LO \ ) ¢ - PSLE Science y Keyword List é . “cchor Keith ir : /Diversity of living and non-living things —==. + hir, food and water + Survive * Living things can grow, respond and reproduce: + Flowering vs non-flowering plants + Amphibians, reptiles, mammals, insects, fish + Moist skin, scales, hair and hard outer covering + 3 body parts, 6 lege + Lays eggs, gives birth + Non-living things are not able to reproduce, do net require air, food and water and cannot grow in size naturally + Moving around by itself is not unique to living-things (for eg. robot can move by itself)Diversity of living and non-living things —=———. + Living things: ° Grow ° Reproduce © Require air, food and water to survive ° Can respond to changes + Mammals have lungs, hair and gives birth to young + Reptiles have lungs, scales and lays eggs + Fish have gills, scales and lays eggs + Insects have 3 body parts, 6 legs and lays eggs + Birds have feathers, lungs and lays eggsFungi and Bacteria ——— + They are decomposers. Decomposers break down dead matter and releases carbon dioxide, warmth and moisture in the process + Fungi and bacteria require Warmth, Oxygen and Water to grow + Fungi: Mushroom, yeast, mouldDiversity of materials ——_— + Properties: Strength, flexibility, waterproof, transparency, ability to float/sink + Wood, ceramic, metal, fabric, rubber, glass, plastic + Do note that difference between flexibility and flexible. Flexibility is the property tested but being flexible is the property of a material. it used wrongly, marks will be deductedLife Cycles in Plants and Animals Port 1 —_———— + Seed, seedling, young plant, adult plant « Germinate + Roots, seed leaves, shoot + Egg, young/nymph, adult + Egg, larva, pupa, adult + B-stage life cycle, 4-stage life cycleLife Cycles in Plants and Animals Port 2 ————_ + B-stage life cycle: Cockroach, Grasshopper, Dragonfly, Frog, Chicken + 4-stage life cycle: Ant, Mosquito, Beetle + For plants, the seedleat provide food for the seedling unti its true leaves developMatter ——_— + Matter has mass and takes up space + Solid: Fixed shape and fixed volume + Liquid: No fixed shaped but has fixed volume + Gas: No fixed shape and no fixed volume + Occupy space + Gas can be compressed + Liquid and solid cannot be compressedDigestive System —=——. + Organs: Mouth, Gullet, Stomach, Small intestines, Large intestines, Anus + Produce digestive juice: Mouth, Stomach and Small intestines + Mouth helps to chew food into smaller pieces so that digestion can happen faster «= Small intestines digest food and the digested food pastes through the thin walls into the bloodstream + Large intestines absorbs water from undigested food « When less blood is supplied to small intestines during exercise, there will be a slower rate of digestion of food and absorption of digested food into the bloodMagnets — + Amagnet can exert a pull or a puch + Magnets can be made of iron or steel + Magnets have 2 poles: North and South + Afreely suspended magnet would come to rest in the North-South direction (just like a compass) + Unlike poles of magnets attract and like poles of magnets repel + Magnets attract magnetic materials + How to make a magnet? © Use a magnetic material © Stroke it in a circular motion 20 times ° Coil wires around the material and let current flow through the wiresPlant System Port 1 ———— + Parts: Leaf, stem, roots + leaves: » Allow exchange of gases with the environment ° Make food for the plant + Stem: o Transports water, mineral salts and food to all parts of the plant ° Holds plant upright + Roots: © Absorbs water and mineral salts from the soil o Anchors plant firmly to the groundPlant System Port 2 ———— + Food is made in the leaves and transported through the food-carrying tube to the rest of the plant + Water and mineral salts are absorbed by the roots and transported through the water-carrying tubes to the rest of the plant + Food-carrying tube is nearer to the outside of the stem while water-carrying tube is nearer to the middle + When there is a cut in the food-carrying tube, food made by the leaves cannot be transported below the cut and will cause the area above/below (depending) the cut to swellLight —————— ‘+ An object can be seen if it reflects light or is a source of light + Properties of light o Light travels in a straight line o Light can be reflected by an object 2 Light can be blocked by an object + When more light is blocked, a larger shadow is formed + When less light is blocked, a smaller shadow is formed + A shadow is formed when light is blocked by an objectHeat —=_———. + Temperature is « measurement of the degree of hotness + Heat is a form of energy + Heat and temperature are not the same thing + Lose heat to/Gain heat from + When matter loses heat, it contracts and takes up lesser space + When matter gains heat, it expands and takes up more. space + Good conductors of heat allow heat to flow at a fast rate (e.g, metals)Water and changes of state Port 1 ——— + Melting: Change of state from solid to liquid at a fixed temperature + Freezing: Change of state from liquid to solid at a fixed temperature + Boiling: Change of state from liquid to gas at a fixed temperature + Evaporation: Change of state from liquid to gas at any temperature below boiling point + Condensation: Change of state from gas to liquid + Gain heat from/lose heat to + Steam is gaseous state + Mist and clouds are liquid stateWater and changes of state Port 2 — + Commonly tested: How are water droplets formed on a surface? Warm water vapour from (e.g. surrounding air) came into contact with the cooler inner/outer surface of the object, lost heat to it and condensed to form water droplets + What affects evaporation? © Heat ° Wind speed o Exposed surface areaWater Cycle 1 e ——_— + Water gains heat and evaporates to form water vapour. Warm water vapour comes into contact with the cooler surrounding air, loses heat to it and condenses to form water droplets which are the clouds + Water cycle is important as it ensures a continuous supply of water for life processes + The main source of energy for water cycle is the SunReproduction in Humans aan *, + Female parts: Ovary, fallopian tube, womb, vagina + Male parts: Penis, testis + Fertilisation occurs in the fallopian tube + The male cell swim up the vagina and into the fallopian tube where it fuses with the female egg cell + The fertilised egg develops in the womb for 9 months + The umbilical cord is the tube that connects the foetus to the mother. It transports oxygen and digested food to the footus and removes carbon dioxide and waste materials from the foetus + Without 1 ovary/testis, the other ovary/testis can still produce reproductive cells, making fertilisation still possibleHeredity ———— *, + Offspring will inherit traits from their parents/grandparents due to the genetic information in the offspring’s cells + Traits that can be inherited: o Eye colour © Hair colour (natural) 2 Type of eyelids © Type of earlobes 2 Ability to rall/twist tongue o Skin colour + Traits that cannot be inherited: © Hair length, fingerprintReproduction in Plants Port 1 —— + Non-flowering plants reproduce by spores + Flowering plants reproduce by seeds + Germination requires Water, Oxygen and Warmth (wow) + Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from anther of a flower to the stigma of a flower of the same kind + Fertilisation is the fusing of the male and female reproductive cells + Wind pollination vs Animal pollination + Wind pollinated flowers are dull in colour, have small petals and have their anthers and stigmas sticking out of the flowerReproduction in Plants Port 2 ———— + Animal pollinated flowers are brightly coloured, have a sweet scent and nectar, big petals and anthers and stigmas are inside the flower + 4 types of seed dispersal: Water, Wind, Animal and Split + Water dispersed: Fibrous husk, trapped air, float + Wind dispersed: Lightweight, wing-like structure + Animal dispersed: Fleshy, weet, indigestible seeds + Reduce competition with parent plant for Space, Water, Mineral salts and Sunlight—=_———. + Animal cell 2 Cell Membrane © Cytoplasm o Nucleus + Plant cell 2 Cell membrane ° Cell wall 2° Chloroplast (only in leaves) ° Cytoplasm ° NucleusCells —— + Cell membrane: Controls movement of substances ‘entering and leaving the cell + Cytoplasm: A jelly-like substance where cell activities take place + Nucleus: Controls all activities in the cell and contains genetic material + Cell wall: Provides the cell its shape + Chloroplast: Trap sunlight to make food for the plantAir and Respiratory System Port 1 ——— «* Airis a mixture of gases and it includes Nitrogen, ‘Oxygen, Carbon dioxide, Water vapour and other gases + Organs: Nose, Windpipe and Lungs + Nitrogen is the most abundant gas in air. We take in nitrogen into our lungs but it does not enter our bloodstream + Oxygen enters our bloodstream in the air sacs of our lungs + Carbon dioxide is produced by our cells during respiration and we need to breathe out excess carbon dioxideAir and Respiratory System Port 2 ——— + Exhaled air has more water vapour, carbon dioxide and heat + Inhaled air has more oxygen + Both exhaled and inhaled air contain the same amount of nitrogen Bee otal Neettenneter erent eter toners + Our breathing rate increases during exercise because ‘our body needs more energy. We breathe faster to take in more oxygen for respiration and to give out more carbon dioxide produced by our muscles + Fish take in dissolved oxygen from the water into the blood vessels in the gillsCirculatory System — + Blood, blood vessels and heart + Blood transports digested food, oxygen, water and waste materials + Blood moving towards the lungs and away from the body i poor in oxygen and rich in carbon dioxide: + Blood moving away from the lungs and towards the body is rich in oxygen and poor in carbon dioxide + Our heart rate increases during exercise because our muscles require more energy. The heart will pump blood rich in oxygen and digested food to the muscles at a faster rate to produce more energy. Excess carbon dioxide is also needed to be transported away from the musclesCirculatory System ——— + Plant transport system vs Human circulatory system + Plant transport system transports water and mineral salts in water-carrying tubes and food in food-carrying tubes + Movement of substances in a plant is in one direction unlike human circulatory systemElectrical Systems Port 1 —=———. + Bulbs, batteries, wires, switches + Connect bulbs properly: Metal tip and Metal case + IFeonnected improperly, current may still be able to flow through the circuit but bulb will not light up + Batteries must be connected properly: +ve to -ve and - ve to +e + Open/close circuit + Electric current flows through the circuit + Electrical conductors: Metals + Electrical insulators: Plastic, Ceramic, rubberElectrical Systems Port 2 — + Parallel vs series arrangement of bulbs + Parallel arrangement: » More current flowing through each bulb compared to series = brighter bulbs ° When 1 bulb fuses, the others will stil light up © Ability to control each bulb individually « Series arrangement: ° Bulbs are dimmer @ When | bulb fuses, the others will not ight upEnergy in Food ———_—— + Photosynthesis: Process where plants take in water and ide in the presence of light and chlorophyll to make food and oxygen + Living things need energy from respiration for life processes + Main source of energy for life on earth: the Sun + In the presence of starch (a form of sugar), iodine turns from yellowish brown to dark blue + Many experimental questions are tested in this topic: remember to think in terms of photosynthesis (what is produced and what is needed)Forms of Energy Port 1 ———— + Potential energy: ° Chemical potential energy (food, battery, muscle) © Gravitational potential energy (height, weight) © Elastic potential energy (stretched/compressed spring) + Heat energy (sun, hot air, produced when there is friction) « Light energy (bulb, sun, main energy for photosynthesis) + Sound energy (bell, produced when there is friction) + Kinetic energy (anything that is moving, turbine) « Electrical energy (generator, wires)Forms of Energy Port 2 ———— + Keywords to use in booklet B: © Convert o Energy of what? For e.g. kinetic energy of the moving skateboard, electrical energy in the generator + Why do moving objects come to a stop? All kinetic ‘energy of the moving object has converted to heat and sound energy as it moves along the road + Energy and forces are not the same, don't mix them up = When an energy topic question asks you to explain, always try to use energy conversionForces Part 1 —_—— + What is a force? A force is a push or a pull + Types of forces: « Push force 2 Pull force o Frictional force ° Gravitational force « Elastic spring force ° Magnetic force of attraction © Magnetic force of repulsionForces Part 2 ——_— + Effects of forces: ° Aforce can cause a stationary object to move 2 Aforce can slow down a moving object o Aforce can stop a moving object ° Aforce can change the direction of a moving object © Aforce can change the shape of an object 2 Aforce can speed up a moving objectForces Part 3 ——— + Important keywords: ° Overcome Greater than ° Smaller than ® Lubricant 2 Streamlined (less frictional force)Living together ——— + Population: A group of living things of the same kind, living and reproducing at a given place and time + community is group of living things living together in the same habitat + Habitat: the environment or place a group of living things live inFood chains and food webs —— + Producers and consumers + Producers are organisms that produce food and do not ‘consume other organisms, they are known as plants + Preys are organisms that are hunted by other organisms. Note that plants are not preys as they are not hunted + Predators are organisms that feed on other consumers + Apex predator is a predator that is not fed on by other By ao seetaeoreeme Chat ereione|enerny ontera ‘organism to another + Afood chain shows the food relationship of the organismsAdaptations —$—=—==. + Organisms adapt in order to survive + Structural adaptation: An adaptation thet is physical (can be seen aera] ere Things that the organism does to survive (action) + Why do organisms adapt? © Cope with environment ° Obtaining food ° Reproduction © Escaping predatorsMan's impact on his environment Part 1 — + Global warming happens when the average temperature of earth increases + Greenhouse gases (2.g. carbon dioxide) trap heat on + Deforestation is the cutting /burning down of trees. It contributes to global warming as there would be loss trees to absorb carbon dioxide in the environment + Burning fossil fuels, driving vehicles, deforestation, factories all contribute to global warmingMan’s impact on his environment Part 2 ——— + Acid rain is formed when harmful gases produced by man's activities mixes with the clouds in the atmosphere, forming acid rain + Effects of acid rain: ¢ Destruction or corrosion of buildings ° Causing plants to absorb less water and nutrients o Affecting marine life + Non-renewable sources of energy: « Fossil fuels, natural gas, coal + Renewable sources of energy: ° Wind, sun, falling waterMan’s impact on his environment Part 3 —_—__—— + Positive impacts: © Conservation © Reforestation + Negative impacts: o Deforestation »° Depleting natural resources 2 Pollution ° Global warming