MATERIAL

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REPORT TEXT
Report text is a type of text that presents general information about a subject based on
research, observation, or systematic study. It is essentially a factual text aimed at
informing readers about something in a broad or general way rather than focusing on
specific details or personal opinions.
The structure and example
Title (stating the topic in The Polar Bear
general terms)
General clasification Polar bears are large carnivorous mammals that
(introducing the broad inhabit the Arctic regions surrounding the North
category or class of the Pole. They are classified within the family Ursidae
subject)
and are known scientifically as Ursus maritimus.
Description (providing Polar bears possess a thick layer of blubber and
detailed information and dense fur to insulate them from the extreme cold.
descriptions about the They are excellent swimmers, with partially webbed
subject’s components, habits, front paws that allow them to cover large distances
or functions) in search of food. Their primary diet consists of seals,
which they hunt on sea ice. Adult males can weigh
between 400kg and 700kg, while females are
generally smaller. Polar bears are solitary animals
and have adapted to survive in a harsh, icy
environment. Their populations are currently
threatened due to climate change, which is reducing
the extent of the sea ice they depend on for hunting.

Language Features
Features Description and Example
Simple Present Tense The text uses present tense verbs such as "are," "possess,"
"can," and "have" to state facts: e.g., "Polar bears possess a
thick layer of blubber."
General Nouns General rather than specific nouns are used, e.g., "polar
bears," "seals," "sea ice," instead of individual names.
 Features Description and Example
Relating Verbs Relating verbs like "are," "have," and "consist" help classify
or describe: e.g., "They are classified within..."
Action Verbs Action verbs describe abilities or habits, e.g., "swim,"
"hunt," "cover."
Technical Terms Specific scientific or subject-related terms, e.g., "Ursidae,"
"blubber," "insulate," "carnivorous."
Objective Language The information is presented objectively, without personal
opinions or emotional language: e.g., "Their populations
are currently threatened due to climate change."
General Focus The subject is discussed in general terms (about the
species, not a single polar bear).

Key points about report text, such as:

a. It provides objective and factual information about a class or category of things
like animals, plants, places, countries, or phenomena rather than a particular
instance of these subjects.
b. The purpose of a report text is to classify and describe facts about the parts,
behavior, qualities, or functions of the subject matter in a clear and logical
manner.
c. Report texts use simple present tense, general nouns, relating and action verbs,
and often include technical terms related to the subject

Differences between Report Text and Descriptive Text

Aspect Report Text Descriptive Text
Scope of Describes a general class or Describes a specific or particular
Subject category of things (e.g., object, place, or person (e.g.,
"bicycles" in general, animals, "my bicycle" with its unique
natural phenomena). features).
Purpose To inform and provide factual, To give a detailed, vivid, and
objective, and systematic sensory description of a
information about the subject particular subject to create an
broadly. Often based on impression or image.
scientific or observational data.
Language Uses simple present tense, Uses simple present tense,
Features general nouns, linking verbs (is, adjectives, sensory language,
are, has), technical terms, and and sometimes figurative
objective language. language to evoke images.
Social To classify and describe parts, To describe specific qualities,
Function habits, or functions of a general appearances, or characteristics
subject or phenomenon. of the particular subject.
 Typical General facts and descriptions Specific details such as color,
Content about kinds of animals, plants, size, shape, texture, or personal
objects, or natural events. impressions about a unique
subject.

STUDENTS’ WORKSHEET

Task 1. Read and understand the following text

SUN
The Sun is a star at the center of the Solar System. It is a nearly perfect sphere of
hot plasma, with internal convective motion that generates a magnetic field via a
dynamo process. The Sun is primarily composed of hydrogen (about 74%) and helium
(about 24%), with small quantities of heavier elements.
It provides energy to the Earth through light and heat, which is essential for life.
The Sun’s surface temperature is approximately 5,500 degrees Celsius. It has a
diameter of about 1.39 million kilometers, which is about 109 times that of the Earth.
The Sun undergoes regular cycles of activity roughly every 11 years, affecting
solar radiation and solar winds. Solar activity influences space weather and can cause
phenomena such as auroras on Earth.
Questions:
1. What is the Sun?
2. What is the Sun mostly made of?
3. How does the Sun generate its magnetic field?
4. What is the approximate surface temperature of the Sun?
5. How big is the Sun compared to the Earth?
6. What does the Sun provide to the Earth?
7. Why is the Sun’s energy important?
8. How often does the Sun undergo regular cycles of activity?
9. What effects can solar activity have on Earth?
10. What type of text is the example given

Elephant
Elephants are the largest land mammals on Earth, belonging to the family
Elephantidae. There are three species of elephants: the African bush elephant, the
African forest elephant, and the Asian elephant. Elephants are easily recognized by
their large ears, long trunks, and tusks made of ivory.
 Elephants use their trunks to breathe, drink water, grab objects, and
communicate. Their tusks help them dig for water and strip bark from trees to eat.
Despite their massive size, elephants are capable of moving quietly and can run at
speeds of up to 40 kilometers per hour.
They are herbivores and spend much of their day feeding on grasses, leaves,
fruits, and bark. Elephants live in social groups called herds, led by the oldest female
known as the matriarch. They are known for their intelligence, strong social bonds,
and complex behaviors such as mourning deceased family members.
Habitat loss and poaching for ivory threaten elephant populations. Conservation
efforts are ongoing to protect these majestic animals from extinction.

Question:
1. Why are elephants considered important in their ecosystems?
2. How might the elephants’ large size contribute to both their survival and
challenges?
3. What roles do elephant tusks play besides being defenses?
4. How does elephant social behavior reflect their level of intelligence?
5. What human activities threaten elephant populations the most?
6. Why might protecting the matriarch be crucial for the survival of the herd?
7. In what ways do elephants communicate, and why is this important?
8. How does the diet of elephants impact the environment?
9. What are the consequences if elephants become extinct?
10. What kind of conservation strategies might be most effective in protecting
elephants?

Task 3. Find out the meaning and synonym of this word

No Word Meaning Synonym
1 Recognized
2 Grab
3 Dig
4 Massive
5 Capable
6 Quitely
7 Feeding
8 Led
9 Bond
10 Poaching
Task 4. Rearrange the following text
1. This is the thunder we hear.
2. It forms a type of cloud called cumulonimbus.
3. A lightning, flash, or bolt, can be several miles long.
4. These begin to fall, turning to rain on the way down.
5. Lightening occurs in hot, wet storms. Moist air is driven up to a great height.
6. When a cloud is fully charged with this electricity, it discharges it as a lightning
flash.
7. This rain meets more moist air rising, and it is the friction between them which
procedures static electricity.
8. When the cloud rises high enough, the moisture freezes and ice crystals and
snowflakes are formed.
9. Lightning is a sudden, violent flash of electricity between a cloud and the
ground or from cloud to cloud.
10. It is so hot, with an average temperature of 34,0000 Centigrade, that the air
around it suddenly expands with a loud blast.

Task 5. Complete the text by finding some word in the box!

FLOOD
A. Overflow J. Damage R. Intense
B. Indadequate K. Swift S. Powerful
C. Prolonged L. Banks T. Snowmelt
D. Hurricanes M. Storm surges U. Extensnive
E. High tides N. the drainage V. Prone
F. Absorbed O. risks W. Affected
G. Forecasting P. require X. Evacuation
H. Mitigate Q. infrastructure Y. preparedness.
I. runoff,

A flood is an 1) __________ of water that submerges land which is normally dry.

Floods can occur due to various natural factors such as heavy rainfall, river overflow,
storm surges, or rapid snowmelt. Flooding can lead to loss of life, 2) ____________ to
property, disruption of infrastructure, and adverse effects on communities. There are
some types of flood based on their causes and characteristics, such as:
- Flash Floods: These floods happen suddenly within minutes or hours, caused
by 3)_________rainfall or sudden releases of water. They often occur in urban
areas with 4)__________ drainage or in river channels, and they are dangerous
due to their 5)____________ and 6) ___________ flow.
 - River (Fluvial) Floods: These are caused by 7) ___________ rainfall or
8)___________ that causes a river to overflow its 9)___________. River floods
tend to develop more gradually compared to flash floods and can cover
10)________ areas of floodplain.
- Coastal Floods: Also known as 11)___________ these floods occur when strong
winds from tropical storms or 12)_______________ push seawater onto the land,
especially during 13)_________ Coastal flooding can cause severe damage to
coastal communities.
- Pluvial Floods: These occur when heavy rainfall overwhelms 14)the drainage
capacity of an area, leading to surface water flooding. Urban areas are
particularly 15)_____ to this kind of flooding where water cannot be 16)_____
efficiently.
Floods can cause significant damage to homes, roads, and utilities. They also pose
17)___________ to human health and safety. Communities 18)__________ by floods
often 19)_____________ emergency relief efforts such as 20)____________ food and
water supplies, and medical aid.
Efforts to 21)____________ flood impacts include improved flood 22)_____________
better 23)____________ such as dams and levees, urban planning to reduce
24)________ and public awareness around flood 25)____________
Task 6. Make simple Report text based on the topic. Pay attention with generic
structure and language features!
1. Laptop
2. Smartphone
3. Television
4. Vacuum cleaner
5. Plasma TV

Format:
Title
General
classification
Description
Language features