities: Any future territorial changes should not affect the Muslim-
majority status of the Punjab,Bengal, and the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP).
7. Religious Liberty: Full religious freedom and liberty shall be granted to all communities.

8. Community Veto Power: No bill or resolution shall be passed in any legislature if three-
fourths(3/4) of the members of any community oppose it.

9. Separation of Sindh: Sindh should be separated from the Bombay Presidency and made an
independent province.

10. Reforms in NWFP and Balochistan: Reforms should be introduced in the NWFP and
Balochistan,giving them the same political status as other provinces.

11. Share in Government Services: Muslims must be given an adequate share in all
government services,with consideration for the requirements of efficiency.

12. Protection of Culture and Religion: There must be complete protection for Muslim
culture,language, and religion.

13. Representation in Cabinets: At least one-third of the ministers in any Central or Provincial
Cabinet should be Muslim.

14. Constitutional Amendments: No change or amendment to the constitution should be

made without the consent of the provinces.

6)Why Lahore Resolution called Pakistan Resolution? Explain it.

The Lahore Resolution is called the Pakistan Resolution because it was the formal political
statement that first demanded the creation of a separate independent homeland for Muslims,
which later came to be known as Pakistan.

1. The Original Demand in the Lahore Resolution

The annual session of the All India Muslim League was held in Lahore in March 1940. In this
meeting, a historic resolution was presented. It declared that no constitutional plan for India
would be acceptable to Muslims unless it created independent states in the regions where
Muslims were in a majority.

2. The Use of the Word "States"

The original text of the resolution used the word "states" (in plural), suggesting the possibility of
more than one Muslim state in the northwest and east of India. It called for these majority areas
to be grouped to form "independent states" where the units would be "autonomous and
sovereign."
3. The Amendment and Clarification in 1946

In 1946, the Muslim League amended the resolution. The demand was clarified to be for a
single, united independent state for Muslims, not multiple states. This unified state was to be
called Pakistan.

4. Popularization of the Name "Pakistan"

Although the name "Pakistan" was not used in the original 1940 resolution, the demand it made
was exactly what the Pakistan Movement stood for. The public and the press immediately and
popularly referred to the Lahore Resolution as the "Pakistan Resolution" because it was the
foundational document that launched the clear struggle for the nation of Pakistan.

5. The Start of the Struggle for Pakistan

After this resolution was passed, the clear goal of the Muslim political struggle was to achieve
the separate homeland of Pakistan. The resolution marked a definitive point where the Two-
Nation Theory was officially adopted as policy, making "Pakistan Resolution" a more accurate
and powerful name for the historic Lahore Resolution.

6)Describe the establishment of Muslim League and its

objectives?

The All India Muslim League was formed in 1906 to protect the political rights of Indian Muslims.

1. Reasons for Formation

Muslims needed their own political party after the Simla Deputation. The main reasons were:

· To get a separate electorate for Muslims.

· To unite all Muslims.
· To create political awareness.

2. Establishment

The league was created on December 30, 1906, at a meeting in Dacca during the
Muhammadan Educational Conference. Nawab Saleemullah Khan proposed the idea, and it
was approved by all leaders present.

3. Main Objectives

The league's goals were:

· To make Muslims loyal to the British government.
· To protect Muslim political rights and present their needs to the government.
· To prevent Muslims from feeling hostile towards other communities.

4. Importance

This was a major event as it gave Muslims their own political platform for the first time.

Chapter: 5
Pakistan A New Country: 1947 Till
Today.
Q.1 Tick (✔) the correct answer:

i. The Operation Zarb-e-Azb launched in:

(a) 2009 CE
(b) 2010 CE
(c) 2012 CE
(d) 2014 CE ✔

ii. The Objectives Resolution was passed in:

(a) 1948 CE
(b) 1949 CE ✔
(c) 1950 CE
(d) 1951 CE

iii. The 3rd June Plan was presented in:

(a) 1947 CE ✔
(b) 1951 CE
(c) 1955 CE
(d) 1957 CE
iv. The United Nations sent a representative to India and Pakistan
to review in:
(a) 1948 CE ✔
(b) 1951 CE
(c) 1955 CE
(d) 1957 CE

v. Pakistan became the member of United Nations in:

(a) 1947 CE
(b) 1948 CE ✔
(c) 1949 CE
(d) 1950 CE

Additional MCQs.
vi. The official Languages of Afghanistan are:
(a) Urdu and English
(b) Punjabi and Sindhi
(c) Pashto and Dari Persian ✔
(d) Arabic and Turkish

vii. Which one is the official religion of Afghanistan:

(a) Hinduism
(b) Christianity
(c) Islam ✔
(d) Buddhism

viii. Kashmir is very beautiful valley and is known as:

(a) Pearl of the East
(b) Heaven on Earth ✔
(c) Land of Rivers
(d) Mountain Kingdom

ix. At the time of creation of Pakistan, there were approximately

______ small and big states:
(a) 400
 (b) 500
(c) 600 ✔
(d) 700

x. The Government of India Act 1935 was amended as

Independence Act of ______:
(a) 1947 ✔
(b) 1948
(c) 1950
(d) 1956

Short Q/A
1. What is the importance of objective resolution?
A) It was a key document that led to the first constitution on March 23, 1956 CE, which declared
Pakistan an Islamic Republic. It is described as "The most important occasion in the life of this
country, next in importance only to the achievement of independence".

[Link] did Pakistan adopt the first Constitution of Pakistan?

A)Pakistan adopted the first constitution on March 23, 1956 CE.

[Link] was the share of Pakistan in the division of assets in

partition?
A)The share of Pakistan was 750 million. The first installment of 200 million was issued at once
but the remaining amount was stopped illegally.

4)Which river conceded by Pakistan in the Indian Basin Treaty?

A)Pakistan conceded three rivers (Ravi, Sutlej and Bias) in the Indian Basin Treaty.

5)What was the immediate cause of the War on Terrorism?

A)After 9/11 Attacks, USA built a worldwide coalition against terrorism. More than 80 countries
have offered military assistance; 46 organizations have declared their support to the US
leadership.
Additional Short Q/A
1)Write two effects of Afghan war on Pakistan?
1)First, Pakistan had to face Afghan refugees problem.
2)Secondly, Pakistan continues to pay heavy price in terms of economic and security issues.

2) Who was Liaqat Ali Khan?

Liaqat Ali Khan, the first prime minister of Pakistan, was closest associate of Quaid e Azam
Muhammad Ali Jinnah in struggle for Pakistan.

3)Write five names of prime ministers of Pakistan from 1947CE to

1958CE?
[Link] Ali Khan
[Link] Nizam-ud-Din
[Link] Ali Bogra
[Link] Muhammad Ali
[Link] Shaheen Suhrawardy.

4)What did Liaqat Ali Khan say about Objectives Resolution?

Liaqat Ali Khan called it “The most important occasion in the life of this country, next in
importance only to the achievement of independence.

5)What was the Rann of Kutch famous for?

The Rann of Kutch was famous for its white salty sand and was reputed to be the largest salt
desert in the world.

Long Q/A
1)What are the salient features of the Objectives Resolution?
Discuss its importance.

The Objectives Resolution, passed on March 12, 1949, outlined the core principles for
Pakistan's future constitution. Its key features are:

· Islamic Sovereignty: Ultimate sovereignty belongs to Allah, exercised by the state within
Quranic limits.
· Democratic System: The state's authority is run by elected representatives.
· Islamic Principles: Principles of democracy, freedom, and social justice, as defined by Islam,
will be observed.
· Islamic Life: Muslims can live their lives by Islamic teachings.
· Minority Rights: Minorities are free to practice their religion and culture.
· Federal System: Pakistan will be a federation.
· Fundamental Rights: Citizens' basic rights will be protected.
· Independent Judiciary: The judiciary will be free from influence.

Importance of the Objectives Resolution

The Resolution is critically important because:

· It became the foundation for all Pakistani constitutions, starting with the first one in 1956.
· It officially defined Pakistan's identity as an Islamic republic.
· It successfully combined Islamic principles with modern democracy.
· It guaranteed rights for both Muslims and minorities.
· It was a historic milestone, considered the most important event for the new nation after its
independence.

2) Evaluate the most challenging problems Pakistan had to face

after independence in 1947 CE?

Pakistan faced numerous severe challenges after gaining independence:

1. Mass Refugee Crisis

Millions of Muslims migrated from India to Pakistan. Providing immediate shelter, food, and
rehabilitation for these refugees overwhelmed the new administration.

2. Unfair Radcliff Award

The boundary commission unfairly awarded Muslim-majority areas like Gurdaspur and
Ferozepur to India, creating the Kashmir dispute and depriving Pakistan of rightful territory.

3. Financial Injustice

India withheld Pakistan's rightful share (750 million rupees) of financial assets, paying only 200
million and demanding Kashmir in exchange for the remainder.

4. Military Asset Dispute

India refused to give Pakistan its agreed 36% share of military assets, leaving the new country
poorly equipped for defense.
5. Administrative Challenges

Karachi lacked basic government facilities. There was a critical shortage of experienced officials
to run the new state.

6. Water Dispute

India cut off water flow to Pakistani rivers, threatening agriculture. This was later resolved
through the 1960 Indus Waters Treaty.

7. Princely States Conflict

India forcibly annexed states that wanted to join Pakistan (Kashmir, Junagadh, Hyderabad),
creating ongoing conflicts.

8. Death of Quaid-e-Azam

The death of founder Muhammad Ali Jinnah just 13 months after independence was a
devastating leadership loss.

9. Indian Hostility

India's opposition led to immediate conflict, including the first Kashmir war (1948) and
subsequent wars in 1965 and 1971.

10. Constitutional Delay

The absence of a constitution until 1956 created political instability as the country operated
under temporary arrangements.

11. Geographical Division

East and West Pakistan were separated by 1,750 km of Indian territory, making administration
and national unity extremely difficult.

12. Economic Weakness

Pakistan started with minimal industry and resources, making economic development a
monumental challenge while managing other crises.
3)Highlight the Salient Features of the 1973 Constitution of
Pakistan?

The 1973 Constitution is the supreme law of Pakistan. These are its key features:

1. Federal System

The constitution establishes Pakistan as a federation. It creates a strong central government

and also gives powers to provincial governments (Punjab, Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa,
Balochistan) and federally administered areas.

2. Parliamentary Government

It sets up a parliamentary system where most power is held by the elected parliament. The
Prime Minister, who is the leader of the majority in the National Assembly, is the head of
government and runs the country.

3. Bicameral Legislature

The parliament has two houses:

· National Assembly (Lower House): 342 members directly elected by the people.
· Senate (Upper House): 104 members representing the provinces to ensure equal
representation.

4. Rigid Constitution

It is difficult to change. Any amendment requires a two-thirds majority vote in both houses of
parliament.

5. Fundamental Rights

The constitution guarantees basic rights for all citizens, including:

· Equality before the law

· Freedom of speech, expression, and religion
· Right to own property
· Right to choose any legal job
· Security of a person and their property

6. National and Regional Languages

Urdu is declared the national language, but all regional languages are also protected and
promoted.

7. Islamic Provisions

The constitution strongly defines Pakistan's Islamic identity:

· Official name is the "Islamic Republic of Pakistan." *-Sovereignty belongs to Allah.

· Islam is the state religion.
· Only a Muslim can become President or Prime Minister.
· All laws must be brought in line with Islamic teachings.

8. Direct Elections

Members of the National and Provincial Assemblies are chosen through direct voting by the
people.

Conclusion

The 1973 Constitution was approved on April 10, 1973, and enforced on August 14, 1973. It is a
comprehensive document that defines Pakistan as a federal, parliamentary, and Islamic
democracy, ensuring both citizens' rights and the country's ideological foundation.

4) Describe the causes, events and effects of Indo-Pak War 1965

CE?

Causes

1. Indian Hostility: India opposed Pakistan's creation and progress.

2. Kashmir Dispute: India refused a UN-plebiscite in occupied Kashmir.
3. Indian Defeats: India sought to regain prestige after losses to China (1962) and in the Rann
of Kutch dispute with Pakistan.
4. Election Politics: India’s ruling party started a war to gain popular support in upcoming
elections.

Events

· India attacked Pakistan on September 6, 1965.

· Pakistani forces defended fiercely despite being outnumbered.
· Major battles occurred in Lahore, Sialkot, and Kasur.
· A UN-backed ceasefire ended the war on September 23, 1965.

Effects
1. National Unity: Pakistanis united across political and social lines.
2. Global Recognition: Pakistan gained international respect for its defense.
3. Kashmir Highlighted: The war renewed global attention on the Kashmir issue.
4. Islamic Support: Muslim nations supported Pakistan, boosting national pride.

Conclusion: The war strengthened Pakistan’s national identity and demonstrated its military
resilience.

5) Describe Afghan War and its impact on Pakistan?

The Afghan War

· Background: Before 1978, Afghanistan was ruled by King Zahir Shah. Both the US and
USSR provided aid to gain influence.
· Soviet Invasion: The Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in 1979 to support a communist
government, citing a friendship treaty. They withdrew in 1988 after a long conflict.

· US Invasion: Following the 9/11 attacks in 2001, the US and its allies invaded Afghanistan to
fight against Al-Qaeda and the Taliban regime that hosted them.

· US Withdrawal: After 20 years of war, the US signed a peace deal with the Taliban in 2020
and completed its troop withdrawal in 2021.

Impact on Pakistan

1. Refugee Crisis: Pakistan received millions of Afghan refugees, placing a huge strain on its
economy and resources.
[Link] Cost:Supporting the war effort and managing refugees was extremely costly for
Pakistan.
3. Security Issues: The war led to a rise in terrorism and extremism within Pakistan, resulting
in security challenges and loss of life.
4. Heavy Price: Pakistan continues to face significant economic and security problems as a
long-term consequence of the war.

Conclusion: The Afghan War caused immense instability in the region. Pakistan, as a
neighboring country, paid a heavy price by facing a massive refugee influx, economic burdens,
and serious security threats that lasted for