concept that was formalized after
Grace Hopper's discovery of a moth in
- Ctrl+Alt+ICT: Digital Literacy Quiz the Harvard Mark II.
Bee Reviewer ★ USB stands for Universal Serial Bus.
It's an industry-standard specification
Computer Architecture and Components that defines the cables, connectors,
★ Hardware refers to the physical and protocols for connection,
components of a computer system communication, and power supply
that you can touch and see. Think of it between computers and electronic
as the tangible parts. These devices. It's used for connecting
components work together to make peripherals like keyboards, mice,
the computer function. Examples printers, and external hard drives.
include a monitor, keyboard, mouse,
and the internal parts like the hard
drive and the Central Processing Unit Network and Internet Protocols
(CPU). ★ The World Wide Web is a global
★ Software is a set of instructions, data, information system of documents and
or programs that tells the hardware other web resources, identified by
what to do. It's the non-physical part of URLs (Uniform Resource Locators),
the computer. Software can be broadly which are interlinked by hypertext
categorized into two types: system links.
software, which manages the ★ The cloud is not a single entity but a
computer's operations (e.g., operating network of servers often hosted in
systems like Windows or macOS), and data centers with redundant power
application software, which are and cooling.
programs that allow users to perform ★ Cloud computing is a model for
specific tasks (e.g., a web browser or enabling convenient, on-demand
a word processor). network access to a shared pool of
★ The CPU, or Central Processing Unit, configurable computing resources
is a microprocessor governed by the (e.g., networks, servers, storage,
fetch-decode-execute cycle. applications, and services).
○ Its performance is impacted ★ HTTP and HTTPS are
by factors like cache size, bus application-layer protocols. HTTPS
speed, and the instruction set uses Transport Layer Security (TLS)
architecture (ISA). to encrypt the communication,
★ RAM is a type of synchronous operating on port 443. The first
dynamic random-access memory website was hosted on a NeXT
(SDRAM) that is volatile, while ROM is computer at CERN, the same
a non-volatile memory that may be organization that pioneered packet
programmable (e.g., as in a EEPROM switching in Europe.
chip) or masked at the factory.
★ The motherboard is the central printed Security and Ethical Use of Technology
circuit board (PCB) that holds the ★ Spam can be defined as unsolicited
primary components and provides the commercial email, but the term also
electrical connections between them. applies to other forms of
A router operates at Layer 3 of the communication like instant messaging
OSI model, making routing decisions and social media.
based on IP addresses. ★ A worm is a standalone,
★ The term "debugging" refers to the self-replicating program that can
systematic process of finding and spread across networks and does not
reducing the number of bugs, or require a host program.
defects, in a computer program, a
★ A Trojan (Trojan horse) is a type of
malware that is designed to deceive
users into thinking it is a legitimate
program to gain unauthorized access.
★ A hacker is an individual who explores
and tests the limitations of computer
systems.
○ The categorization of "white
hat," "grey hat," and "black
hat" refers to their intent and
ethical alignment.
★ The "ILOVEYOU" virus, or Love Bug,
was a computer worm written in
VBScript that spread rapidly by
exploiting a vulnerability in Microsoft
Outlook and Internet Explorer.
Digital Data and Information
★ File extensions are suffixes that help
the operating system determine the
file format.
○ For example, .docx is based
on the Open XML standard,
while .mp3 is an audio format
that uses a lossy compression
algorithm defined by the
Moving Picture Experts Group
(MPEG).
○ The GIF (Graphics
Interchange Format) file
format, famous for animated
images, was invented in 1987
by Steve Wilhite at
CompuServe.
★ The binary number system is a
positional notation system with a base
of 2, representing numbers using only
the digits 0 and 1. The smallest unit of
digital information is a bit, and a
sequence of 8 bits forms a byte.
★ A QR code is a two-dimensional
barcode, invented by Denso Wave, a
subsidiary of Toyota, for tracking parts
in vehicle manufacturing.