LESSON 1: Philosophical - student of socrates Deficient Cause - ‘cause’ of sin (silence or darkness)

- FOUNDED SCHOOL: Academy → Silence: non-existence of sound

Philosophy = love of wisdom - death = blessing → Darkness: absence of light
- independent: moves themselves (soul) → cannot die
Self - makes different from others (individuality) - dependent: moves only when something else moves them Great good: righteous life
- combination of emotion, thoughts, feelings (body) → can die Lesser good: not essential to happiness
- knowing, understanding, and accepting ourselves - virtue = knowledge Intermediate good: we do to make happy
→ not practical / not theoretical
ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY: Socrates, Plato, St. Augustine - allegory of cave (cave analogy as political statement) Disordered love: cupidity; for other God
- allegory of chariot: charioteer (logical part of soul) Ordered love: charity; for God

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1. Socrates - TO KNOW THYSELF - SELF = SPIRIT, APPETITE, LOGIC
- “an unexamined life is not worth living” MODERN PHILOSOPHY: Descartes, Locke, Hume, Kant
- athenian Intellect: capacity and vocation of soul
- PARENTS: Sophroniscus (stonemason), Phaenarete (midwife) Ideal Forms: conceivable things 4. Rene Descartes - THINK THEREFORE I EXIST (Cogito
- Plato’s Dialogues and Xenophon’s Memorabilia Ergo Sum)

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- self-control, generosity, patience Spirit: animate, emotions, drives toward actions - Father of Modern Philosophy (Scientific Revolution)
- accused of corrupting the minds of youth Appetite: motivates, - SCHOOL: Jesuit College Royale
- sentenced to death: offered choice of exile Logic: guides - ill-health
- hemlock 399BC - habit of meditating and concentrated on studying math
- truth = intelligence 3. St. Augustine - SEARCH OF GOD - Europe’s Thirty Years Ward: 4yrs volunteer soldier
- ignorant inquirer - hippo - invited to Sweden by Queen Christina 1649
- SELF = SOUL (caring for soul) - thagaste (north africa) - CAUSE OF DEATH: pneumonia
- PARENTS: St. Monica, pagan father - truths of Euclidean geometry
Dialectic Method / Socratic Method - converted to Christianity → St. Ambrose (Archbishop of - uses wax

knowledge
- think, seek, ask

Techne - applied knowledge

- human excellence
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- examining thoughts and emotions of a person to gain Milan)
- died at 75
- rhetoric: milan, carthage, rome
- free will
- platonic philosophy
- pride = root of sin (disordered love)
- “evil genius”
- true = clearly and distinctly
- mind body dualism
- perform vivisections

Discourse on Method: start with what is known

- man is created by God out of nothing
BODY = physical realm (changeable, imperfect) - happiness = grace of God Rationalism: reason is the foundation of certainty
SOUL = ideal realm (unchangeable, eternal)
Manichaeism - religion; sees god and evil as dual forces Meditation On First Philosophy: methodological skepticism
2. Plato - SELF AS IMMORTAL SOUL - doubt everything in order to see what truly can be known with
- “aristocles” → “plato” = broad Divine Foreknowledge - consequence of His perfection certainty
Ontological Argument: god must exist 6. David Hume - THERE IS NO SELF - redefines truth
God as Infinite Being: He must exist based on belief - edinburgh, scotland - reality conforming to ideas
- SCHOOL: University of Edinburgh (12yrs old)
Meditation → Cartesian Circle - ‘some medium by which truth might be established’ Transcendental Unity of Apperception: unity
- proving something on basis - A Treatise of Human Nature
- banned by catholic church - Embassy in Paris 1763 → Jean-Jacques Rousseau Inner Self: reasoning brain & mental condition
- Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion (only published after Outer Self: physical environment and senses
Non-believers: skeptics and atheists his death)
- does not agree with Discartes CONTEMPORARY PHILOSOPHY: Freud, Ryle,
Teleology: world are directed toward certain ends Churchland, Merleau-Ponty

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Sensationalism: ideas are necessary intuitive impression
5. John Locke - SELF IS CONSCIOUSNESS (identity) - direct copied of impressions 8. Sigmund Freud - MULTI-LAYERED SELF (one conscious,
- son of english country lawyer Perception: give attributes to substance one unconscious)
- SCHOOL: Westminster School and Oxford - impression and ideas - Australian neurologist
- promoted Robert Boyle’s ideas - Father of Psychoanalysis and Psychology

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- empiricism Ego (conscious mind): bundle of perceptions of consciousness - theories on child sexuality, libido, and ego
- Social Contract Theory - has no reality; just an imagination - May 6, 1856 Freiberg, Moravia (Pribor in Czech Republic)
- exiled twice for political reasons - where skepticism starts - merchant father
- rejected Descartes' ideas - Professor of Nueropathology at the Univeristy of Vienna
- knowledge = experience Ideas: faint images of impressions in thinking and reasoning - nazis publicly burnt his books
- simple and complex ideas - CAUSE OF DEATH: jaw cancer, 30 operations (September 23,
- rejects thinking, learning, or knowledge 7. Immanuel Kant - SELF CONSTRUCTS REALITY 1939)
- rejects the substantial soul - cosmopolitan Baltic port (city of Königsberg, Prussia) - conscious, preconscious, and unconscious
- memories of a prince were transferred to body of cobbler - family of financially struggling artisans - An Outline of Psychoanalysis

Tabula Rasa: blank slate/ tablet

- new sheet of paper
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Primary Quality: objective (number, figure, motion)
Secondary Quality: subjective (color, odor, taste)
- internationally famous philosopher
- SCHOOL: University of Königsberg (taught for 27yrs)
- studied philosophy, physics, and math
- banned by King Friedrich Wilhelm II from teaching
- never married
- died at 80yrs old
Psychoanalysis: method which an analyst unpacks unconscious
conflicts
- based on free association, dreams, and fantasies

Unconscious: full of socially taboo

- painful experiences, unfulfilled wishes, and childhood dreams,
Memory: basis of the idea Dogmatic Slumber: Dogmatism of Rationalism, Skepticism of sexuality, aggression
- fundamental component of individuality Empiricism - most basic level of human motivation and functioning
- primal instinctive desires aim for instant satisfaction or release
Consciousness: recollection Transcendental Idealism: Copernican revolution in philosophy - “pleasure principle”
- basis of personal identity (subjectivism)
Repression: theoretical basis of defensive structures Folk Psychology: obscures rather than clarifies the nature of LESSON 2: Psychology
- primary defensive mechanism for preserving ego boundaries human experience
- “return of the repressed” Psychology: study of human behavior and human relations
Eliminative Materialists: believed that we need to develop a - study of mind or mental states and behavior
9. Gilbert Ryle - SELF IS HOW YOU BEHAVE new vocabulary and conceptual framework that is grounded in
- August 19, 1900 Brighton, England neuroscience Mental States (State of Mind)
- SCHOOL: Brighton College & Queen’s College Oxford - cognition: remembering, planning
- studied classics Functionalists: deny and eliminate psychological concepts - perceptions: how persons sees, hear, feel
- first class honors in 1924 - desires: what person wants
- lectureship in philosophy at Christ Church Oxford (tutor) until 11. Maurice Merleau-Ponty - SELF IS SUBJECTIVE - intentions: what person plans to do

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WW2 - March 14, 1908 Rochefort France - memories: person have experienced
- president of aristotelian society - officer during WW2
- editor of philosophical journal “Mind” (25yrs) - unofficial co-editor of Les Temps Modernes → Jean-Paul Behavior - observable actions, responses, or reactions (facial
- The Concept of Mind Sartre expression, body language), responses to stimuli (environment),
- retirement in 1968 with his twin sister MARY in Islip - The Structure of Behavior and Phenomenology of Perception and serves a purposeful function

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Oxfordshire - defense of Soviet communism (disillusioned after Korean War)
- died on October 6, 1976 at Whitby in North Yorkshire - died on May 3, 1961 Paris France 1. William James: DUALITY OF SELF
- official doctrine - “I live in my body”
- dispositional and occurent states - body as object “I” - thinking self
- Self that knows who he is (hobby, interest, strength,
10. Paul Churchland - SELF IS BRAIN Phenomenology: conviction weaknesses)
- philosopher - all knowledge are based on the phenomena of experience
- Nuerophilosophy and Philosophy of Mind “Me” - empirical self
- “Professor Emeritus” at University of California → Valtz Chair “I”: single integrated entity, blending mental, physical, and
of Philosophy
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- Cognitive Science Faculty and Institute for Neural
Computation
- earned PHD at University of Pittsburgh → Wilfrid Sellars
- husband of Patricia Churchland
- mental states = brain states
emotional structures around a core identity: yourself

Living body: natural synthesis of mind and biology

Lebenswelt / Lived world: fundamental ground of being and

consciousness
TYPES OF ME: Material, Social, Spiritual

Material Self - one’s physical attributes and material

possessions
- One’s self image

- belief, desire, fear, sensation, pain, joy Social Self - who an individual is
- How he acts in social situations
Physicalism: philosophical view - People have different social selves
- universe are composed of matter and energy
Spiritual Self - a person’s purpose, core values, conscience, and
moral behavior
- Most intimate and important self - learned and controlled Self-Reflectiveness - reflect one’s own mistakes, recognize areas
- displayed to impress others for self-growth, emotional regulation, and self-motivation
INTROSPECTION: required to understand the spiritual self 5. Sigmund Freud: STRUCTURE OF MIND
4. Albert Bandura: PROACTIVE AND AGENTIC
2. Carl Rogers: REAL AND IDEAL SELF STRUCTURE OF MIND: Id, Ego, Superego
Agentic Self - makes decisions, produce desired outcomes and
Self-Concept - image of oneself consequences Id - pleasure principle
- known for actions - gratification of needs without regard for possible consequences
Self - flexible and changing perception - utilizing control in situations and without understanding of pressing rules
- “Center of experience” - our proactive personality, growth toward psychological health

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- Develops from interactions with people Ego - reality principle
Effacious Self (Self-efficacy) - measure of one’s ability to - decision-maker of mind
COMPONENTS OF SELF: Ideal and Real complete goals - trying to balance between desires and morals
- ability to accept challenges, competitions, taking risks, and
Real Self - awareness of one is and one can do gaining accomplishments Superego - guided by morals and idealistic principles

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- Actualizing tendency, positive regard, self-regard - capable of performing actions that will produce desired effects - Often associated with conscience
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Ideal Self - conception of what should be and aspires to be FUNCTIONS OF EFFICACY BELIEFS: problem solving,
- Striving for amonous, self-worth goal setting ability, self-motivation, self-regulation, resiliency

INCONGRUENCE: creates unhealthy behavior when real self Agency - enables individuals to play a part in their own
is far from ideal self self-development, self-renewal, and adaptation
- If a person pretend to be one who s/he is not
FEATURES OF AGENCY: intentionality, forethought,

- self-integration
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Multiple vs Unified Self - construction of multiple selves
(different interpersonal and intrapersonal relationships)
- inevitable to develop multiple selves

3. Donald Winnicott: TRUE AND FALSE SELF

self-reactiveness, self-reflectivity

Intentionality - intentionally influence own behavior by goals

and choices set for himself

Forethought - think about future possibilities and consequences

of actions
True Self - authentic experiences with family and friends
- genuine and spontaneous Self-Reactiveness - observes, evaluate, and regulate thoughts,
feelings, and actions
False Self - defensive facade
- hides and protects the true self
6. Carl Jung: CENTRAL ARCHETYPE Primary Socialization (Family) - language, beliefs, values,
behavior, norms, roles
Archetype - universal, inborn model of identity and personality Secondary Socialization (Peer, Media, Religious groups,
Workplace) - outside home
MAJOR ARCHETYPE: Persona, Shadow Anima - impact on development of self

Persona - who we represent ourselves to the world Sociological Theories - explain how self develops or emerge as
- social “masks” product of social experiences
Shadow - repressed ideas, weaknesses, desires, instincts, and
shortcomings 1. Charles Horton Cooley: LOOKING GLASS SELF

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- attempts to comply with cultural norms and societal - how other people view them
expectations - people you interact with become your “mirror”
Anima: feminine part of make psyche; logical thinking and
emotional stability ❖​ We imagine how we appear to others: the basis of
Feminine: empathy, trust, and intuition perceptions

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Animus: masculine part of female psyche ❖​ We imagine the judgment of appearance: interpretation
of perceptions
LESSON 3: Sociology ❖​ We develop a sense of self through judgement of others:
positive or negative interpretation changes how we see
Sociology - study of role of society in shaping the self ourselves
- tends to outward (social institutions, social norms, social
interactions) to understand human behavior 2. George Herbert Mead: SOCIAL SELF
- self is not present from birth (develops over time)
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS: Family, Religion, School/

SELF = Product of Modern Society

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Education, Government, Economy, Media

- socially constructed through interaction

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Socialization - learning about one’s culture and how to live
STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT: Preparatory, Play, Game

Preparatory Stage - children imitation

Play Stage - children start to be aware
- pretend to play like other people
- role-taking
within it - mentally assuming the prespective of others
- develop personalities and potentials Game Stage - children understand and consider the attitudes,
beliefs, viewpoints, behavior, and expectations of society
AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION: Primary, Secondary
“I” - subjective, spontaneous, unique traits
“Me” - objective, attitudes, demands of other people