Understanding Conditional Propositions

This document covers the concepts of conditional propositions, including their forms (converse, inverse, contrapositive) and their truth values. It also discusses tautologies, contradictions, contingencies, and common logical fallacies that can lead to invalid reasoning. The document includes examples and activities to reinforce understanding of these logical principles.

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Understanding Conditional Propositions

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rillortashyrmaine

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MODULE 4.

LOGIC
FORMS OF
MODULE 4. LESSON 3 CONDITIONAL
PROPOSITIONS
OVERVIEW
❑ Conditional propositions are statements that describe a cause-and-
effect or “if…then” relationship. They are among the most
important tools in reasoning and mathematics because they allow us
to predict outcomes, test assumptions, and build valid arguments. In
this lesson, we will explore conditional propositions and their related
forms: converse, inverse, and contrapositive.
Conditional Propositions
❑ A conditional proposition (also called an implication) is a
statement of the form:
✓ If p, then q (symbol: p → q).
▪ p: hypothesis (or antecedent)
▪ q: conclusion (or consequent)

✓ Examples:
▪ If a number is even, then it is divisible by 2.
▪ If it rains, then the ground becomes wet.
Related Forms of Conditional Statements
❑ Converse – obtained by interchanging p and q.
▪ Conditional: If p, then q → (p → q)
▪ Converse: If q, then p → (q → p)
❑ Inverse – obtained by negating both p and q.
▪ Conditional: If p, then q → (p → q)
▪ Inverse: If not p, then not q → (¬p → ¬q)
❑ Contrapositive – obtained by interchanging and negating both p
and q.
▪ Conditional: If p, then q → (p → q)
▪ Contrapositive: If not q, then not p → (¬q → ¬p)

Important Note: A conditional and its contrapositive always have the same truth value.
Similarly, the converse and inverse are logically equivalent to each other.
Truth Table for Conditional and Related Forms
Let’s analyze the statement: “If p, then q.”

p q ¬p ¬q p→q q→p ¬p → ¬q ¬q → ¬p
T T F F T T T T
T F F T F T T F
F T T F T F F T
F F T T T T T T
Examples:
A. Original statement: If a figure is a square, then it is a rectangle.
✓ Converse: If a figure is a rectangle, then it is a square. (Not always
true)
✓ Inverse: If a figure is not a square, then it is not a rectangle. (False)
✓ Contrapositive: If a figure is not a rectangle, then it is not a square.
(True)
B. Let p: I study hard.”, q: “I pass the exam.
✓ Conditional: If I study hard, then I pass the exam. (p → q)
✓ Converse: If I pass the exam, then I study hard. (q → p)
✓ Inverse: If I do not study hard, then I do not pass the exam. (¬p →
¬q)
✓ Contrapositive: If I do not pass the exam, then I did not study hard.
(¬q → ¬p)
TRY THIS:

Given the Conditional

Statements, write its converse,
inverse, and contrapositive.
START

START
Given the Conditional Statements, write its converse, inverse,
and contrapositive.
CONDITIONAL STATEMENT

If you save money, then you will have

something to use in emergencies.
01
If you have something to use in emergencies, then you
Converse REVEAL
save money.
If you do not save money, then you will not have
Inverse REVEAL
something to use in emergencies.
If you do not have something to use in emergencies, then
Contrapositive REVEAL
you did not save money.
Given the Conditional Statements, write its converse, inverse,
and contrapositive.
CONDITIONAL STATEMENT

If you eat healthy foods, then you will

stay fit.
02

Converse If you stay fit, then you eat healthy foods. REVEAL

Inverse If you do not eat healthy foods, then you will not stay fit. REVEAL

Contrapositive If you do not stay fit, then you did not eat healthy foods. REVEAL
Given the Conditional Statements, write its converse, inverse,
and contrapositive.
CONDITIONAL STATEMENT

If you submit your project on time,

then your teacher will be pleased.
03
If your teacher is pleased, then you submitted your project
Converse REVEAL
on time.
If you do not submit your project on time, then your
Inverse REVEAL
teacher will not be pleased.
If your teacher is not pleased, then you did not submit
Contrapositive REVEAL
your project on time.
Given the Conditional Statements, write its converse, inverse,
and contrapositive.
CONDITIONAL STATEMENT

If you respect others, then others will

respect you.
04

Converse If others respect you, then you respect others. REVEAL

If you do not respect others, then others will not respect

Inverse REVEAL
you.
If others do not respect you, then you did not respect
Contrapositive REVEAL
them.
Given the Conditional Statements, write its converse, inverse,
and contrapositive.
CONDITIONAL STATEMENT

If you throw garbage properly, then

the environment will stay clean.
05
If the environment stays clean, then you throw garbage
Converse REVEAL
properly.
If you do not throw garbage properly, then the
Inverse REVEAL
environment will not stay clean.
If the environment does not stay clean, then you did not
Contrapositive REVEAL
throw garbage properly.
ACTIVITY 3.1. Flip It, Twist It, Prove It!
A. For each of the following statements, write its converse, inverse, and
contrapositive.
1. If a number is divisible by 4, then it is even.
2. If it is raining, then I will bring an umbrella.
3. If a student is diligent, then the student succeeds.
4. If a polygon has four equal sides, then it is a rhombus.
5. If two angles are complementary, then their sum is 90 degrees.
6. If a figure is a square, then it has four right angles.
7. If a person studies hard, then the person will pass the exam.
8. If a number ends in 0, then it is divisible by 5.
9. If an animal is a bird, then it has feathers.
10. If a shape is a triangle, then it has three sides.
ACTIVITY 3.2. Reality Check: Truth Behind If–Then Statements
A. Think of three real-life situations that can be written as “if…then”
statements. For each, write its converse, inverse, and contrapositive.
Indicate which of the four forms are true or false.
TYPES OF
MODULE 4. LESSON 4 TAUTOLOGIES
AND FALLACIES
OVERVIEW
❑ Logic does not only focus on building valid arguments but also on
avoiding invalid reasoning. In this lesson, we will explore tautologies
(statements that are always true) and fallacies (errors in reasoning).
Understanding these will help you recognize valid reasoning patterns
in mathematics, philosophy, and everyday life, while also guarding
against false arguments that may look convincing but are actually
misleading.
Tautology
❑ A tautology is a statement that is always true regardless of the truth
values of its components.
✓ Examples:
▪ Either it will rain, or it will not rain. (p ∨ ¬p)
▪ If a number is even, then it is divisible by 2, or it is not divisible by
2.
▪ In math: For any number x, x = x.
❑ Truth Table Example – Tautology: Let’s analyze p ∨ ¬p:
p ¬p p ∨ ¬p
T F T
F T T
Note: Always true, hence a tautology.
Contradiction
❑ A contradiction is the opposite of a tautology – a statement that is
always false.
✓ Example:
▪ It is raining, and it is not raining at the same time. (p ∧ ¬p)
❑ Truth Table Example – Contradiction: Let’s analyze p ∧ ¬p:
p ¬p p ∧ ¬p
T F F
F T F
Note: Always false, hence a contradiction.
Contingency
❑ A contingent statement is neither a tautology nor a contradiction; its
truth depends on the situation.
✓ Example:
▪ If it rains, then I will bring an umbrella.
(p → q) – sometimes true, sometimes false.
❑ Truth Table Example – Contingency: Let’s analyze p → q:
p q p→q
T F F
F T T
Note: depends on the situations.
Fallacies
❑ A fallacy is an error in reasoning that makes an argument invalid or
misleading.
Common Logical Fallacies
❑ Hasty Generalization – drawing a conclusion based on too few
examples.
✓ Example: My two classmates who study at night got high grades.
Therefore, everyone who studies at night gets high grades.
❑ False Cause (Post Hoc) – assuming one event causes another just
because it happened first.
✓ Example: I wore my red underwear during the board licensure
exam and passed. My red underwear caused my success.
Fallacies
❑ A fallacy is an error in reasoning that makes an argument invalid or
misleading.
Common Logical Fallacies
❑ Begging the Question (Circular Reasoning) – assuming what you’re
trying to prove.
✓ Example: I am trustworthy because I always tell the truth.
❑ Ad Hominem – attacking the person instead of the argument.
✓ Example: Don’t listen to his opinion on climate change; he isn’t
even a scientist.
❑ Appeal to Authority – believing something is true because an
authority figure said it.
✓ Example: This product must be safe; a famous actor endorses it.
Fallacies
❑ A fallacy is an error in reasoning that makes an argument invalid or
misleading.
Common Logical Fallacies
❑ Appeal to Emotion – manipulating emotions instead of presenting
evidence.
✓ Example: If you don’t buy this brand, you don’t really care about
your family.
TRY THIS:

Identify the fallacy committed

in each situation:
START

START
Identify the fallacy committed in each situation:

STATEMENT