Induction Motor

Construction

Basically, the induction motor consists of two main parts, namely

1. The part i.e. three phase windings, which is stationary called stator.

2. The part which rotates and is connected to the mechanical load through shaft called rotor.

The conversion of electrical power to mechanical power takes place in a rotor. Hence rotor
develops a driving torque and rotates.

1. Stator

The stator has a laminated type of construction made up of stampings which are 0.4 to 0.5 mm
thick. The stampings are slotted on its periphery to carry the stator winding. The stampings are
insulated from each other. Such a construction essentially keeps the iron losses to a minimum
value. The number of stampings are stamped together to build the stator core. The built up core
is then fitted in a casted or fabricated steel frame. The choice of material for the stampings is
generally silicon steel, which minimizes the hysteresis loss. The slots on the periphery of the
stator core carries a three phase winding, connected either in star or delta. This three phase
winding is called stator winding. It is wound for definite number of poles. This winding when
excited by a three phase supply produces a rotating magnetic field as discussed earlier. The
choice of number of poles depends on the speed of the rotating magnetic field required. The
radial ducts are provided for the cooling purpose. In some cases, all the six terminals of three
phase stator winding are brought out which gives flexibility to the user to connect them either in
star or delta. The Fig. 1 shows a stator lamination.

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2. Rotor

The rotor is placed inside the stator. The rotor core is also laminated in construction and uses
cast iron. It is cylindrical, with slots on its periphery. The rotor conductors or winding is placed in
the rotor slots. The two types of rotor constructions which are used for induction motors are,

1. Squirrel cage rotor and

2. Slip ring or wound rotor

1. Squirrel Cage Rotor

The rotor core is cylindrical and slotted on its periphery. The rotor consists of uninsulated
copper or aluminium bars called rotor conductors. The bars are placed in the slots. These bars
are permanently shorted at each end with the help of conducting copper ring called end ring.
The bars are usually brazed to the end rings to provide good mechanical strength. The entire
structure looks like a cage, forming a closed electrical circuit. So the rotor is called squirrel cage
rotor. The construction is shown in the Fig. 2 Squirrel cage induction motor

As the bars are permanently shorted to each other through end ring, the entire rotor resistance
is very very small. Hence this rotor is also called short circuited rotor. As rotor itself is short
circuited, no external resistance can have any effect on the rotor resistance. Hence no external
resistance can be introduced in the rotor circuit. So slip ring and brush assembly is not required
for this rotor. Hence the construction of this rotor is very simple.

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Fan blades are generally provided at the ends of the rotor core. This circulates the air through
the machine while operation, providing the necessary cooling. The air gap between stator and
rotor is kept uniform and as small as possible.

In this type of rotor, the slots are not arranged parallel to the shaft axis but are skewed as
shown in the Fig.3. Fig. 3 skewed rotor construction

The advantages of skewing are,

1. A magnetic hum i.e. noise gets reduced due to skewing hence skewing makes the motor
operation quieter.

2. It makes the motor operation smooth.

3. The stator and rotor teeth may get magnetically locked. Such a tendency of magnetic locking
gets reduced due to skewing.

4. It increases the effective transformation ratio between stator and rotor.

2. Slip Ring Rotor or Wound Rotor

In this type of construction, rotor winding is exactly similar to the stator. The rotor carries a three
phase star or delta connected, distributed winding, wound for same number of poles as that of
stator. The rotor construction is laminated and slotted. The slots contain the rotor winding. The
three ends of three phase winding, available after connecting the winding in star or delta, are
permanently connected to the slip rings. The slip rings are mounted on the same shaft. We have
seen that slip rings are used to connect external stationary circuit to the internal rotating circuit.
So in this type of rotor, the external resistances can be added with the help of brushes and slip
ring arrangement, in series with each phase of the rotor winding. This arrangement is shown in
the Fig. 5.

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In the running condition, the slip rings are shorted. This is possible by connecting a metal collar
which gets pushed and connects all the slip rings together, shorting them. At the same time
brushes are also lifted from the slip rings. This avoids wear and tear of the brushes due to
friction. The possibility of addition of an external resistance in series with the rotor, with the help
of slip rings is the main feature of this type of rotor.

3. Comparison of Squirrel Cage and Wound Rotor

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What is Rotating Magnetic Field? - How it is produced

When a magnet or magnetic pole ( coil or winding ) is rotated, the magnetic field or flux of
constant amplitude produced by the magnet or poles will be a rotating magnetic field. But in this
case, an external physical force is needed to rotate magnet or coils.

In practice, without any external force, a rotating magnetic field can be produced with the help of
a polyphase ac supply. When the three-phase uniformly distributed winding suitably wound on
the stator is supplied with a 3-phase ac supply, a rotating magnetic field of constant magnitude
rotating at synchronous speed is produced. Let us see how it is possible.

Consider 3-phase, 2 pole stator having three similar windings aa', bb', and cc' displaced in
space by 120°, supplied with 3-phase ac supply as shown below.

Due to the current flowing in each phase displaced from each other by 120° produces an
alternating flux which is assumed to be sinusoidal in nature. The fluxes produced by each phase
Φ1, Φ2, and Φ3 are also displaced by 120° from each other. The instantaneous values of fluxes
with respect to time is given by,
Φ1 = Φm Sin θ
Φ2 = Φm Sin (θ - 120⁰)
Φ3 = Φm Sin (θ - 240⁰)

Where Φm = maximum value of the flux due to any phase. The waveforms of these fluxes and
their phase representation are shown below.

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a) When θ = 0⁰ (At point 0):

At point 0 on the waveform i.e, at 0⁰, the value of Φ1 is,

The value of Φ2 is,

The value of Φ3 is,

Since Φ1 = 0, the resultant of Φ2 and Φ3 can be found out by reversing Φ2 and adding it with
Φ3 as shown below.

From the figure Resultant flux Φr,

So at 0⁰, the magnitude of resultant flux is 1.5 times the maximum value of individual flux.

b) When θ = 60⁰ (At point 1):

At point 1 on the waveform i.e, at 60⁰, the value of Φ1 is,

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The value of Φ2 is,

The value of Φ3 is,

Since Φ3 = 0, the resultant of Φ1 and Φ2 can be found out by reversing Φ2 and adding it with
Φ1 as shown below.

From the figure Resultant flux Φr,

Therefore at 60⁰, the magnitude of resultant flux Φ r = 1.5 Φm. Here we can notice that the
magnitude of Φr is the same as that of the previous, also the phasor has rotated clockwise
through an angle of 60⁰.

c) When θ = 120⁰ (At point 2):

At point 2 on the waveform i.e, at 120⁰, the value of Φ1 is,

The value of Φ2 is,

The value of Φ3 is,

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Since Φ2 = 0, the resultant of Φ1 and Φ3 can be found out by reversing Φ3 and adding it with
Φ1 as shown below.

From the figure Resultant flux Φr,

Therefore at 120⁰, the magnitude of resultant flux Φr = 1.5 Φm. Here also, the magnitude of Φr is
the same as that at 0⁰ and 60⁰, but the phasor has further rotated clockwise through an angle of
60⁰ or 120⁰ from the start.

d) When θ = 180⁰ (At point 3):

At point 3 on the waveform i.e, at 180⁰, the value of Φ1 is,

The value of Φ2 is,

The value of Φ3 is,

Since Φ1 = 0, the resultant of Φ2 and Φ3 can be found out by reversing Φ3 and adding it with
Φ2 as shown below.

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From the figure Resultant flux Φr,

Hence Φr = 1.5 Φm but has rotated clockwise through an additional angle of 60⁰ or 180⁰ from the
start.
From the above, it is clear that,

 The resultant flux is of constant magnitude and having a value of 1.5 Φm i.e., Φr = 1.5 Φm.
 The resultant flux rotates at the synchronous speed, Ns is given by

Where f = supply frequency and P = number of poles of the stator winding. Therefore, when a 3-
phase supply is fed to a 3-phase stator winding, a rotating magnetic field of constant magnitude
rotating at synchronous speed is produced.

What is Slip in Induction Motor? - Effect of Slip on Induction Motor

When the supply is given to the induction motor the field winding set-ups a magnetic field
rotating at synchronous speed Ns (i.e., Ns = 120f/number of poles), and the field is known as a
rotating magnetic field.
As the rotor is rotating in this magnetic field, the magnitude of rotor-induced currents will be
proportional to the relative speed between the stator rotating field and rotor speed and this
current always lags with the main field current. Thus it is difficult to maintain synchronism
between the main field flux speed and rotor rotating speed.

Let us assume that the rotor rotates at synchronous speed, so the emf induced in the rotor
conductors would become zero and consequently, there is no torque on the rotor causing the
rotor to fail back in speed. Once the rotor falls back in speed, the relative speed increases, and
again rotor picks up the speed.
But due to the inertia of the rotor, this does not happen in practice and the rotor continues to
rotate with a speed slightly less than the synchronous speed of the rotating field. Therefore, an

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induction motor will always rotate at a speed N less than the speed of synchronous speed
Ns (speed of rotating magnetic field).
i.e., N < Ns

What is Slip in Induction Motor?

We have seen that there will be a difference in the speed of the rotating magnetic field and rotor
rotating speed. This difference in speed expressed by the percentage of synchronous speed
Ns is known as the slip of the motor. Therefore, The slip 's' is defined as the difference between
the speed of the main magnetic field (Ns) and the rotor rotating speed (N). Thus slip,

From the above equation, the actual speed of the motor can be expressed as,

From the equation of slip s, it may be noticed that the relative speed or slip speed (Ns - N) of the
rotor and rotating magnetic field is directly proportional to the slip.
 At starting or standstill position of the rotor, N = 0. At this condition the slip s = 1, and this is
the maximum value of slip.
 The value of slip cannot be zero because when s = 0, N = Ns, thus torque produced will be
zero. This can be understood by the torque-slip characteristics of the induction motor.
 At no-load slip is very low (near to 0) about 1% and at full load, it is about 3-5%. The
variation in slip and therefore speed, from no-load to full load is very small. Thus we can
say a 3-phase induction motor is also a constant speed motor.

 Effect of Slip on Induction Motor Parameters:

 Rotor Frequency:

In an induction motor, the relation between synchronous speed, supply frequency, and the
number of stator poles is given by,

When the rotor rotates at a speed 'N' then the rotor conductor cut the rotating magnetic field at
the relative speed i.e., Ns - N. The frequency of the rotor induced emf or current 'f r' can be
expressed as,

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Dividing equation 2 by 1, we get,

Therefore, fr = s f at the running condition. So rotor frequency in running condition is slip times
the supply frequency.
 Suppose, at starting, N = 0 and slip = 1, hence fr = f.
 Under the normal running condition, the rotor frequency is very small as the slip is very
small.

Rotor Induced EMF:

When the rotor is stationary or at standstill (N = 0) i.e., slip = 1, the emf induced in the rotor is
maximum. This is due to the rate of cutting the flux by the rotor is maximum as the relative
speed between the rotor and rotating magnetic field is maximum. Let E2 be the rotor-induced
emf per phase at standstill.

As the speed of the rotor increases, the relative speed decreases. This reduces the magnitude
of induced emf in the rotor and proportionality. The relative speed is 'Ns - N' rpm when the motor
is running at speed 'N' rpm. Let E2r be the rotor induced emf per phase under running
conditions.

Dividing equation 2 by 1, we get,

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Therefore, rotor-induced EMF under running conditions will be slip times the rotor-induced EMF
at standstill.

Rotor Reactance:

The rotor reactance depends upon the frequency. We know that at slip s, the frequency of the
rotor induced emf is given by fs = s f.
At the standstill (s = 1) condition the frequency of the rotor is given to be f r = f. As the rotor
winding comprises inductance, the formula for rotor inductive reactance is given by X 2 = 2π f L2.
Where L2 is the per phase inductance of the rotor. Therefore, under standstill condition, the rotor
per phase reactance X2 is given by,

similarly, under running condition (s ≠ 1) condition the frequency of the rotor is given to be fr =
sf. Therefore, the per-phase rotor reactance X2r under running conditions is given by,

Therefore, rotor reactance under the running condition will be slip times the rotor reactance at
standstill.

Rotor Resistance:

The resistance of the rotor is independent of frequency and hence rotor resistance remains the
same as R2 Ω per phase at standstill as well as in the running condition.

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Rotor Impedance:

The expression for rotor impedance is obtained by combining rotor resistance and rotor
reactance. Therefore, the per-phase rotor impedance Z2 at standstill is given by,

Similarly, under the running condition,

Rotor Current & Power Factor:

From the equations of rotor resistance, impedance, and power factor under the standstill and
running condition. The equivalent circuit of the rotor at standstill can be drawn as shown below.

From the equivalent circuit, the standstill rotor current I2 and power factor cos Φ2 is given as,

Similarly, under the running condition, the equivalent circuit is shown below.

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From the equivalent circuit, the rotor current I2r and power factor cos Φ2r under running condition
is given as,

Torque Equation of Induction Motor

The torque T, of an induction motor, is proportional to the product of stator flux per pole (Φ),
rotor current (I), and the power factor of the rotor. The torque of an induction motor is due to the
interaction of the rotor and stator fields and is dependent on the strength of the fields and their
phase relationship.

Thus,

T ∝ Φ I2 CosΦ2

Since rotor induced EMF/phase, E is proportional to the stator flux Φ.

i.e., E2 ∝ C
Therefore,
T ∝ E2 I2 Cos Φ2
But rotor current/phase,

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and, Rotor Power factor,

Therefore,

Where, K = Constant of proportionality = 3*60/2π Ns

Torque Slip Characteristics of Induction Motor

Induction motor speed changes with a change in the load connected to it. As the load on the
motor increases the slip of the motor increases. This makes the motor increase the amount of
torque produced in order to meet the load demand.

The curve drawn plotted between torque against slip is called torque-slip characteristics of the
induction motor. We know that from the torque equation of induction motor is,

At Low Values of Slip:

Starting from zero, when slip s = 0, rotor speed N is equal to synchronous speed N s (N = Ns i.e.,
the rotor speed is equal to the speed of the rotating magnetic field). At this condition, the net
torque produced on the rotor is zero. Hence, the motor cannot run at synchronous speed

1. When the speed of the rotor is very near to synchronous speed (but not equal to
synchronous speed) the value of slip will be slightly greater than the zero i.e., a very low
value of slip, s. Then, the term (sX2)2 is very small and can be neglected when compared to
R22.

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2. When slip increases due to an increase in load, the speed decreases. This in turn
increases torque and becomes a maximum Tm. As the torque produced is maximum (T =
Tm) the value of slip will also be maximum (s = sm). The torque produced by the induction
motor is maximum when rotor resistance R2 is equal to rotor reactance X2.

The value at which torque becomes maximum is known as pull-out or breakdown torque.
3. Hence for low values of slip, the torque-slip curve obtained will be approximately a straight
line as shown in the below figure
Here, we can notice that if the value of slip increases (due to an increase in load demand) the
torque produced increases to meet the load demand. Therefore, the torque is directly
proportional to slip until the motor attains its maximum torque and the operation of the motor in
this region is stable.

At High Values of Slip:

When the slip of the motor increases beyond its maximum value, then the motor is said to be
running at high values of slip.

1. When slip is further increases beyond s = sm, then the resistance of the rotor R22 is very
small as compared to the reactance of the rotor (sX2)2 and it can be neglected.

Here the torque decreases as the slip increases. The obtained torque-slip curve at this
condition will be a rectangular hyperbola (from 3 to 5) as shown in the below figure.
2. If the value of the slip is equal to one (s = 1), the speed will be zero. Therefore, the motor
will remains stationary. Hence the corresponding torque is nothing but starting torque.
i.e., T = Tst (when s = 1)

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From the above, we can say that at high values of slip (when the slip is greater than its
maximum value i.e., s > sm). The torque produced is inversely proportional to the slip due to this
there will be a drop in rotor speed, and the motor will operate in the unstable region.

The region from s = 0 to s = sm is called the operating region for the induction motor because if
the load is increased beyond s = sm, then torque decreases and t

Maximum Torque and Condition of Maximum Torque

The torque equation of induction motor i.e., the amount of torque produced on the rotor depends
upon rotor current, rotor resistance, rotor reactance, and slip.
From the torque-slip characteristics of the induction motor, it can be noticed that the torque of
the motor is directly proportional to the slip until the motor attains its maximum torque T max i.e.,
at full load.
Once, the amount of load on the motor meets that it has produced its maximum torque, thereby
we can see an inverse relation (inverse proportionality) between torque and slip for any further
increase in load. The below figure shows the effect of change of load on an induction motor.

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Maximum Torque Condition of an Induction Motor:

The expression for torque produced in an induction motor under the running condition is given
as,

In an induction motor, to obtain maximum torque condition, differentiate the equation of torque
with respect to slip (as slip is the variable quantity with respect to torque) and equate it to zero.

Therefore,

Where,
 R2 = Rotor resistance
 X2 = Rotor reactance
 s = Slip of the motor.

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Therefore, the torque produced is maximum when the resistance of the rotor is equal to slip
times rotor reactance or we can say under the running condition the torque produced will be
maximum when rotor resistance is equal to rotor reactance. From the above condition, the slip
'sm' at which the torque is maximum is given by,

Starting Torque:

The torque produced by the motor at the start is called starting torque, Tst. At start, N = 0 and
hence slip, s = 1. Therefore, starting torque can be obtained by substituting s = 1 in equation
(2), i.e., torque equation under the running condition.

Comparison of Torques:

The performance of the motor is sometimes expressed in terms of comparison of various

torques such as full-load torque, starting torque, and maximum torque.

Relation between Full-load and Maximum Torque:

Let

sf = full-load slip

The expressions for full-load torque TFL, and maximum torque, Tmax is,

The ratio of full-load torque to maximum torque is,

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Dividing numerator & denominator by X22, we get,

.

Relation between Starting Torque and Maximum Torque:

The expression for starting torque Tst, and maximum torque, Tmax are,

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By dividing the numerator and denominator by X22, we get

Ex.1 A 12 pole, 3 phase alternator is coupled to an engine running at 500 r.p.m. It supplies an
induction motor which has a full – load speed of 1440 r.p.m. Find the slip of the motor.

Ex.2 A 4 pole, 3 phase induction motor is supplied from 50 Hz supply. Determine its
synchronous speed. On full load, its speed is observed to be 1410 r.p.m. Calculate its full load
slip.

Ex.3 A 4 pole, 3 phase, 50 Hz, star connected induction motor has a full load slip of 4 %.
Calculate full load speed of the motor.

Ex.4 A 3-phase induction motor runs at a speed of 1485 r.p.m. at no-load and at 1350 r.p.m. at
full-load when supplied from a 50 Hz, 3-phase line.
i) How many poles does the motor have ?
ii) What is the % slip at no-load and at full-load ?
iii) What is the frequency of rotor voltages at no-load and at full-load ?
iv) What is the speed at both no-load and full-load of, the rotor field with respect to rotor
conductors, the rotor field with respect to the stator and the rotor field with respect to the stator
field.

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Ex. 5 A 50 Hz, 4 pole induction motor has an induced e.m.f. in the rotor with a frequency of 2
Hz. Calculate i) Synchronous speed ii) Slip iii) Speed of the motor.

Ex.6 5.10.1 A 400 V, 4 pole, 3 phase, 50 Hz star connected induction motor has a rotor
resistance and reactance per phase equal to 0.01 Ω and 0.1 Ω respectively. Determine i)
starting torque ii) slip at which maximum torque will occur iii) speed at which maximum torque
will occur iv) maximum torque v) full load torque if full load slip is 4 %. Assume ratio of stator to
rotor turns as 4.

Ex.7 A three phase, 50 Hz, 400 V induction motor has 4 poles star connected stator winding.
Rotor resistance and reactance per phase are 0.15 Ω and 1 Ω respectively. Full load slip is 5 %.
Calculate : a) Total torque developed b) Maximum torque c) Speed at maximum torque.
Assume stator to rotor ratio 2:1.

Ex.8 Calculate the torque exerted by an 8 pole 50 Hz, 3 phase induction motor operating with a
4 % slip which develops a maximum torque of 150 kgm at a speed of 660 r.p.m. The resistance
per phase of the rotor is 0.5 Ω.

Ex.9 A 3-phase induction motor having 6-poles, stator winding is star connected runs on 240 V,
50 Hz supply. The rotor resistance and stand still reactance are 0.12 Q and 0.85 Q per phase.
The ratio of stator to rotor turns is 1.8 and full load slip is 4%. Calculate the developed torque at
full load, maximum torque and the speed at maximum torque.

Ex.10 A 3 phase, 400 V, 50 Hz, 4 pole induction motor has star connected stator winding. The
rotor resistance and reactance are 0.1 Q and 1 Q respectively. The full load speed is 1440
r.p.m. Calculate the torque developed on full load by the motor. Assume stator to rotor ratio as 2
: 1.

Ex.11 A 4 pole, 50 Hz, 3-ϕ, IM has a rotor resistance of 4.5 Q / phase and standstill reactance
of 8.5 Ω / phase. With no external resistance in the rotor circuit, the starting torque of the motor
is 85 N-m.
i) What is the rotor voltage at standstill ?
ii) What would be the starting torque if 3 Ω resitance were added in each rotor phase ?
iii) Neglecting stator voltage drop, what would be the induced rotor voltage and the torque at a
slip of 0.03 ?

Ex.12 A 400 V, 4 pole, 3 phase, 50 Hz star connected induction motor has a rotor resistance
and reactance per phase equal to 0.01 Ω and 0.1 Ω respectively. Determine i) starting torque ii)
slip at which maximum torque will occur iii) speed at which maximum torque will occur iv)
maximum torque v) full load torque if full load slip is 4 %. Assume ratio of stator to rotor turns as
4.

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Ex.13 A three phase, 50 Hz, 400 V induction motor has 4 poles star connected stator winding.
Rotor resistance and reactance per phase are 0.15 Ω and 1 Ω respectively. Full load slip is 5 %.
Calculate : a) Total torque developed b) Maximum torque c) Speed at maximum torque.
Assume stator to rotor ratio 2:1.

Ex.14 .A 3-phase induction motor has a 4r-pole, star connected stator winding. The motor runs
on a 50 Hz supply with 200 V between lines. The rotor resistance and standstill rotor reactance
per phase are 0.1 Q and 0.9 Q respectively. The ratio of rotor to stator turns in 0.67. Calculate :

i) Total torque at 4 % slip

ii) Maximum torque developed
iii) Speed at maximum torque
iv) Maximum mechanical power
Neglect stator impedance.

Ex.15 Calculate the torque exerted by an 8 pole 50 Hz, 3 phase induction motor operating with
a 4 % slip which develops a maximum torque of 150 kgm at a speed of 660 r.p.m. The
resistance per phase of the rotor is 0.5 Ω. VTU : July-06

Ex.16 A 440 V, 3ϕ, 50 Hz, 4 pole, star connected induction motor has a full load sped of 1425
rpm. The rotor has an impedance of (0.4 + j4) Ω per phase and rotor / stator turn ratio of 0.8.
Calcualte : i) Full load torque; ii) Full load copper loss; iii) maximum torque and the speed at
which it ocurs; iv) Starting current.

Ex.17 A 3-phase inductin motor having 6-poles, stator winding is star connected runs on 240 V,
50 Hz supply. The rotor resistance and stand still reactance are 0.12 Q and 0.85 Q per phase.
The ratio of stator to rotor turns is 1.8 and full load slip is 4%. Calcualte the developed torque at
full load, maximum torque and the speed at maximum torque.

Ex.18 A 746 kW, 3-phase, 50 Hz, 16-pole induction motor has a rotor impedance of (0.02 +
j0.15) Ω at standstill. Full load torque is obtained at 360 r.p.m. Calculate

1) The ratio of maximum to full-load torque.

2) The speed at maximum torque and
3) The rotor resistance to be added to get maximum starting torque.
4) The ratio of maximum torque to starting torque.
Ex.19 Calculate the torque exerted fey an 8 pole 50 Hz, 3 phase induction motor operating with
a 4 % slip which develops a maximum torque of 150 kgm at a speed of 660 r.p.m. The
resistance per phase of the rotor is 0.5 Ω.

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Ex.20 A 3 phase induction motor has a starting torque of 100% and a maximum torque of
200% of the full load torque. Determine :

1) Slip at which maximum torque occurs;

2) Full load slip
3) Rotor current at starting in per unit of full – load rotor current

Ex.21 A 24 pole, 50 Hz, star connected induction motor has rotor resistance of 0.016 Ω per
phase and rotor reactance of 0.265 Ω per phase at standstill. It is achieving its full load torque at
a speed of 247 r.p.m. Calculate the ratio of

i) Full load torque to maximum torque ii) Starting torque to maximum torque

Ex.22 A 3-phase, 50 Hz, induction motor has a starting torque which is 1.25 times full-load
torque and a maximum torque which is 2.5 times full-load torque. Neglecting stator resistance
and rotational losses and assuming constant rotor resistance, find i) The slip at full-load ii) The
slip at maximum torque and iii) The rotor current at starting in per unit of full-load rotor current.

Ex.23 8 pole, 50 Hz, 3-phase, induction motor develops a maximum torque of 150 N-m at 650
r.p.m. The rotor resistance is 0.6 ohm/phase. Find torque at 4 % slip. Neglect stator impedance.

Ex.24 .A 3.3 kV, 20 pole, 50 Hz, 3-phase star-connected induction motor has a slip ring rotor of
resistance 0.025 ohm and standstill reactance of 0.28 ohm per phase. The motor has a speed
of 294 r.p.m. when ful-load torque is applied. Compute slip at maximum torque and the ratio of
maximum to full-load torque. Neglect stator impedance.

Ex.25 .A 6 pole, 50 Hz 3-phase slip-ring induction motor has a resistance and reactance of 0.5
Ω and 5 Ω per phase respectively. Calculate i) at what speed the torque is maximum ? ii) The
ratio of maximum torque/starting torque. What must be the external resistance per phase have
so that the starting torque is half of the maximum torque ?

Ex.26 .10 A 6-pole, 3-phase, 50 Hz induction motor runs on full-load with a slip of 4 percent.
The rotor standstill impedance/phase is (0.01+j 0.05) Ω, calculate the available maximum torque
interms of full-load torque. Also determine the speed at which the maximum torque occurs.

Ex.27 A 6-pole, 50 Hz, 3^, induction motor has rotor resistance of 0.2 Q/phase. Maximum
torque is 200 N-m at 850 r.p.m. Find
i) torque at 4 % slip

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ii) additional rotor resistance to get two-thirds of maximum torque at starting. Neglect stator
impedance
Ex.28 A 6 pole, 3 phase, 50 Hz induction motor develops a maximum torque of 30 Nm at 960
r.p.m. Determine the torque exerted by the motor at 5 % slip. The rotor resistance per phase is
0.6 Ω.

Ex.29 A 4 pole, 50 Hz, 7.46 kW motor has, at rated voltage and frequency, at starting torque of
160 percent and a maximum torque of 200 percent of full-load torque. Determine : 1) Full-load
speed 2) Speed at maximum torque.

Power Stages in Induction Motor

The input of an induction motor is electrical energy and it is supplied to the stator winding. The
load is connected with the shaft. Therefore, the mechanical energy (rotational energy) is
collected from the shaft. During the conversion of electrical energy into mechanical energy, the
power is transferred in losses. The power stages of an induction motor are explained below.

Stage-1 Motor Input (Stator Input)

Stator input (P1) is equal to the summation of power delivered to the rotor or power output of
stator and stator losses.
Stator Input P1 = Stator Output + Stator Losses
In stator, two types of losses occur; stator copper loss and stator core loss (iron loss). The
output of the stator is given to the rotor. Hence, it becomes rotor input.

Stage-2 Rotor Input

By electromagnetic induction, the stator output is transferred to the rotor via airgap.
Stator Output = Rotor Input P2
Rotor Power Input (RPD) or simply Rotor input (P2) is used to generate mechanical power.

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 Induction Motor

Stage-3 Available Mechanical power

The rotor output is mechanical power (PM) developed in the rotor also known as gross torque
(Tg) or RPD (Rotor Power Develop). Due to copper loss in rotor winding, available mechanical
power is reduced.

Stage-4 Mechanical Power at Shaft

The available mechanical power is not entirely transferred to the shaft. There are some frictions
and windage losses.
Finally, the mechanical power available at the shaft (POUT) is used to produce shaft torque and
this is the final output that is used to rotate the load which is also known as BHP (Brake Horse
Power). The graphical repetition of power stages of induction motor is shown in the figure
above.
Mechanical Power at Shaft POUT = Available Mechanical Power at shaft – Windage &
Friction loss

Efficiency of Induction Motor

In general, the efficiency of any system is defined as a ratio of output and input.

The output of an induction motor is mechanical power and hence, for an induction motor, we
can write the above formula as follow which is used to determine the efficiency of an induction
motor;

No load or Blocked Rotor Test on Three Phase Induction Motor

This test is performed on an induction motor, when the motor is running on No load. In this test,
without connecting any load on the motor shaft, full voltage is applied across the stator winding
terminals. The input power is measured by two wattmeter method. The ammeter measure the
no load current & voltmeter gives the normal rated supply voltage.

o The I²R losses on the primary side are neglected as they vary with the square of the
current, as we know that the No load current is 20-30 % of the full load current.
o Since the motor is running at no load, total input power is equals to constant iron losses,
friction & windage losses of the motor.

Pconstant = Pi = P1 + P2 = Sum of two wattmeter reading

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 Induction Motor

Since the power factor of the induction motor under No load condition is generally less than 0.5,
one wattmeter will show negative reading. It is therefore, necessary to reverse the direction of
current-coil terminals to take the reading.

Blocked Rotor or Short circuit test

In this test, rotor of the motor is blocked. Low voltage is applied across the stator terminals
through a there phase auto transformer voltage is gradually increased to a value so that full
rated current flow through the windings. Since the rotor circuit is closed & not rotating this test is
similar to short circuit test of a transformer.

The power input to the stator is mainly wasted as I²R loss in the stator & the rotor winding. The
core losses are neglected at low voltage. The circuit diagram for blocked rotor test is shown in
figure.

The sum of two wattmeter readings gives the total input power when the full load current is allowed to
flow through the stator & rotor windings. From the data of the no load & blocked rotor tests the
efficiency of the induction motor can be calculated.

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