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Essential Astronomy Formulas Guide

The document outlines various astronomical formulas related to distance, magnitudes, Doppler shift, gravity, and gas properties. It includes equations for blackbody radiation, hydrostatic equilibrium, and hydrogen fusion, as well as concepts like the Jeans mass and equilibrium temperature. Additionally, it covers the relationship between mass, radius, and pressure in stars, along with timescales for free-fall and Kelvin-Helmholtz processes.

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7 views1 page

Essential Astronomy Formulas Guide

The document outlines various astronomical formulas related to distance, magnitudes, Doppler shift, gravity, and gas properties. It includes equations for blackbody radiation, hydrostatic equilibrium, and hydrogen fusion, as well as concepts like the Jeans mass and equilibrium temperature. Additionally, it covers the relationship between mass, radius, and pressure in stars, along with timescales for free-fall and Kelvin-Helmholtz processes.

Uploaded by

sobirboboqulov029
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Astronomy 211 Formulas

Distance d[pc] = 1/parallax[arcsec]


magnitudes m = C − 2.5 log10 F ; m1 − m2 = −2.5 log10 (F1 /F2 ), M − m = 5 −
5 log10 (d/pc)
Doppler shift ∆λ/λ = −∆ν/ν = vrad /c
2 2
p and Tides accel= GM/r , acceltide ≈ (GM/r )(2R/r); escape speed vesc =
Gravity
2GM/R
2 3 a
Kepler GM = Ω2 a3 = 2π a ; a1 = vv1 = m2
; reduced mass µ = m1 m2 /(m1 + m2 ),
P M p √
total mass M = m1 + m2 ; for circular orbit v = GM/a, L = µ GM a; for
Solar units (years, AU, M ): P 2 = a3 /M
Virial Theorem Ekin = − 12 Epot ; Etot = Ekin + Epot = 21 Epot , [where Epot,binary =
2
− Gma1 m2 and Epot,star ≈ − GM
R
]
ρ
Ideal Gas P = nkB T = k T;
µmH B
typical KE per particle is 32 kB T ; energy density
u = 32 nkB T = 32 P
2
1 pF 2/3 5/3
Degenerate Gas ∆x∆p ∼ ~; EF = 2 me
∝ ne ; P ∝ ne EF ∝ ne ∝ (ρ/µ)5/3 →
R ∝ M −1/3 [non-relativistic]
1 1 R R
Photon Propagation lmfp = nσ
= κρ
; trandomwalk = lmfp c

Blackbody L = 4πR2 σTeff


4 4
, F = σTeff ; λpeak = 0.29 cm/T
Light c = λν, E = hν = hc/λ, p = E/c, energy density u = aT 4 , pressure P =
(a/3)T 4
∆P
Hydrostatic Equilibrium ∆r
= ρ GM
r2
= −gρ → P ∝ M 2 /R4
Stars Tc ∝ M/R, ρc ∝ M/R3 , Pc ∝ M 2 /R4
GM 2 /R
p
Timescales τfree−fall ∼ 1/Gρ; τKelvin−Helmholtz ∼ L

Hydrogen Fusion E = ∆mc2 ≈ 0.7%c2


Hydrogen Atom En = −13.6 eV/n2
Jeans mass MJ = 3kB T R/2GµmH ; ρJ = (3/4πM 2 )(3kB T /2GµmH )3
Equilibrium Temperature Tp = Ts (1 − A)1/4 (Rs /2d)1/2
Diffraction Limit θ = λ/D
√
Poisson noise uncertainty on n counts is n

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