Chapter 1: Electric Charges and Fields (50 questions)

MCQs (10)

1.​ Two point charges +q+q+q and −q-q−q are separated by distance rrr. The magnitude of force between them is
FFF. If distance is doubled, force becomes:​
a) F/4F/4F/4​
b) F/2F/2F/2​
c) 2F2F2F​
d) 4F4F4F​

2.​ A metallic sphere is given a charge +Q+Q+Q. Charge resides:​

a) Uniformly on surface​
b) On inner surface​
c) At center​
d) Distributed inside volume​

3.​ The SI unit of electric field is:​

a) N/C​
b) V/m​
c) Both a & b​
d) J/C​

4.​ If Coulomb’s law constant kkk is doubled, the force between two fixed charges becomes:​
a) Half​
b) Same​
c) Double​
d) Four times​

5.​ Electric field inside a conductor in electrostatic equilibrium is:​

a) Maximum​
b) Zero​
c) Constant non-zero​
d) Varies with position​

6.​ The force between two charges is 9×10−3 N9 \times 10^{-3}\, \rm N9×10−3N. If one charge is halved and the
distance doubled, new force is:​
a) 9×10−39 \times 10^{-3}9×10−3 N​
b) 9/16×10−39/16 \times 10^{-3}9/16×10−3 N​
c) 9/8×10−39/8 \times 10^{-3}9/8×10−3 N​
d) 9/4×10−39/4 \times 10^{-3}9/4×10−3 N​

7.​ Two equal positive charges are placed at a distance. The potential at midpoint is:​
a) Zero​
b) Maximum​
c) Minimum​
d) Negative​

8.​ A test charge is placed in an electric field. Its potential energy decreases. The test charge is:​
a) Positive​
b) Negative​
c) Zero​
 d) Either positive or negative​

9.​ Electric flux through a closed surface is proportional to:​

a) Enclosed charge​
b) Surface area​
c) Distance from charge​
d) Electric field only​

10.​Two charges q1q_1q1​and q2q_2q2​are separated by rrr. Work done to move q2q_2q2​from infinity to distance
rrr is:​
a) kq1q2/r2k q_1 q_2/r^2kq1​q2​/r2​
b) kq1q2/rk q_1 q_2/rkq1​q2​/r​
c) kq12/rk q_1^2/rkq12​/r​
d) kq22/rk q_2^2/rkq22​/r​

Short Answer Questions (10)

11.​State Coulomb’s law.​

12.​Derive the expression for electric field due to a point charge.​

13.​Define electric flux. Write its SI unit.​

14.​Calculate the net force on a charge placed at the vertex of an equilateral triangle with identical charges at the
other vertices.​

15.​Explain superposition principle for electric forces.​

16.​Derive expression for electric field at a point on the axial line of an electric dipole.​

17.​Define electric potential. Derive its relation with electric field.​

18.​A dipole is placed in a uniform electric field. Derive expression for torque on it.​

19.​Write expressions for potential and field at a point on equatorial line of a dipole.​

20.​Derive relation between torque and potential energy of an electric dipole in a uniform field.​

Long Answer / Numerical (15)

21.​Two point charges +4μC+4 \mu C+4μC and −2μC-2 \mu C−2μC are 2 m apart. Find net force on a third charge
+1μC+1 \mu C+1μC placed midway.​

22.​A dipole of moment ppp is placed in a uniform field EEE. Find potential energy if it makes angle θ\thetaθ with
the field.​

23.​Derive expression for field due to a uniformly charged thin spherical shell.​

24.​A charged particle is released in a uniform electric field. Calculate acceleration.​

25.​Three equal charges placed at vertices of an equilateral triangle. Find potential at centroid.​
 26.​Derive expression for electric potential at a point due to a point charge.​

27.​Two point charges placed 1 m apart exert force 9 N on each other. Find magnitude of charges.​

28.​Derive expression for net force on a charge due to two equal charges placed symmetrically.​

29.​A dipole placed in uniform field experiences maximum torque. Calculate magnitude.​

30.​Three charges +q,−q,+2q+q, -q, +2q+q,−q,+2q placed in line. Find net force on middle charge.​

31.​Electric field at distance 0.5 m from point charge 2μC2 \mu C2μC.​

32.​Two point charges placed at distance 3 m. Potential energy of system is 36 J. Find charge values.​

33.​Derive expression for field on axial line of dipole.​

34.​A spherical conductor of radius 10 cm carries charge 2 μC. Find surface charge density.​

35.​Two identical charges placed 4 m apart. Force on each is 0.25 N. Find charge on each.

Case-Based Questions (36–50)

36. Two equal positive point charges qqq are placed 1 m apart. A third charge +2q+2q+2q is placed at midpoint.​
a) Find the net force on the third charge.​
b) Determine the electric field at the midpoint.​
c) Calculate the potential at the midpoint.

37. An electric dipole of moment ppp is placed in a uniform electric field EEE. The dipole makes an angle
30∘30^\circ30∘ with the field.​
a) Find the torque on the dipole.​
b) Calculate its potential energy.​
c) Find the orientation at which potential energy is minimum.

38. Three charges +q,+q,−2q+q, +q, -2q+q,+q,−2q are placed at the vertices of an equilateral triangle of side aaa.​
a) Calculate the net force on −2q-2q−2q.​
b) Find the potential at the centroid.​
c) Determine the field at the centroid.

39. A charge +Q+Q+Q is placed at origin and −Q-Q−Q at x=2 mx = 2 \, \text{m}x=2m.​

a) Find the point where electric field is zero.​
b) Calculate potential at that point.​
c) Determine work done in moving a test charge qqq from origin to that point.

40. Two point charges q1=+4μCq_1 = +4 \mu Cq1​=+4μC and q2=−2μCq_2 = -2 \mu Cq2​=−2μC are placed 2 m apart.​
a) Find net force on a +1μC+1 \mu C+1μC charge placed midway.​
b) Determine the electric field at the midpoint.​
c) Find potential at the midpoint.

41. An electric dipole is placed in uniform field EEE and rotated by 60∘60^\circ60∘ from equilibrium.​
a) Calculate torque.​
b) Find change in potential energy.​
c) Determine orientation of stable equilibrium.

42. Two charges +3μC+3\mu C+3μC and −3μC-3\mu C−3μC are 1 m apart.​
a) Find electric field at midpoint.​
b) Find potential at midpoint.​
c) Determine force on a 2μC2\mu C2μC test charge placed at midpoint.

43. A small charge qqq is placed in the plane of an electric dipole at distance rrr from center along the axial line.​
a) Calculate electric field at that point.​
b) Find potential energy of the charge.​
c) Determine force acting on the charge.

44. Three charges +Q,+Q,+Q+Q, +Q, +Q+Q,+Q,+Q placed at vertices of an equilateral triangle of side
2 m2\,\text{m}2m.​
a) Find net force on one charge.​
b) Calculate potential energy of system.​
c) Find the electric field at centroid.

45. A spherical conductor of radius 10 cm carries 2μC2 \mu C2μC charge.​

a) Find surface charge density.​
b) Find field at surface.​
c) Calculate potential at surface.

46. Two point charges +4μC+4\mu C+4μC and −4μC-4\mu C−4μC separated by 2 m. A test charge +1μC+1\mu
C+1μC placed at 0.5 m from +4μC+4\mu C+4μC.​
a) Determine net force.​
b) Find potential at that point.​
c) Calculate work done to move the test charge to infinity.

47. An electric dipole of length 2 cm2 \, \text{cm}2cm carries q=5μCq = 5\mu Cq=5μC at each end. Placed in uniform
E=100 N/CE = 100 \, \text{N/C}E=100N/C.​
a) Calculate torque if dipole makes 45∘45^\circ45∘ with field.​
b) Find potential energy.​
c) Determine work done to rotate to 90° position.

48. A charge +6μC+6 \mu C+6μC placed at origin, −2μC-2\mu C−2μC at x=3 mx = 3\, \text{m}x=3m.​
a) Find point along x-axis where net field is zero.​
b) Calculate potential at that point.​
c) Determine force on 1μC1\mu C1μC test charge placed there.

49. A dipole in non-uniform field experiences a net force.​

a) Derive expression for force on dipole.​
b) Calculate magnitude if p=10−6C mp = 10^{-6} C\,mp=10−6Cm, dE/dx=200 N/C mdE/dx =
200\,N/C\,mdE/dx=200N/Cm.​
c) Determine direction of force.

50. Two charges +3μC+3\mu C+3μC and −3μC-3\mu C−3μC separated by 1 m. A point P lies on perpendicular
bisector at distance 0.5 m.​
a) Find electric field at P.​
b) Find potential at P.​
c) Calculate force on a +2μC+2\mu C+2μC charge at P.

Chapter 2: Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance (50 questions)

MCQs (10)

1.​ Electric potential is defined as the work done in bringing a unit positive charge from:​
a) Infinity to a point​
 b) Point to infinity​
c) One point to another point​
d) Origin to infinity​

2.​ The potential energy of a system of two point charges q1q_1q1​and q2q_2q2​separated by distance rrr is:​
a) kq1q2/r2k q_1 q_2 / r^2kq1​q2​/r2​
b) kq1q2/rk q_1 q_2 / rkq1​q2​/r​
c) q1q2/rq_1 q_2 / rq1​q2​/r​
d) k(q1+q2)/rk (q_1 + q_2)/ rk(q1​+q2​)/r​

3.​ SI unit of electric potential is:​

a) Joule​
b) Volt​
c) Coulomb​
d) N/C​

4.​ Capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor depends on:​

a) Area of plates and separation​
b) Potential difference​
c) Charge on plates​
d) Both b & c​

5.​ If distance between plates of capacitor is halved, capacitance:​

a) Halves​
b) Doubles​
c) Remains same​
d) Quadruples​

6.​ Two capacitors of CCC each are connected in series. Equivalent capacitance:​
a) CCC​
b) C/2C/2C/2​
c) 2C2C2C​
d) C2C^2C2​

7.​ Work done in moving a charge in a uniform electric field along field direction is:​
a) Zero​
b) Maximum​
c) Equal to qEd​
d) Negative​

8.​ Potential at the center of a uniformly charged ring of radius RRR and charge QQQ is:​
a) 000​
b) kQ/RkQ/RkQ/R​
c) kQ/R2kQ/R^2kQ/R2​
d) kQ/2RkQ/2RkQ/2R​

9.​ Two capacitors of 2μF2\mu F2μF and 3μF3\mu F3μF are connected in parallel. Total capacitance:​
a) 1.2μF1.2 \mu F1.2μF​
b) 6μF6 \mu F6μF​
c) 5μF5 \mu F5μF​
d) 0.6μF0.6 \mu F0.6μF​

10.​Energy stored in a capacitor CCC charged to voltage VVV is:​

a) 1/2CV21/2 CV^21/2CV2​
 b) CV2CV^2CV2​
c) 1/2C2V1/2 C^2 V1/2C2V​
d) C2V2C^2 V^2C2V2​

Short Answer Questions (10)

11.​Define electric potential and write its SI unit.​

12.​Derive relation between electric field and potential.​

13.​Calculate work done in moving charge qqq in potential difference VVV.​

14.​Define potential energy of a system of two point charges.​

15.​Derive expression for potential at a point due to a point charge.​

16.​Define capacitance. Derive formula for a parallel plate capacitor.​

17.​Two capacitors C1C_1C1​and C2C_2C2​are connected in series. Derive formula for equivalent capacitance.​

18.​Explain energy stored in a charged capacitor.​

19.​Calculate potential at a point on axis of uniformly charged ring.​

20.​Explain effect of dielectric on capacitance of a capacitor.​

Long Answer / Numerical (15)

21.​A parallel plate capacitor has plate area 0.02 m20.02\,m^20.02m2 and separation 1 mm1\,mm1mm. Calculate
capacitance.​

22.​Two point charges q1=2μCq_1 = 2\mu Cq1​=2μC and q2=−3μCq_2 = -3\mu Cq2​=−3μC separated by 0.5m0.5
m0.5m. Find potential at midpoint.​

23.​A 4μF4\mu F4μF capacitor charged to 12V12V12V. Find stored energy.​

24.​Three capacitors C1=2μFC_1 = 2\mu FC1​=2μF, C2=3μFC_2 = 3\mu FC2​=3μF, C3=6μFC_3 = 6\mu FC3​=6μF
in series. Find equivalent capacitance.​

25.​Calculate work done in moving +5μC+5\mu C+5μC charge across potential difference of 12V12V12V.​

26.​A capacitor of 6μF6\mu F6μF connected to 12V battery. Find charge stored.​

27.​Potential at a point due to two charges +q+q+q and −q-q−q separated by distance 2a2a2a on x-axis.​

28.​A spherical conductor of radius 5 cm carries charge 2μC2\mu C2μC. Find potential at surface.​
 29.​Derive expression for energy density in a capacitor.​

30.​Two point charges +4μC+4\mu C+4μC and −4μC-4\mu C−4μC separated by 2 m. Find potential at point 1 m
from +4μC+4\mu C+4μC.​

31.​Two capacitors 3μF3\mu F3μF and 6μF6\mu F6μF in parallel. Find energy stored if battery is 12V12V12V.​

32.​Dielectric slab of k=4k=4k=4 introduced between plates of 2μF2\mu F2μF capacitor. Find new capacitance.​

33.​Work done to move +1μC+1\mu C+1μC charge from infinity to 0.5 m from +3μC+3\mu C+3μC.​

34.​Potential due to linear charge distribution along a rod at a point on axis.​

35.​Derive formula for potential at point on axis of circular ring of charge.​

Case-Based Questions (15)

36. Two point charges +3μC+3\mu C+3μC and −3μC-3\mu C−3μC separated by 2 m.​
a) Find potential at midpoint.​
b) Work done to move +1μC+1\mu C+1μC charge from infinity to midpoint.​
c) Calculate electric field at midpoint.

37. A parallel plate capacitor with C=4μFC = 4\mu FC=4μF is charged to 12 V.​
a) Find charge on plates.​
b) Energy stored.​
c) If plate separation doubled, find new capacitance and energy.

38. Two capacitors C1=2μFC_1 = 2\mu FC1​=2μF, C2=3μFC_2 = 3\mu FC2​=3μF in series connected to 12 V battery.​
a) Equivalent capacitance.​
b) Charge on each capacitor.​
c) Voltage across each capacitor.

39. A dielectric slab k=5k=5k=5 introduced in parallel plate capacitor C=6μFC=6\mu FC=6μF.​
a) Find new capacitance.​
b) Energy stored if charged to 10 V.​
c) Discuss effect on potential energy.

40. Three charges +q,+q,−2q+q, +q, -2q+q,+q,−2q in line separated by 1 m each.​

a) Potential at midpoint of first two charges.​
b) Work done to move a +1μC+1\mu C+1μC test charge there.​
c) Electric field at same point.

41. Two point charges +2μC+2\mu C+2μC and −2μC-2\mu C−2μC separated by 1 m.​
a) Potential at midpoint.​
b) Work done to move +1μC+1\mu C+1μC test charge there.​
c) Electric field at midpoint.

42. A circular ring of radius 0.5 m carries Q=4μCQ = 4\mu CQ=4μC. Point P on axis at 0.5 m from center.​
a) Potential at P.​
b) Electric field at P.​
c) Work done to bring +1μC+1\mu C+1μC test charge from infinity to P.
43. A spherical conductor of radius 10 cm carries 2μC2\mu C2μC.​
a) Potential at surface.​
b) Electric field at surface.​
c) Energy stored.

44. A parallel plate capacitor charged to 12 V, energy stored 0.1 mJ.​

a) Capacitance.​
b) Charge on plates.​
c) Voltage if dielectric of k=4k=4k=4 inserted.

45. Two identical capacitors 4μF4\mu F4μF each connected in parallel to 6 V battery.​
a) Equivalent capacitance.​
b) Total charge.​
c) Energy stored.

46. Three capacitors 2μF,3μF,6μF2\mu F, 3\mu F, 6\mu F2μF,3μF,6μF in series. Battery voltage 12 V.​
a) Equivalent capacitance.​
b) Charge on each capacitor.​
c) Voltage across each.

47. A point charge +5μC+5\mu C+5μC placed at origin. Potential at 2 m is?​

a) Calculate potential.​
b) Work done moving +2μC+2\mu C+2μC charge from infinity.​
c) Electric field at 2 m.

48. A parallel plate capacitor of 5 μF, 1 mm apart, charged to 10 V.​

a) Energy stored.​
b) Surface charge density.​
c) Capacitance if separation halved.

49. Dielectric of k=3k=3k=3 introduced in charged capacitor 4 μF, 12 V.​

a) New capacitance.​
b) Energy stored.​
c) Change in potential energy.

50. Two capacitors 6μF6\mu F6μF and 3μF3\mu F3μF connected in series to 12 V battery.​
a) Equivalent capacitance.​
b) Voltage across each.​
c) Energy stored in each.

Chapter 3: Current Electricity (50 questions)

MCQs (10)

1.​ Ohm’s law is valid for:​

a) All conductors​
b) Only metallic conductors at constant temperature​
c) Semiconductors​
d) Electrolytes​

2.​ Resistance of a wire is inversely proportional to:​

a) Length​
b) Cross-sectional area​
c) Resistivity​
 d) Temperature​

3.​ SI unit of resistivity is:​

a) Ω m​
b) Ω/m​
c) Ω​
d) V/A​

4.​ Two resistors R1=4ΩR_1 = 4\OmegaR1​=4Ω and R2=6ΩR_2 = 6\OmegaR2​=6Ω are connected in series.
Equivalent resistance:​
a) 10Ω10\Omega10Ω​
b) 2.4Ω2.4\Omega2.4Ω​
c) 24Ω24\Omega24Ω​
d) 12Ω12\Omega12Ω​

5.​ Two resistors 4Ω4\Omega4Ω and 6Ω6\Omega6Ω in parallel. Equivalent resistance:​

a) 10Ω10\Omega10Ω​
b) 2.4Ω2.4\Omega2.4Ω​
c) 24Ω24\Omega24Ω​
d) 12Ω12\Omega12Ω​

6.​ Current through a conductor is 2 A, voltage 12 V. Resistance is:​

a) 6 Ω​
b) 24 Ω​
c) 4 Ω​
d) 12 Ω​

7.​ Kirchhoff’s current law is based on:​

a) Conservation of energy​
b) Conservation of charge​
c) Ohm’s law​
d) None of these​

8.​ A conductor of length L and area A has resistivity ρ. Resistance is:​

a) ρA/L​
b) ρL/A​
c) LA/ρ​
d) ρ/L​

9.​ Power dissipated in a resistor R carrying current I:​

a) I²R​
b) V²/R​
c) Both a & b​
d) V/R​

10.​Galvanometer converted into voltmeter by:​

a) Adding high resistance in series​
b) Adding low resistance in series​
c) Adding high resistance in parallel​
d) Adding low resistance in parallel​
Short Answer Questions (10)

11.​Derive expression for equivalent resistance of resistors in series.​

12.​Derive expression for equivalent resistance of resistors in parallel.​

13.​State and explain Kirchhoff’s laws.​

14.​Derive formula for drift velocity.​

15.​Derive expression for resistivity in terms of resistance, length, and area.​

16.​Explain working of a potentiometer.​

17.​Derive formula for emf and internal resistance using potentiometer.​

18.​Calculate current in each branch of a simple series-parallel circuit.​

19.​Explain combination of resistors to get maximum and minimum resistance.​

20.​Define conductivity and its relation to resistivity.​

Long Answer / Numerical (15)

21.​Three resistors 2 Ω, 3 Ω, and 6 Ω in series connected to 12 V battery. Find current and voltage across each.​

22.​Same resistors in parallel. Find equivalent resistance and current through each.​

23.​A wire of length 1 m and diameter 0.5 mm has resistance 2 Ω. Find resistivity of material.​

24.​A battery of emf 12 V and internal resistance 1 Ω connected to external resistance 5 Ω. Find current and
terminal voltage.​

25.​A series circuit of 3 resistors 2 Ω, 4 Ω, 6 Ω connected to 12 V. Find power dissipated in each resistor.​

26.​Current density in a wire of area 1 mm² carrying 2 A. Find drift velocity (electron density given).​

27.​Two resistors 4 Ω and 6 Ω connected in series to 12 V battery. Find power across each.​

28.​A wire of length 100 m and area 1 mm² has resistivity 1.6×10−81.6\times10^{-8}1.6×10−8 Ωm. Find resistance.​

29.​Potential difference across 3 Ω resistor in a series circuit of 2, 3, 5 Ω with 10 V battery.​

30.​Calculate internal resistance of a cell if current drops from 2 A to 1.5 A when load changes from 2 Ω to 4 Ω.​

31.​A potentiometer wire 1 m long has 10 V across it. Find potential gradient.​

32.​Three resistors 1 Ω, 2 Ω, 3 Ω in parallel. Find total current for 12 V battery.​

33.​A resistor 6 Ω carries 2 A. Find energy dissipated in 5 minutes.​

 34.​A galvanometer of resistance 100 Ω and current sensitivity 1 mA converted into voltmeter of 0–10 V range.
Find series resistance.​

35.​A current of 0.5 A flows through a wire of length 2 m and cross-section 1 mm². Resistivity ρ=1.6×10−8Ωmρ =
1.6\times10^{-8} Ωmρ=1.6×10−8Ωm. Find potential difference across wire.​

Case-Based Questions (15)

36. A circuit has three resistors, 2 Ω, 4 Ω, and 6 Ω in series connected to 12 V battery.​

a) Find current through each resistor.​
b) Voltage across each resistor.​
c) Power dissipated in each resistor.

37. Two resistors, 3 Ω and 6 Ω in parallel connected to 12 V battery.​

a) Find equivalent resistance.​
b) Current through each resistor.​
c) Total power dissipated.

38. A potentiometer wire 1 m long has 10 V across it. A cell of 2 V is connected.​

a) Find balancing length.​
b) Calculate potential gradient.​
c) How would you measure emf of unknown cell?

39. A battery of emf 12 V, internal resistance 1 Ω connected to 5 Ω load.​

a) Find current.​
b) Terminal voltage.​
c) Power delivered to load.

40. Three resistors 2 Ω, 3 Ω, 6 Ω in series-parallel combination connected to 12 V battery.​

a) Draw circuit diagram.​
b) Calculate current in each resistor.​
c) Find power dissipated in each branch.

41. A wire of length 2 m and cross-section 1 mm² has resistance 2 Ω.​

a) Find resistivity.​
b) If length doubled, find new resistance.​
c) If diameter doubled, find new resistance.

42. Galvanometer of 50 Ω resistance converted into ammeter of 0–1 A.​

a) Find shunt resistance.​
b) What current passes through galvanometer at full-scale deflection?​
c) Draw diagram.

43. Two resistors 4 Ω and 6 Ω connected in series across 12 V.​

a) Find voltage across each resistor.​
b) Find energy dissipated in 5 minutes.​
c) If resistors swapped in parallel, find new current distribution.

44. Three resistors 2 Ω, 4 Ω, 8 Ω in parallel connected to 24 V.​

a) Find current through each.​
b) Total current drawn.​
c) Equivalent resistance.
45. A battery of emf 6 V and internal resistance 1 Ω connected to resistor 5 Ω.​
a) Terminal voltage.​
b) Current in circuit.​
c) Power delivered to resistor.

46. A wire of resistivity ρ=1.6×10−8Ωmρ = 1.6\times10^{-8} Ωmρ=1.6×10−8Ωm, length 100 m, area 1 mm².​
a) Find resistance.​
b) Current if 12 V applied.​
c) Power dissipated.

47. A potentiometer used to compare emf of two cells.​

a) Draw diagram.​
b) How to determine unknown emf?​
c) Explain working principle.

48. Two resistors, 2 Ω and 3 Ω connected in series across 10 V.​

a) Find current through each.​
b) Voltage across each.​
c) Power dissipated.

49. Three resistors in parallel: 3 Ω, 6 Ω, 2 Ω, across 12 V.​

a) Find total current.​
b) Current through each resistor.​
c) Power in each resistor.

50. Galvanometer of 100 Ω, current sensitivity 1 mA converted into voltmeter 0–10 V.​
a) Series resistance.​
b) Voltage range.​
c) Current through galvanometer at full-scale deflection.

Chapter 4: Moving Charges and Magnetism (50 Questions)

MCQs (10)

1.​ The force on a charged particle moving in a magnetic field is:​

a) qv×Bq\mathbf{v} \times \mathbf{B}qv×B​
b) qv⋅Bq\mathbf{v} \cdot \mathbf{B}qv⋅B​
c) qB/vq\mathbf{B} / \mathbf{v}qB/v​
d) Zero​

2.​ Magnetic field is maximum at:​

a) Axis of a circular loop​
b) Center of circular loop​
c) Equatorial line of dipole​
d) At infinity​

3.​ SI unit of magnetic field is:​

a) Tesla​
b) Gauss​
c) Weber​
d) Ampere​

4.​ Magnetic force on a moving charge is zero when:​

a) Velocity parallel to field​
 b) Velocity perpendicular to field​
c) Velocity at 45° to field​
d) Charge is negative​

5.​ Biot-Savart law is used to calculate:​

a) Electric field​
b) Magnetic field​
c) Force​
d) Potential​

6.​ Ampere’s circuital law is valid for:​

a) Electrostatics​
b) Magnetostatics​
c) Electrodynamics​
d) AC circuits​

7.​ Torque on a current-carrying coil in uniform field is maximum when:​

a) Plane of coil parallel to field​
b) Plane of coil perpendicular to field​
c) Coil at 45° to field​
d) Coil in equilibrium​

8.​ Cyclotron works on principle of:​

a) Uniform electric field​
b) Uniform magnetic field​
c) Perpendicular E and B fields​
d) Parallel E and B fields​

9.​ Magnetic field due to a long straight wire at distance rrr is:​
a) μ0I/2πr\mu_0 I / 2\pi rμ0​I/2πr​
b) μ0I/4πr\mu_0 I / 4\pi rμ0​I/4πr​
c) μ0Ir/2π\mu_0 I r / 2\piμ0​Ir/2π​
d) Zero​

10.​A charge moves perpendicular to uniform B field. Path followed is:​

a) Straight line​
b) Circle​
c) Spiral​
d) Helix​

Short Answer Questions (10)

11.​Derive expression for force on a moving charge in magnetic field.​

12.​Explain Biot-Savart law.​

13.​Derive magnetic field on axis of circular current loop.​

14.​State Ampere’s circuital law and give one application.​

 15.​Derive expression for force per unit length between two parallel currents.​

16.​Explain motion of charged particle in uniform B field.​

17.​Define magnetic moment of current loop.​

18.​Explain torque on a rectangular current loop in uniform B field.​

19.​Derive expression for cyclotron frequency.​

20.​Explain magnetic field due to solenoid.​

Long Answer / Numerical (15)

21.​A charge of 2μC2\mu C2μC moves with velocity 104m/s10^4 m/s104m/s perpendicular to magnetic field
0.2T0.2 T0.2T. Find force.​

22.​Long straight wire carrying 5 A current. Find B-field at 2 cm.​

23.​Two long parallel wires separated by 0.5 m carry 3 A and 5 A in same direction. Find force per meter.​

24.​Circular loop radius 10 cm carries 2 A. Find B at center.​

25.​A proton moves perpendicular to B-field 0.5 T with speed 2×106m/s2 \times 10^6 m/s2×106m/s. Find radius of
circular path.​

26.​Derive expression for torque on rectangular loop of sides aaa and bbb carrying current III.​

27.​Solenoid of 1000 turns, length 0.5 m, current 2 A. Find B inside solenoid.​

28.​A charged particle enters B-field at 30°. Find radius and pitch of helical path.​

29.​Two circular coils, 10 turns each, 0.2 m radius, 2 A current. Find B at center.​

30.​Calculate cyclotron frequency of proton in B = 1 T.​

31.​Long wire carrying current 4 A. Find magnetic field at 0.1 m.​

32.​A coil of 20 turns, 0.1 m radius, 3 A current. Torque in 0.5 T uniform B.​

33.​Electron in uniform B-field moves in circle of radius 2 cm. Velocity 10^6 m/s. Find B.​

34.​Two parallel wires 1 m apart, currents 5 A and 3 A. Force on 1 m length of wire.​

35.​Solenoid length 0.5 m, 500 turns, current 2 A. Find B at center.​

Case-Based Questions (15)

36. A proton of mass 1.67×10−27kg1.67\times10^{-27} kg1.67×10−27kg moves perpendicular to uniform B = 0.5 T
with velocity 106m/s10^6 m/s106m/s.​
a) Find force on proton.​
b) Radius of circular path.​
c) Cyclotron frequency.

37. Two parallel wires separated by 0.5 m carry currents 5 A and 10 A in opposite directions.​
a) Force per meter between them.​
b) Nature of force (attractive/repulsive).​
c) Effect of doubling distance.

38. A rectangular coil of sides 0.1 m and 0.2 m, 10 turns, in 0.5 T B-field, carrying 2 A.​
a) Find torque when plane perpendicular to field.​
b) Torque when plane at 30° to field.​
c) Orientation for maximum torque.

39. Circular loop radius 0.1 m carries current 5 A. Find B at center.​

a) At distance 0.1 m from center along axis.​
b) Compare with center value.​
c) Effect of doubling number of turns.

40. Electron moving at 10^6 m/s at angle 30° to B = 0.5 T.​

a) Find radius of circular motion.​
b) Pitch of helical path.​
c) Period of revolution.

41. Long straight wire carries 6 A. Find B at 2 cm.​

a) If current doubled, B?​
b) If distance doubled, B?​
c) Direction of B.

42. Two wires 1 m apart, currents 3 A and 4 A in same direction.​

a) Force per meter.​
b) Direction of force.​
c) If currents opposite, force?

43. Solenoid, length 0.5 m, 500 turns, current 2 A.​

a) Find B inside.​
b) Field outside solenoid.​
c) Effect of doubling current.

44. Cyclotron with B = 1 T accelerates proton.​

a) Find cyclotron frequency.​
b) Maximum velocity after 10 revolutions if V = 10 kV.​
c) Radius of orbit.

45. Current loop of 0.1 m radius, 5 A, in uniform B = 0.3 T.​

a) Torque on loop at 30° to field.​
b) Torque when plane parallel to field.​
c) Maximum torque orientation.

46. Charged particle enters uniform B perpendicular to velocity.​

a) Sketch path.​
b) Force on particle.​
c) Time period of circular motion.
47. Two circular loops 10 turns, radius 0.05 m, 2 A current.​
a) B at center.​
b) Energy stored in magnetic field.​
c) Effect of increasing current.

48. Rectangular coil 20 turns, 0.2 m × 0.1 m, 1 A current, in B = 0.5 T.​

a) Torque on coil.​
b) Torque if current doubled.​
c) Torque if number of turns halved.

49. Electron moving in uniform B = 0.4 T, velocity 2 × 10^6 m/s perpendicular.​

a) Force on electron.​
b) Radius of path.​
c) Period of motion.

50. Two parallel wires carry 5 A each, 0.1 m apart.​

a) Calculate force per meter.​
b) Nature of force.​
c) If currents doubled, force?

Chapter 5: Magnetism and Matter (50 Questions)

MCQs (10)

1.​ The magnetic field inside a long solenoid is:​

a) Zero​
b) Uniform​
c) Maximum at ends​
d) Varies along axis​

2.​ SI unit of magnetic moment is:​

a) A·m²​
b) J/T​
c) Both a & b​
d) N·m​

3.​ Diamagnetic materials have:​

a) Positive susceptibility​
b) Negative susceptibility​
c) Zero susceptibility​
d) Depends on temperature​

4.​ Magnetic susceptibility of paramagnetic materials:​

a) Positive​
b) Negative​
c) Zero​
d) Negative at low temperature​

5.​ Torque on a magnetic dipole in uniform B is zero when:​

a) Dipole axis parallel to B​
b) Dipole axis perpendicular to B​
c) Dipole axis at 45°​
d) Always zero​
 6.​ Tangent galvanometer measures:​
a) Voltage​
b) Current​
c) Resistance​
d) Capacitance​

7.​ Relation between B and H in linear medium:​

a) B = μH​
b) B = μ₀H​
c) B = H/μ​
d) B = μH²​

8.​ A bar magnet behaves like:​

a) Electric dipole​
b) Magnetic dipole​
c) Electric monopole​
d) None of these​

9.​ Unit of magnetic field (B) in SI:​

a) Tesla​
b) Gauss​
c) Weber​
d) Ampere​

10.​Magnetic field at equatorial point of dipole:​

a) μ₀ m / (4π r³)​
b) μ₀ m / (2π r³)​
c) μ₀ m / (8π r³)​
d) Zero​

Short Answer Questions (10)

11.​Define magnetic moment of a bar magnet.​

12.​Derive expression for torque on magnetic dipole in uniform magnetic field.​

13.​Derive magnetic field at axial point of a dipole.​

14.​Derive magnetic field at equatorial point of dipole.​

15.​Explain diamagnetism, paramagnetism, ferromagnetism with examples.​

16.​Define magnetic susceptibility and permeability.​

17.​Derive relation B = μH in linear medium.​

18.​Explain working principle of tangent galvanometer.​

19.​Derive torque on rectangular current loop in uniform B.​

 20.​Derive expression for force between two magnetic poles.​

Long Answer / Numerical (15)

21.​A bar magnet of magnetic moment 0.5A⋅m20.5 A·m²0.5A⋅m2 placed in uniform B = 0.2 T at 60° to B. Find
torque.​

22.​Magnetic field at axial point of bar magnet with m = 1 A·m², distance 0.1 m.​

23.​Field at equatorial point for same magnet.​

24.​Two magnetic poles of 0.5 A·m each separated by 10 cm. Force between them.​

25.​Tangent galvanometer: Coil 20 turns, radius 10 cm, current 2 A. Find deflection in Earth's B = 5 ×10^-5 T.​

26.​A paramagnetic material with χ = 0.002 placed in H = 200 A/m. Find B inside.​

27.​Magnetic energy stored in field B = 0.5 T, volume 0.01 m³, μ₀ = 4π×10^-7.​

28.​Torque on rectangular loop 0.2 m × 0.1 m, 5 turns, I = 2 A in B = 0.3 T.​

29.​A bar magnet of 0.4 m long, m = 0.3 A·m². Find field at midpoint of axial line.​

30.​Force between two poles 1 m apart, strength 0.2 A·m each.​

31.​Magnetic susceptibility of diamagnetic material χ = -1 ×10^-5. Calculate B in H = 10^3 A/m.​

32.​Coil of 100 turns, radius 0.1 m, current 1 A. Torque in B = 0.2 T at 30°.​

33.​Derive B at center of circular coil of N turns, radius R, current I.​

34.​Find B at axial point of a short solenoid of length 0.1 m, radius 0.02 m, 200 turns, I = 2 A.​

35.​Energy stored in magnetic field of solenoid, B = 0.1 T, volume 0.01 m³.​

Case-Based Questions (15)

36. A bar magnet of magnetic moment 0.5 A·m² placed at 45° to uniform B = 0.2 T.​
a) Find torque.​
b) Torque when magnet aligned along field.​
c) Torque when perpendicular.

37. Two magnetic poles each of 0.3 A·m separated by 0.2 m.​
a) Find force between them.​
b) Double the distance, find new force.​
c) Explain direction of force.

38. Tangent galvanometer, 50 turns, radius 10 cm, current 1 A, horizontal Earth’s B = 4 ×10^-5 T.​
a) Find deflection angle.​
b) Find current if deflection 60°.​
c) Sketch setup.

39. A paramagnetic rod placed in uniform H = 200 A/m, χ = 0.002.​

a) Find B inside rod.​
b) If χ doubled, B?​
c) Discuss effect on torque if placed in B.

40. Rectangular loop 0.1 m × 0.2 m, 5 turns, I = 2 A, B = 0.3 T, plane at 60°.​

a) Torque on loop.​
b) Orientation for maximum torque.​
c) Torque if I doubled.

41. Bar magnet length 0.2 m, m = 0.1 A·m². Find B at axial point 0.1 m from center.​
a) B at equatorial point.​
b) Compare both.​
c) Effect if distance doubled.

42. Coil 100 turns, radius 0.1 m, current 2 A, plane perpendicular to B = 0.2 T.​
a) Torque on coil.​
b) Torque if plane at 30°.​
c) Orientation for zero torque.

43. Two magnetic poles 0.4 A·m each, 0.2 m apart.​

a) Force.​
b) If poles reversed, nature of force.​
c) Work done to separate 0.1 m further.

44. Solenoid 0.5 m long, 500 turns, I = 2 A.​

a) Find B inside.​
b) Energy stored in solenoid volume 0.01 m³.​
c) Effect of doubling current.

45. Bar magnet in uniform B at angle 30° to field.​

a) Torque.​
b) Torque when aligned along field.​
c) Maximum torque.

46. Diamagnetic material with χ = -1 ×10^-5 in H = 10^3 A/m.​

a) Find B inside.​
b) Effect of doubling H.​
c) Discuss orientation in external B.

47. Rectangular coil 10 turns, 0.2 m × 0.1 m, I = 1 A in B = 0.4 T.​

a) Torque.​
b) Torque if plane perpendicular.​
c) Torque if current doubled.

48. Bar magnet axial point 0.1 m from center, m = 0.2 A·m².​
a) B-field.​
b) Force on second magnet 0.1 m apart.​
c) Energy of system.

49. Coil radius 0.05 m, 20 turns, I = 2 A, plane 45° to B = 0.3 T.​

a) Torque on coil.​
b) Torque if current halved.​
c) Orientation for zero torque.

50. Two parallel wires, 1 m apart, currents 5 A and 4 A in same direction.​

a) Force per meter.​
b) Direction of force.​
c) Force if currents reversed.

Chapter 6: Electromagnetic Induction (50 Questions)

MCQs (10)

1.​ Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction states that induced emf is:​
a) Proportional to change in magnetic flux​
b) Equal to flux​
c) Inversely proportional to flux​
d) Zero​

2.​ Lenz’s law gives:​

a) Magnitude of induced emf​
b) Direction of induced current​
c) Energy stored in coil​
d) None​

3.​ SI unit of magnetic flux:​

a) Weber​
b) Tesla​
c) Volt​
d) Ampere​

4.​ Self-inductance of a coil depends on:​

a) Number of turns​
b) Area of coil​
c) Length of coil​
d) All of these​

5.​ Mutual inductance is:​

a) Induced emf in same coil​
b) Induced emf in neighboring coil​
c) Current in same coil​
d) None​

6.​ Eddy currents are:​

a) Circular currents induced in conductor​
b) Current due to battery​
c) Alternating current in resistor​
d) None​

7.​ Induced emf is maximum when:​

a) Flux changes fastest​
b) Flux is maximum​
c) Flux is minimum​
 d) Flux is constant​

8.​ SI unit of inductance:​

a) Henry​
b) Tesla​
c) Weber​
d) Volt​

9.​ Energy stored in inductor:​

a) 1/2LI21/2 LI^21/2LI2​
b) LI2LI^2LI2​
c) I2/LI^2/LI2/L​
d) 1/2L/I1/2 L/I1/2L/I​

10.​Induced current opposes cause producing it is according to:​

a) Faraday’s law​
b) Lenz’s law​
c) Ohm’s law​
d) Ampere’s law​

Short Answer Questions (10)

11.​State Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction.​

12.​Explain Lenz’s law with an example.​

13.​Define self-inductance and derive formula.​

14.​Define mutual inductance and derive expression.​

15.​Derive expression for induced emf in a rotating coil.​

16.​Explain eddy currents and their applications.​

17.​Derive energy stored in an inductor.​

18.​Derive induced emf in a coil moving in uniform B-field.​

19.​Explain concept of magnetic flux.​

20.​Derive relation between induced current and rate of change of flux.​

Long Answer / Numerical (15)

21.​A coil of 100 turns, area 0.01 m², rotates in B = 0.5 T at 50 Hz. Find maximum emf.​
 22.​A solenoid of 500 turns, area 0.02 m², current changes from 0 to 2 A in 0.1 s. Find self-inductance if induced
emf is 5 V.​

23.​Two coaxial solenoids have 200 and 100 turns. If current in first changes at 0.5 A/s, find induced emf in
second, M = 0.02 H.​

24.​Energy stored in inductor 0.5 H carrying 3 A.​

25.​Coil of 50 turns, area 0.01 m², placed in B changing from 0.1 T to 0.5 T in 0.2 s. Find induced emf.​

26.​A rectangular loop 0.1 m × 0.2 m, 20 turns, moves at 2 m/s perpendicular to B = 0.3 T. Find induced emf.​

27.​A rod 0.5 m long moves at 4 m/s perpendicular to B = 0.2 T. Find emf induced.​

28.​Coil of 100 turns, radius 0.05 m, rotates in B = 0.1 T, 50 Hz. Calculate RMS emf.​

29.​A coil with L = 0.2 H carries current increasing at 5 A/s. Find induced emf.​

30.​Two coils, mutual inductance 0.05 H, current changes 0 to 2 A in 0.1 s. Find induced emf in second coil.​

31.​Derive expression for induced emf in straight conductor moving perpendicular to B.​

32.​Find energy stored in inductor 2 H, carrying 4 A.​

33.​Coil of 100 turns, area 0.02 m², B changes from 0.1 to 0.5 T in 0.1 s. Find induced emf.​

34.​Rod 1 m long moves at 2 m/s in B = 0.3 T. Calculate emf.​

35.​Inductor of 0.5 H connected to AC source 12 V, 50 Hz. Find peak current.​

Case-Based Questions (15)

36. A coil of 100 turns, area 0.01 m² rotates at 50 Hz in B = 0.5 T.​

a) Find maximum emf.​
b) Find RMS emf.​
c) If turns doubled, new maximum emf.

37. A solenoid L = 0.5 H, current changes 0→3 A in 0.1 s.​

a) Induced emf.​
b) Energy stored.​
c) Work done in inductor.

38. Two coils with mutual inductance M = 0.02 H, current in first changes at 0.5 A/s.​
a) Induced emf in second.​
b) Direction of current.​
c) Effect if M doubled.

39. A rectangular loop 0.1 m × 0.2 m, 20 turns, moves at 2 m/s perpendicular to B = 0.3 T.​
a) Induced emf.​
b) Current if R = 5 Ω.​
c) Power dissipated.
40. Rod 0.5 m moves at 4 m/s perpendicular to B = 0.2 T.​
a) Induced emf.​
b) Current if rod resistance 2 Ω.​
c) Force required to move rod at constant speed.

41. A coil with L = 0.2 H, current increases 5 A/s.​

a) Induced emf.​
b) Energy stored.​
c) Power delivered to coil.

42. Coil rotates in uniform B. Induced emf 5 V.​

a) RMS emf.​
b) If rotation speed doubled, new emf.​
c) If area doubled, new emf.

43. Two coils, M = 0.05 H, current in first changes 0→2 A in 0.1 s.​
a) Induced emf in second.​
b) Energy stored in second coil.​
c) Direction of induced current.

44. Rod 1 m moves at 2 m/s perpendicular to B = 0.3 T.​

a) Induced emf.​
b) Current if R = 1 Ω.​
c) Power dissipated.

45. Coil of 100 turns, radius 0.05 m, rotates in B = 0.1 T, 50 Hz.​

a) Peak emf.​
b) RMS emf.​
c) If frequency doubled, new RMS emf.

46. Inductor L = 0.5 H, current 3 A. Energy stored?​

a) Energy.​
b) If current halved, new energy.​
c) Work done to reach full current.

47. Coil in B-field changes flux at rate 0.2 Wb/s.​

a) Induced emf.​
b) Current if R = 4 Ω.​
c) Power dissipated.

48. Coil of 50 turns, area 0.01 m², B changes 0.1→0.5 T in 0.2 s.​
a) Induced emf.​
b) Induced current R = 5 Ω.​
c) Energy dissipated in 10 s.

49. Rod 0.5 m moves in B = 0.2 T at 4 m/s, resistance 2 Ω.​

a) Induced emf.​
b) Current.​
c) Power.

50. Two coils, M = 0.05 H, current in first coil increases 2 A/s.​

a) Induced emf in second.​
b) Direction of induced current.​
c) Effect if number of turns in second coil doubled.
Chapter 7: Alternating Current (50 Questions)
MCQs (10)

1.​ RMS value of AC is:​

a) Peak value / √2​
b) Peak value × √2​
c) Equal to peak value​
d) Twice the peak value​

2.​ For purely resistive AC circuit, current:​

a) Leads voltage by 90°​
b) Lags voltage by 90°​
c) In phase with voltage​
d) Zero​

3.​ For purely inductive AC circuit, current:​

a) Leads voltage by 90°​
b) Lags voltage by 90°​
c) In phase with voltage​
d) Zero​

4.​ For purely capacitive AC circuit, current:​

a) Leads voltage by 90°​
b) Lags voltage by 90°​
c) In phase with voltage​
d) Zero​

5.​ Unit of reactance is:​

a) Ohm​
b) Henry​
c) Farad​
d) Tesla​

6.​ Impedance in series R-L-C circuit:​

a) Z=R+XL+XCZ = R + X_L + X_CZ=R+XL​+XC​​
b) Z=√(R2+(XL−XC)2)Z = √(R² + (X_L - X_C)²)Z=√(R2+(XL​−XC​)2)​
c) Z=R/(XL−XC)Z = R/(X_L - X_C)Z=R/(XL​−XC​)​
d) Z=R+√(XL2+XC2)Z = R + √(X_L² + X_C²)Z=R+√(XL2​+XC2​)​

7.​ Resonant frequency of series L-C circuit:​

a) 1/2π√(LC)1/2π√(LC)1/2π√(LC)​
b) 1/√(LC)1/√(LC)1/√(LC)​
c) 2π√(LC)2π√(LC)2π√(LC)​
d) √(LC)​

8.​ Power factor in pure R circuit:​

a) 0​
b) 1​
c) 0.5​
d) -1​
 9.​ Average power in AC circuit:​
a) VIVIVI​
b) VIcosφVI cosφVIcosφ​
c) I2RI²RI2R​
d) V2/RV²/RV2/R​

10.​Peak value of AC voltage V0=220VV_0 = 220 VV0​=220V. RMS value:​

a) 220 V​
b) 155.6 V​
c) 311 V​
d) 110 V​

Short Answer Questions (10)

11.​Derive expression for RMS and average value of AC.​

12.​Define reactance and impedance.​

13.​Derive impedance of series R-L-C circuit.​

14.​Derive expression for resonant frequency of L-C circuit.​

15.​Explain phase difference in R, L, C circuits.​

16.​Derive power in AC circuit: P = VI cosφ.​

17.​Explain power factor and its significance.​

18.​Draw phasor diagram for series R-L-C circuit.​

19.​Derive current in series R-L-C circuit.​

20.​Derive expressions for voltage across R, L, C in series AC circuit.​

Long Answer / Numerical (15)

21.​Series R-L-C circuit: R = 10 Ω, L = 0.2 H, C = 100 μF, V = 220 V, f = 50 Hz.​

a) Find X_L and X_C.​
b) Find impedance.​
c) Find current.​

22.​Power factor of above circuit.​

23.​Series L-C circuit: L = 0.5 H, C = 50 μF. Find resonant frequency.​

24.​AC voltage V = 220 V RMS, R = 10 Ω. Find current, power.​

 25.​Series R-L circuit: R = 10 Ω, L = 0.1 H, f = 50 Hz, V = 220 V. Find current, phase angle.​

26.​Series R-C circuit: R = 10 Ω, C = 50 μF, V = 220 V, f = 50 Hz. Find current, phase angle.​

27.​Voltage across L = 50 V, C = 30 V, R = 40 V in series AC. Find total voltage.​

28.​Average power in AC circuit: V = 220 V, I = 5 A, φ = 30°.​

29.​Series R-L-C: R = 20 Ω, L = 0.1 H, C = 100 μF, f = 50 Hz. Find impedance, current, voltages across
components.​

30.​Series resonance circuit: R = 10 Ω, L = 0.2 H, C = 50 μF. Find resonant frequency, current at resonance.​

31.​Voltage across capacitor in series R-C: R = 10 Ω, C = 50 μF, V = 220 V, f = 50 Hz.​

32.​Series R-L: R = 20 Ω, L = 0.1 H, V = 220 V, f = 50 Hz. Find power factor.​

33.​Series L-C: L = 0.2 H, C = 100 μF, V = 220 V, f = 50 Hz. Find current at resonance.​

34.​AC circuit: I = 5 A, V = 220 V, φ = 30°. Find average power, reactive power, apparent power.​

35.​Series R-L-C: Draw phasor diagram for V_R, V_L, V_C, and V_total.​

Case-Based Questions (15)

36. Series R-L-C circuit: R = 10 Ω, L = 0.2 H, C = 100 μF, V = 220 V, f = 50 Hz.​

a) Find impedance.​
b) Current.​
c) Voltage across each component.

37. AC voltage V = 220 V, I = 5 A, φ = 30°.​

a) Average power.​
b) Reactive power.​
c) Apparent power.

38. Series L-C circuit: L = 0.5 H, C = 50 μF.​

a) Resonant frequency.​
b) Current at resonance if V = 220 V.​
c) Voltage across L and C at resonance.

39. Series R-L: R = 20 Ω, L = 0.1 H, f = 50 Hz, V = 220 V.​

a) Impedance.​
b) Phase angle.​
c) Power factor.

40. Series R-C: R = 10 Ω, C = 50 μF, f = 50 Hz, V = 220 V.​

a) Impedance.​
b) Current.​
c) Phase difference.

41. AC circuit: V_R = 40 V, V_L = 50 V, V_C = 30 V. Find total voltage.​

42. Series resonance: R = 10 Ω, L = 0.2 H, C = 50 μF, V = 220 V.​
a) Resonant frequency.​
b) Current at resonance.​
c) Voltage across L and C.

43. Phasor diagram for series R-L-C: R = 10 Ω, L = 0.1 H, C = 50 μF, V = 220 V.​
44. AC voltage V = 220 V, I = 5 A, φ = 60°.​
a) Average power.​
b) Reactive power.​
c) Apparent power.

45. Series R-L: R = 10 Ω, L = 0.1 H, V = 220 V, f = 50 Hz.​

a) Impedance.​
b) Current.​
c) Power factor.

46. Series R-C: R = 20 Ω, C = 50 μF, V = 220 V, f = 50 Hz.​

a) Impedance.​
b) Phase difference.​
c) Current.

47. Voltage across resistor in series R-L-C: V_R = 50 V, V_L = 60 V, V_C = 40 V. Find total voltage.​
48. Series R-L-C: R = 10 Ω, L = 0.2 H, C = 100 μF, V = 220 V.​
a) Impedance.​
b) Current.​
c) Power factor.

49. Series resonance: L = 0.2 H, C = 100 μF, R = 10 Ω, V = 220 V.​

a) Resonant frequency.​
b) Current at resonance.​
c) Voltage across L and C.

50. Series R-L-C: Draw phasor diagram for V_R, V_L, V_C, and V_total, showing phase angles.

Chapter 9: Ray Optics and Optical Instruments (50 Questions)

MCQs (10)

1.​ Image formed by plane mirror is:​

a) Real and inverted​
b) Virtual and erect​
c) Real and erect​
d) Virtual and inverted​

2.​ Mirror formula:​

a) 1/f=1/v+1/u1/f = 1/v + 1/u1/f=1/v+1/u​
b) f=v+uf = v + uf=v+u​
c) v=u−fv = u - fv=u−f​
d) None​

3.​ Magnification of concave mirror is:​

a) −v/u-v/u−v/u​
b) v/uv/uv/u​
c) u/vu/vu/v​
 d) −u/v-u/v−u/v​

4.​ Lens maker’s formula:​

a) 1/f=(μ−1)(1/R1−1/R2)1/f = (μ-1)(1/R_1 - 1/R_2)1/f=(μ−1)(1/R1​−1/R2​)​
b) f=(μ−1)(R1+R2)f = (μ-1)(R_1 + R_2)f=(μ−1)(R1​+R2​)​
c) 1/f=μ(1/R1+1/R2)1/f = μ(1/R_1 + 1/R_2)1/f=μ(1/R1​+1/R2​)​
d) None​

5.​ Image formed by concave lens is:​

a) Real and inverted​
b) Virtual and erect​
c) Real and erect​
d) None​

6.​ Power of lens is:​

a) P=100/fP = 100/fP=100/f (f in cm)​
b) P=100/fP = 100/fP=100/f (f in m)​
c) P=1/fP = 1/fP=1/f (f in m)​
d) P=1/fP = 1/fP=1/f (f in cm)​

7.​ Total internal reflection occurs when:​

a) Angle of incidence > critical angle​
b) Angle of incidence < critical angle​
c) Angle of refraction > critical angle​
d) Angle of incidence = 0​

8.​ Refractive index n = c/v, where:​

a) c = speed in medium, v = speed in vacuum​
b) c = speed in vacuum, v = speed in medium​
c) Both same​
d) None​

9.​ Focal length of concave mirror is:​

a) Positive​
b) Negative​
c) Zero​
d) Infinity​

10.​Magnifying glass provides magnification:​

a) 1​
b) >1​
c) <1​
d) Zero​

Short Answer Questions (10)

11.​Derive mirror formula.​

12.​Derive lens formula.​

 13.​Define magnification and derive formula for mirror.​

14.​Derive expression for power of lens.​

15.​Define total internal reflection and critical angle.​

16.​Derive relation for focal length using lens maker’s formula.​

17.​Explain refraction through prism.​

18.​Derive angular magnification of simple microscope.​

19.​Explain formation of image by compound microscope.​

20.​Explain formation of image by astronomical telescope.​

Long Answer / Numerical (15)

21.​Concave mirror, u = 30 cm, f = 20 cm. Find image position and magnification.​

22.​Convex lens, u = 40 cm, f = 20 cm. Find image position and nature.​

23.​Lens of focal length 25 cm. Calculate power.​

24.​Light enters glass slab (n = 1.5) at angle 30°. Find angle of refraction.​

25.​Prism of angle 60°, refractive index 1.5. Find angle of minimum deviation.​

26.​Concave mirror R = 40 cm. Find focal length and image position for u = 30 cm.​

27.​Compound microscope: objective f = 2 cm, eyepiece f = 5 cm, L = 20 cm. Find magnification.​

28.​Astronomical telescope: objective f = 100 cm, eyepiece f = 5 cm. Find magnification.​

29.​Concave lens f = -15 cm, object 30 cm in front. Find image position and magnification.​

30.​Prism: n = 1.5, A = 60°, find minimum deviation.​

31.​Lens combination: f1 = 10 cm, f2 = 20 cm, find equivalent focal length.​

32.​Light in water (n = 1.33) incident from air at 45°. Find refraction angle.​

33.​Magnifying glass f = 10 cm. Object at near point 25 cm. Find angular magnification.​

34.​Convex lens 15 cm, object 30 cm. Draw ray diagram, find image.​

35.​Telescope: Objective f = 200 cm, eyepiece f = 5 cm. Object at infinity. Find final image position.​
Case-Based Questions (15)

36. Concave mirror, f = 20 cm. Object 30 cm in front.​

a) Image position.​
b) Magnification.​
c) Nature of image.

37. Convex lens f = 25 cm, object 40 cm.​

a) Image position.​
b) Nature and magnification.​
c) Ray diagram.

38. Lens of focal length 20 cm. Find power.​

a) In meters.​
b) In diopters.​
c) Object at 30 cm, find image.

39. Light enters glass slab n = 1.5, incident angle 30°.​

a) Angle of refraction.​
b) Lateral shift if thickness = 2 cm.​
c) Sketch path.

40. Prism A = 60°, n = 1.5.​

a) Angle of minimum deviation.​
b) Deviation for incidence 45°.​
c) Sketch ray diagram.

41. Concave lens f = -15 cm, object at 30 cm.​

a) Image position.​
b) Magnification.​
c) Nature of image.

42. Compound microscope: objective f = 2 cm, eyepiece f = 5 cm, L = 20 cm.​

a) Total magnification.​
b) Image formation.​
c) Draw diagram.

43. Astronomical telescope: objective f = 100 cm, eyepiece f = 5 cm.​

a) Magnification.​
b) Final image position.​
c) Draw ray diagram.

44. Convex lens f = 15 cm, object at 30 cm.​

a) Image position.​
b) Nature.​
c) Ray diagram.

45. Magnifying glass f = 10 cm, object at near point 25 cm.​

a) Angular magnification.​
b) Draw ray diagram.​
c) Maximum magnification.

46. Lens combination f1 = 10 cm, f2 = 20 cm.​

a) Equivalent focal length.​
b) Power of combination.​
c) Object 30 cm in front. Find image.
47. Light from air enters water n = 1.33 at 45°.​
a) Refraction angle.​
b) Critical angle.​
c) Sketch.

48. Prism n = 1.5, A = 60°.​

a) Minimum deviation.​
b) Emergent angle.​
c) Deviation for different incidence.

49. Telescope: objective f = 200 cm, eyepiece f = 5 cm.​

a) Magnification.​
b) Image at infinity.​
c) Draw diagram.

50. Concave mirror R = 40 cm, object 30 cm.​

a) Image position.​
b) Magnification.​
c) Nature of image.

Chapter 8: Electromagnetic Waves (50 Questions)

MCQs (10)

1.​ Electromagnetic waves are:​

a) Longitudinal waves​
b) Transverse waves​
c) Both​
d) None​

2.​ Electromagnetic waves do not require:​

a) Medium​
b) Electric field​
c) Magnetic field​
d) Energy​

3.​ In vacuum, speed of EM waves is:​

a) 3×1083 × 10^83×108 m/s​
b) 1×1061 × 10^61×106 m/s​
c) 3×1063 × 10^63×106 m/s​
d) Zero​

4.​ EM waves are produced by:​

a) Accelerating charges​
b) Stationary charges​
c) Magnetic monopoles​
d) Uniform motion of charges​

5.​ Poynting vector represents:​

a) Energy density​
b) Direction and rate of energy flow​
c) Magnetic flux​
d) Electric flux​
 6.​ Unit of Poynting vector:​
a) W/m²​
b) Tesla​
c) V/m​
d) N/m²​

7.​ In vacuum, EM wave satisfies:​

a) E/B=cE/B = cE/B=c​
b) B/E=cB/E = cB/E=c​
c) E=BE = BE=B​
d) E=B2E = B²E=B2​

8.​ EM waves carry:​

a) Energy​
b) Momentum​
c) Both energy and momentum​
d) Neither​

9.​ EM spectrum with highest frequency:​

a) Radio waves​
b) Gamma rays​
c) Microwaves​
d) Visible light​

10.​Which EM wave is used in TV transmission?​

a) Microwaves​
b) Radio waves​
c) X-rays​
d) Gamma rays​

Short Answer Questions (10)

11.​Explain why EM waves are transverse.​

12.​Derive relation between E and B in an EM wave.​

13.​Derive wave equation for E-field in vacuum.​

14.​Derive speed of EM wave in vacuum using Maxwell’s equations.​

15.​Define Poynting vector and its significance.​

16.​Explain energy density in EM waves.​

17.​Explain momentum carried by EM waves.​

18.​Draw and explain EM spectrum.​

19.​Explain production of EM waves by accelerating charges.​

 20.​Derive relation between E, B, and c in vacuum.​

Long Answer / Numerical (15)

21.​EM wave with E = 100 V/m. Find B in vacuum.​

22.​Energy density in EM wave: E = 200 V/m.​

23.​EM wave carries energy 0.1 J per m³. Find E and B.​

24.​Calculate Poynting vector magnitude for E = 50 V/m.​

25.​EM wave frequency 10^14 Hz. Find wavelength in vacuum.​

26.​Gamma ray λ = 10^-12 m. Find frequency and energy per photon.​

27.​Radio wave frequency 1 MHz. Find wavelength.​

28.​Power transmitted by EM wave with S = 500 W/m² through area 2 m².​

29.​EM wave with B = 2 ×10^-7 T. Find E.​

30.​EM wave intensity 10 W/m². Find average E-field.​

31.​Energy density in EM wave: E = 100 V/m, B = ?​

32.​EM wave carries momentum p. Express in terms of energy density.​

33.​EM wave frequency 5 ×10^14 Hz. Find wavelength and speed.​

34.​Calculate time period of EM wave frequency 10^9 Hz.​

35.​EM wave incident on surface area 1 m². Power = 100 W. Find magnitude of Poynting vector.​

Case-Based Questions (15)

36. EM wave with E = 200 V/m in vacuum.​

a) Find B.​
b) Energy density.​
c) Poynting vector magnitude.

37. EM wave frequency 10^8 Hz.​

a) Wavelength in vacuum.​
b) Period.​
c) Photon energy.

38. EM wave intensity 500 W/m². Area = 2 m².​

a) Power transmitted.​
b) Average E-field.​
c) B-field.

39. Gamma ray, λ = 10^-12 m.​

a) Frequency.​
b) Photon energy.​
c) Compare with visible light.

40. EM wave carries energy density 0.1 J/m³.​

a) E-field.​
b) B-field.​
c) Poynting vector.

41. Radio wave frequency 1 MHz.​

a) Wavelength.​
b) Energy per photon.​
c) Use in communication.

42. EM wave E = 100 V/m, B = ?​

a) Find B.​
b) Energy density.​
c) Direction of propagation.

43. Microwave λ = 3 cm.​

a) Frequency.​
b) Energy per photon.​
c) Use in kitchen.

44. Poynting vector S = 500 W/m².​

a) Average E-field.​
b) Average B-field.​
c) Power through area 1 m².

45. EM wave with B = 10^-7 T.​

a) E-field.​
b) Energy density.​
c) Momentum density.

46. EM spectrum: Identify wave used in:​

a) X-ray imaging​
b) Radio transmission​
c) Microwave ovens

47. EM wave frequency 5 ×10^14 Hz.​

a) Wavelength.​
b) Speed in vacuum.​
c) Energy per photon.

48. EM wave energy density u = 10^-3 J/m³.​

a) Find E and B.​
b) Power per unit area.​
c) Direction of propagation.

49. Visible light λ = 600 nm.​

a) Frequency.​
b) Photon energy.​
c) Wave type.

50. EM wave incident on surface, S = 100 W/m².​

a) Energy density.​
b) Magnitude of E-field.​
c) Magnitude of B-field.

Chapter 10: Wave Optics (50 Questions)

MCQs (10)

1.​ Light is:​

a) Particle​
b) Wave​
c) Both​
d) None​

2.​ Interference of light is due to:​

a) Diffraction​
b) Superposition of waves​
c) Refraction​
d) Polarization​

3.​ Condition for constructive interference:​

a) Path difference = nλ​
b) Path difference = (n+½)λ​
c) Phase difference = π​
d) None​

4.​ Condition for destructive interference:​

a) Path difference = nλ​
b) Path difference = (n+½)λ​
c) Phase difference = 2π​
d) None​

5.​ Young’s double slit experiment fringe width:​

a) β = λD/d​
b) β = d/λD​
c) β = λ/d​
d) β = D/dλ​

6.​ Polarization occurs for:​

a) Longitudinal waves​
b) Transverse waves​
c) Both​
d) None​

7.​ Single slit diffraction gives:​

a) Central maximum broad​
b) Central maximum narrow​
c) Only minima​
 d) None​

8.​ Rayleigh criterion is for:​

a) Interference​
b) Diffraction​
c) Resolution​
d) Polarization​

9.​ Coherent sources are required for:​

a) Diffraction​
b) Interference​
c) Refraction​
d) Reflection​

10.​Fringe width increases with:​

a) Wavelength​
b) Slit separation​
c) Distance between slits​
d) Both a & c​

Short Answer Questions (10)

11.​Derive condition for constructive interference.​

12.​Derive condition for destructive interference.​

13.​Derive fringe width formula for YDSE.​

14.​Explain coherent sources.​

15.​Explain single slit diffraction pattern.​

16.​Derive intensity in double slit experiment.​

17.​Explain polarization of light.​

18.​Explain Rayleigh criterion for resolving power.​

19.​Derive expression for resolving power of telescope.​

20.​Derive expression for diffraction at single slit.​

Long Answer / Numerical (15)

21.​YDSE: λ = 600 nm, d = 0.2 mm, D = 1 m. Find fringe width.​

22.​YDSE: Fringe separation β = 0.3 mm, d = 0.2 mm, D = 1 m. Find wavelength.​

 23.​Single slit diffraction: a = 0.1 mm, λ = 600 nm, θ for first minimum.​

24.​Resolving power of telescope: D = 10 cm, λ = 600 nm.​

25.​Diffraction grating 5000 lines/cm, λ = 600 nm. Find angle for first order.​

26.​YDSE: d = 0.25 mm, D = 1 m, λ = 500 nm. Find fringe width.​

27.​Two slits separated by 0.2 mm, λ = 600 nm, D = 1.2 m. Find fringe width.​

28.​Resolving power of microscope: NA = 1.4, λ = 500 nm.​

29.​Single slit a = 0.2 mm, λ = 600 nm, screen distance 1 m. Width of central maximum.​

30.​Diffraction grating 6000 lines/cm, first order angle for λ = 500 nm.​

31.​YDSE: λ = 400 nm, d = 0.1 mm, D = 1 m. Find fringe width.​

32.​Central maximum width for single slit a = 0.1 mm, D = 1 m, λ = 500 nm.​

33.​Angle of minimum deviation for prism: n = 1.5, A = 60°.​

34.​Two coherent sources 0.2 mm apart, D = 1 m, λ = 500 nm. Find position of first bright fringe.​

35.​Diffraction grating: 4000 lines/cm, λ = 600 nm, find first order angle.​

Case-Based Questions (15)

36. YDSE: d = 0.2 mm, D = 1 m, λ = 600 nm.​

a) Fringe width.​
b) Position of 3rd bright fringe.​
c) Position of 2nd dark fringe.

37. Single slit: a = 0.1 mm, λ = 600 nm.​

a) Angle for first minimum.​
b) Width of central maximum at screen distance 1 m.​
c) Sketch intensity pattern.

38. Diffraction grating: 5000 lines/cm, λ = 600 nm.​

a) First order angle.​
b) Second order angle.​
c) Maximum number of orders.

39. Resolving power of telescope D = 10 cm, λ = 600 nm.​

a) Minimum resolvable angle.​
b) Convert to arcseconds.​
c) Effect of increasing D.

40. Polarization by reflection: θ_B = 56°.​

a) Brewster’s angle.​
b) Refractive index of surface.​
c) Orientation of reflected light.
41. YDSE: fringe width 0.3 mm, d = 0.2 mm, D = 1 m.​
a) Wavelength.​
b) Position of 4th bright fringe.​
c) Position of 3rd dark fringe.

42. Single slit: a = 0.2 mm, λ = 500 nm, screen D = 1 m.​

a) Width of central maximum.​
b) Angle of first minimum.​
c) Sketch intensity.

43. Diffraction grating 6000 lines/cm, λ = 500 nm.​

a) First order angle.​
b) Second order angle.​
c) Maximum number of orders.

44. Microscope NA = 1.4, λ = 500 nm.​

a) Resolving power.​
b) Effect of decreasing λ.​
c) Effect of immersion oil.

45. Telescope D = 10 cm, λ = 600 nm.​

a) Resolving power.​
b) Effect of increasing λ.​
c) Effect of increasing D.

46. Two slits separation 0.2 mm, D = 1 m, λ = 500 nm.​

a) Fringe width.​
b) Position of 5th bright fringe.​
c) Position of 4th dark fringe.

47. Prism: n = 1.5, A = 60°.​

a) Angle of minimum deviation.​
b) Emergent ray.​
c) Sketch.

48. YDSE: d = 0.25 mm, D = 1 m, λ = 500 nm.​

a) Fringe width.​
b) Position of 2nd bright fringe.​
c) Position of 1st dark fringe.

49. Single slit a = 0.1 mm, λ = 600 nm, screen D = 1 m.​

a) Central maximum width.​
b) Angle of first minimum.​
c) Sketch.

50. Diffraction grating: 4000 lines/cm, λ = 600 nm.​

a) First order angle.​
b) Maximum orders possible.​
c) Second order angle.

Chapter 11: Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter (50 Questions)

MCQs (10)
1.​ Photoelectric effect proves:​
a) Light is wave​
b) Light has particle nature​
c) Electrons are waves​
d) None​

2.​ Threshold frequency is:​

a) Minimum frequency to emit photoelectron​
b) Maximum frequency of light​
c) Frequency of electron​
d) None​

3.​ Einstein’s photoelectric equation:​

a) E=hνE = hνE=hν​
b) Kmax=hν−φK_{\text{max}} = hν - φKmax​=hν−φ​
c) λ=h/pλ = h/pλ=h/p​
d) F=maF = maF=ma​

4.​ De-Broglie wavelength:​

a) λ = h/p​
b) λ = p/h​
c) λ = E/p​
d) λ = mc²​

5.​ Compton effect shows:​

a) Wave nature​
b) Particle nature of light​
c) Interference​
d) Diffraction​

6.​ Unit of Planck’s constant:​

a) J·s​
b) eV​
c) W/m²​
d) C​

7.​ Maximum kinetic energy of photoelectron depends on:​

a) Intensity​
b) Frequency​
c) Both​
d) None​

8.​ Matter waves exist for:​

a) Electrons​
b) Protons​
c) Neutrons​
d) All​

9.​ Wavelength of electron accelerated through potential V:​

a) λ=h/pλ = h/pλ=h/p​
b) λ=h/2meVλ = h/\sqrt{2meV}λ=h/2meV​​
c) λ=hc/eVλ = hc/eVλ=hc/eV​
d) λ=eV/hλ = eV/hλ=eV/h​
 10.​Photoelectric current increases with:​
a) Frequency​
b) Intensity​
c) Wavelength​
d) Work function​

Short Answer Questions (10)

11.​State and explain photoelectric effect.​

12.​Derive Einstein’s photoelectric equation.​

13.​Explain threshold frequency and stopping potential.​

14.​Define work function.​

15.​Derive de-Broglie wavelength of matter waves.​

16.​Explain Davisson-Germer experiment.​

17.​Derive kinetic energy of emitted photoelectron.​

18.​Explain Compton effect.​

19.​Derive relation between wavelength change and scattering angle in Compton effect.​

20.​Explain wave-particle duality.​

Long Answer / Numerical (15)

21.​Photon of frequency 6 × 10^14 Hz hits metal φ = 2 eV. Find maximum kinetic energy of electron.​

22.​Light of λ = 400 nm incident on metal φ = 2.5 eV. Find stopping potential.​

23.​Electron accelerated through 100 V. Find de-Broglie wavelength.​

24.​Photon λ = 500 nm strikes metal. φ = 2 eV. Find KE of photoelectron.​

25.​Electron wavelength λ = 0.1 nm. Find momentum.​

26.​Light λ = 300 nm incident on sodium φ = 2.28 eV. Find stopping potential.​

27.​Electron accelerated through potential V = 150 V. Find de-Broglie wavelength.​

28.​Photon frequency ν = 6 × 10^14 Hz, φ = 2 eV. Find KE of electron.​

29.​Compton scattering λ = 0.071 nm, θ = 90°. Find change in wavelength.​

 30.​Stopping potential V_s = 1.5 V, φ = 2 eV. Find frequency of light.​

31.​Electron accelerated through 500 V. Find de-Broglie wavelength.​

32.​Photon λ = 400 nm. Metal φ = 2 eV. Find stopping potential.​

33.​Electron λ = 0.05 nm. Find momentum.​

34.​Photon λ = 600 nm, φ = 2.28 eV. Find maximum kinetic energy.​

35.​Compton effect: X-ray λ = 0.071 nm, scattering angle 60°. Find λ’ of scattered X-ray.​

Case-Based Questions (15)

36. Photon λ = 400 nm, metal φ = 2 eV.​

a) KE of emitted electron.​
b) Stopping potential.​
c) Sketch energy diagram.

37. Electron accelerated through V = 150 V.​

a) Find de-Broglie wavelength.​
b) Momentum.​
c) Velocity.

38. Photon λ = 500 nm strikes metal φ = 2.5 eV.​

a) KE of electron.​
b) Stopping potential.​
c) Effect of increasing intensity.

39. Compton scattering λ = 0.071 nm, θ = 90°.​

a) Δλ.​
b) Energy of scattered photon.​
c) Sketch scattering diagram.

40. Photon ν = 6 ×10^14 Hz, φ = 2 eV.​

a) KE of electron.​
b) Stopping potential.​
c) Sketch photoelectric graph.

41. Electron λ = 0.1 nm.​

a) Momentum.​
b) KE.​
c) Use in electron diffraction.

42. Photon λ = 300 nm, metal φ = 2.28 eV.​

a) KE of photoelectron.​
b) Stopping potential.​
c) Effect of increasing frequency.

43. Electron accelerated through 500 V.​

a) de-Broglie wavelength.​
b) Momentum.​
c) Velocity.

44. Photon λ = 600 nm, φ = 2.28 eV.​

a) KE of electron.​
b) Stopping potential.​
c) Sketch energy diagram.

45. Compton effect λ = 0.071 nm, θ = 60°.​

a) Δλ.​
b) Energy of scattered photon.​
c) Sketch diagram.

46. Photoelectric effect: Metal φ = 2 eV. Light λ = 400 nm.​

a) Stopping potential.​
b) Maximum KE.​
c) Sketch current vs voltage graph.

47. Electron accelerated through 100 V.​

a) de-Broglie wavelength.​
b) Momentum.​
c) Sketch matter wave concept.

48. Photon λ = 500 nm, φ = 2 eV.​

a) KE of electron.​
b) Stopping potential.​
c) Sketch energy diagram.

49. Compton scattering λ = 0.071 nm, θ = 120°.​

a) Δλ.​
b) Energy of photon.​
c) Sketch scattering diagram.

50. Electron accelerated through V = 200 V.​

a) de-Broglie wavelength.​
b) Momentum.​
c) Use in electron diffraction experiment.

Chapter 12: Atoms (50 Questions)

MCQs (10)

1.​ Rutherford’s alpha particle scattering experiment proved:​

a) Atom is indivisible​
b) Atom has nucleus​
c) Electrons move in circular orbit​
d) None​

2.​ Bohr model is applicable to:​

a) Hydrogen atom​
b) Helium atom​
c) Multi-electron atoms​
d) None​
 3.​ Energy of electron in nth orbit of hydrogen:​
a) En=−13.6/n2E_n = -13.6/n^2En​=−13.6/n2 eV​
b) En=13.6/nE_n = 13.6/nEn​=13.6/n eV​
c) En=−13.6n2E_n = -13.6 n^2En​=−13.6n2 eV​
d) En=13.6n2E_n = 13.6 n^2En​=13.6n2 eV​

4.​ Radius of electron orbit in hydrogen:​

a) rn=0.529n2r_n = 0.529 n^2rn​=0.529n2 Å​
b) rn=0.529/n2r_n = 0.529/n^2rn​=0.529/n2 Å​
c) rn=0.529nr_n = 0.529 nrn​=0.529n Å​
d) rn=1/n2r_n = 1/n^2rn​=1/n2 Å​

5.​ Bohr’s postulate:​

a) Angular momentum quantized mvr=nh/2πmvr = nh/2πmvr=nh/2π​
b) KE of electron quantized​
c) Radius quantized​
d) Energy of electron constant​

6.​ Spectral lines of hydrogen:​

a) Lyman series in UV​
b) Balmer series in visible​
c) Paschen series in IR​
d) All of above​

7.​ Ionization energy of hydrogen:​

a) 13.6 eV​
b) 10 eV​
c) 15 eV​
d) 1 eV​

8.​ Frequency of photon emitted:​

a) ν=(Ei−Ef)/hν = (E_i - E_f)/hν=(Ei​−Ef​)/h​
b) ν=Ei+Efν = E_i + E_fν=Ei​+Ef​​
c) ν=Ef−Eiν = E_f - E_iν=Ef​−Ei​​
d) None​

9.​ De-Broglie wavelength in Bohr orbit:​

a) λ = 2π r / n​
b) λ = h / p​
c) λ = n / 2π r​
d) None​

10.​Atom emits photon when:​

a) Electron absorbs energy​
b) Electron jumps to higher orbit​
c) Electron jumps to lower orbit​
d) Electron at ground state​

Short Answer Questions (10)

 11.​Explain Rutherford alpha particle experiment.​

12.​Derive Bohr’s postulates.​

13.​Derive expression for radius of orbit in hydrogen.​

14.​Derive energy levels of hydrogen atom.​

15.​Explain Lyman, Balmer, and Paschen series.​

16.​Derive expression for frequency of photon emitted.​

17.​Explain ionization energy and its calculation.​

18.​Explain Bohr’s quantization of angular momentum.​

19.​Explain spectral lines of hydrogen.​

20.​Derive velocity of electron in nth orbit of hydrogen.​

Long Answer / Numerical (15)

21.​Hydrogen atom: n = 3 → n = 2. Find wavelength of emitted photon.​

22.​Electron in hydrogen atom n = 4 → n = 2. Find energy released.​

23.​Bohr orbit radius for n = 2.​

24.​Velocity of electron in n = 1 orbit.​

25.​Ionization energy of hydrogen.​

26.​Photon λ = 486 nm. Find energy in eV.​

27.​Frequency of photon for n = 3 → n = 2 transition.​

28.​Bohr orbit n = 3. Find radius, velocity, energy.​

29.​Lyman series: Find wavelength for n = 2 → n = 1.​

30.​Balmer series: Find wavelength for n = 4 → n = 2.​

31.​Find energy difference between n = 5 and n = 2.​

32.​Find velocity of electron in n = 2 orbit.​

33.​Radius of third Bohr orbit.​

34.​Energy of electron in n = 3 orbit.​

 35.​Photon emitted when electron falls from n = 5 → n = 3. Find λ.​

Case-Based Questions (15)

36. Hydrogen atom: Electron n = 3 → n = 2.​

a) Energy released.​
b) Wavelength of photon.​
c) Type of spectral series.

37. Electron falls from n = 4 → n = 2.​

a) Frequency of photon.​
b) Energy in eV.​
c) Sketch energy level diagram.

38. Hydrogen n = 2 → n = 1.​

a) Wavelength of emitted photon.​
b) Energy released.​
c) Series name.

39. Bohr radius r_1 = 0.529 Å. Find r_3, r_4.​

a) Radii​
b) Velocity of electron​
c) Energy levels

40. Ionization energy of hydrogen 13.6 eV.​

a) Energy to remove electron from n = 2​
b) Frequency of photon​
c) Wavelength

41. Balmer series: n_i = 3, n_f = 2.​

a) Wavelength​
b) Frequency​
c) Sketch diagram

42. Electron in n = 5 → n = 3.​

a) Energy released​
b) Wavelength​
c) Type of spectral series

43. Velocity of electron in 1st Bohr orbit.​

a) Find velocity​
b) Kinetic energy​
c) Potential energy

44. Hydrogen atom: n = 4 → n = 2​

a) Energy released​
b) Photon frequency​
c) Wavelength

45. Photon λ = 486 nm.​

a) Find energy​
b) Series it belongs to​
c) Type of transition
46. Bohr orbit: n = 3​
a) Radius​
b) Velocity​
c) Energy

47. Electron n = 6 → n = 2​
a) Energy difference​
b) Wavelength​
c) Series

48. Ionization energy calculation for n = 1 → n = ∞​

a) Energy​
b) Frequency of photon​
c) Sketch energy level diagram

49. Hydrogen atom n = 2 → n = 1​

a) Energy​
b) Wavelength​
c) Series name

50. Electron transitions in hydrogen: Draw energy level diagram and label Lyman, Balmer, Paschen series.

Chapter 13: Nuclei (50 Questions)

MCQs (10)

1.​ Nucleus was discovered by:​

a) Thomson​
b) Rutherford​
c) Bohr​
d) Chadwick​

2.​ Nuclear radius is approximately:​

a) 10−1010^{-10}10−10 m​
b) 10−1510^{-15}10−15 m​
c) 10−810^{-8}10−8 m​
d) 10−1210^{-12}10−12 m​

3.​ Mass number (A) is:​

a) Number of protons​
b) Number of neutrons​
c) Number of protons + neutrons​
d) Number of electrons​

4.​ Atomic number (Z) is:​

a) Protons + neutrons​
b) Number of neutrons​
c) Number of protons​
d) Number of electrons​

5.​ Binding energy is:​

a) Energy required to assemble nucleus​
b) Energy released when nucleus is formed​
c) Both a & b​
 d) None​

6.​ Mass defect:​

a) Mass of nucleus < sum of individual nucleons​
b) Mass of nucleus > sum of nucleons​
c) Mass of atom > nucleus​
d) None​

7.​ Radioactivity discovered by:​

a) Rutherford​
b) Becquerel​
c) Chadwick​
d) Bohr​

8.​ Alpha particle is:​

a) Electron​
b) Proton​
c) He nucleus​
d) Neutron​

9.​ Half-life of radioactive substance:​

a) Time for half of sample to decay​
b) Time for whole sample to decay​
c) Time for one nucleus to decay​
d) None​

10.​Nuclear fission releases energy due to:​

a) Mass defect​
b) Binding energy​
c) Both​
d) None​

Short Answer Questions (10)

11.​Define mass defect and derive its expression.​

12.​Define binding energy and derive its expression.​

13.​Explain nuclear stability in terms of n/p ratio.​

14.​Derive relation between nuclear radius and mass number.​

15.​Explain alpha, beta, gamma decay with examples.​

16.​Explain half-life and mean life.​

17.​Derive radioactive decay law.​

18.​Explain nuclear forces.​

 19.​Explain energy released in fission.​

20.​Explain energy released in fusion.​

Long Answer / Numerical (15)

21.​Nucleus: mass defect = 0.01 u. Find binding energy in MeV.​

22.​Uranium-235 fission releases 200 MeV. Find energy in joules.​

23.​Half-life of a radioactive isotope = 10 h. Find decay constant.​

24.​10 g of radioactive substance. Half-life = 5 h. Find remaining after 15 h.​

25.​Mass of nucleus = 10.0 u, sum of nucleons = 10.08 u. Find mass defect and binding energy.​

26.​Number of nuclei in 1 g of C-14.​

27.​Mean life of radioactive substance T_1/2 = 5 h. Find τ.​

28.​Energy released in fusion of 4 H → He, Δm = 0.03 u.​

29.​Alpha particle energy = 5 MeV. Find velocity.​

30.​Uranium-235: fission, Δm = 0.2 u. Energy released?​

31.​Half-life of Ra-226 = 1600 y. Fraction remaining after 3200 y.​

32.​Radioactive decay N_0 = 10^24, T_1/2 = 2 h. Find N after 6 h.​

33.​Binding energy per nucleon for nucleus with Δm = 0.01 u, A = 4.​

34.​Radioactive sample: decay constant λ = 0.1 h^-1. Find T_1/2.​

35.​Energy released in fusion of 2 H → He.​

Case-Based Questions (15)

36. Nucleus mass defect Δm = 0.02 u.​

a) Binding energy​
b) Binding energy per nucleon​
c) Stability comment

37. Radioactive isotope half-life T_1/2 = 5 h. Initial mass = 10 g.​

a) Remaining after 10 h​
b) Remaining after 15 h​
c) Decay constant
38. Uranium-235 fission releases 200 MeV.​
a) Energy in joules​
b) Number of atoms in 1 mole​
c) Total energy per mole

39. Mass of nucleus = 10.0 u, sum of nucleons = 10.08 u.​

a) Mass defect​
b) Binding energy​
c) Binding energy per nucleon

40. Alpha decay: Ra-226 → Rn-222 + α​

a) Atomic numbers​
b) Mass numbers​
c) Energy released

41. Beta decay: C-14 → N-14 + β⁻​

a) Atomic numbers​
b) Mass numbers​
c) Type of radiation

42. Half-life 1600 y. Initial 100 g.​

a) Remaining after 3200 y​
b) Fraction decayed​
c) Decay constant

43. Fusion: 4 H → He. Δm = 0.03 u​

a) Energy released​
b) Mass-energy equivalence​
c) Significance

44. Alpha particle KE = 5 MeV.​

a) Velocity​
b) Momentum​
c) Range (qualitative)

45. Radioactive decay law: N_0 = 10^24, T_1/2 = 2 h​

a) N after 6 h​
b) Fraction remaining​
c) Decay constant

46. Mass defect 0.015 u, A = 4​

a) Binding energy per nucleon​
b) Stability comment​
c) Energy released if nucleus disintegrates

47. Fission of U-235, Δm = 0.2 u​

a) Energy released​
b) Number of atoms in 1 kg U-235​
c) Total energy

48. Fusion of 2 H → He, Δm = 0.03 u​

a) Energy released​
b) Fractional mass lost​
c) Practical importance
49. Nucleus radius R = R_0 A^(1/3), R_0 = 1.2 fm, A = 64​
a) Find radius​
b) Comment on density​
c) Compare with H atom radius

50. Radioactive decay, λ = 0.1 h^-1​

a) Half-life​
b) Mean life​
c) Fraction remaining after 10 h

Chapter 14: Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, Devices and Simple

Circuits (50 Questions)
MCQs (10)

1.​ Semiconductor is a material whose conductivity:​

a) Increases with temperature​
b) Decreases with temperature​
c) Constant​
d) None​

2.​ Intrinsic semiconductor:​

a) Pure​
b) Doped with donor atoms​
c) Doped with acceptor atoms​
d) None​

3.​ N-type semiconductor is made by:​

a) Adding trivalent impurity​
b) Adding pentavalent impurity​
c) Heating​
d) None​

4.​ P-type semiconductor is made by:​

a) Adding pentavalent impurity​
b) Adding trivalent impurity​
c) Heating​
d) None​

5.​ Junction diode allows current to flow in:​

a) Both directions​
b) Forward direction only​
c) Reverse direction only​
d) None​

6.​ Zener diode is used as:​

a) Rectifier​
b) Voltage regulator​
c) Amplifier​
d) Oscillator​

7.​ LED emits light due to:​

a) Recombination of electron-hole pairs​
 b) High current​
c) Heating​
d) None​

8.​ Forward bias of diode:​

a) P to positive, N to negative​
b) P to negative, N to positive​
c) Both ways​
d) None​

9.​ Reverse bias of diode:​

a) P to positive, N to negative​
b) P to negative, N to positive​
c) Both ways​
d) None​

10.​Transistor is used as:​

a) Amplifier​
b) Switch​
c) Both a & b​
d) None​

Short Answer Questions (10)

11.​Explain intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors.​

12.​Explain N-type and P-type semiconductors.​

13.​Draw and explain V-I characteristics of a diode.​

14.​Explain Zener diode as voltage regulator.​

15.​Draw and explain LED operation.​

16.​Explain forward and reverse bias of diode.​

17.​Draw and explain transistor in CE configuration.​

18.​Explain working of P-N junction diode.​

19.​Explain energy band diagram of semiconductors.​

20.​Draw V-I characteristics of Zener diode.​

Long Answer / Numerical (15)

21.​Forward biased diode: V = 0.7 V, I = 10 mA. Find power dissipated.​

 22.​Zener diode: V_z = 5.6 V, I_z = 20 mA. Find power dissipation.​

23.​N-type semiconductor: Electron concentration = 10^22 m^-3. Find hole concentration if n_i = 10^16 m^-3.​

24.​P-type semiconductor: Hole concentration = 10^22 m^-3. Find electron concentration if n_i = 10^16 m^-3.​

25.​Forward biased diode: R = 100 Ω, V = 1 V. Find current.​

26.​Reverse biased diode: Leakage current = 5 μA. Power dissipation negligible.​

27.​LED: Forward voltage 2 V, I = 20 mA. Find power.​

28.​CE transistor: β = 100, I_B = 20 μA. Find I_C and I_E.​

29.​Transistor switch: I_C(max) = 10 mA, V_CE = 5 V. Find power dissipated.​

30.​Zener diode as regulator: R = 500 Ω, V_in = 12 V, V_z = 5 V, I_L = 10 mA. Find series resistor current.​

31.​Transistor amplifier: V_in = 10 mV, gain = 50. Find V_out.​

32.​Forward biased diode: Voltage drop 0.7 V, Series resistor = 200 Ω, Source = 5 V. Find current.​

33.​N-type Si, n = 10^22 m^-3, n_i = 10^16 m^-3. Find resistivity.​

34.​LED: Forward voltage 2 V, current 20 mA. Find energy converted per second.​

35.​Reverse biased diode: Leakage current 1 μA, V = 5 V. Find power.​

Case-Based Questions (15)

36. Forward biased diode, V = 0.7 V, I = 10 mA​

a) Power dissipated​
b) Plot V-I characteristics​
c) Comment on conduction

37. Zener diode: V_z = 5.6 V, I_z = 20 mA​

a) Power dissipation​
b) Use as voltage regulator​
c) Sketch V-I graph

38. LED: V_f = 2 V, I = 20 mA​

a) Power consumed​
b) Energy conversion​
c) Sketch forward bias

39. CE transistor: β = 100, I_B = 20 μA​

a) I_C, I_E​
b) Plot input-output characteristics​
c) Comment on amplification

40. P-N junction diode: Forward bias​

a) V-I characteristics​
b) Current flow​
c) Plot graph

41. N-type Si: n = 10^22 m^-3, n_i = 10^16 m^-3​

a) Hole concentration​
b) Resistivity​
c) Conductivity

42. P-type Si: p = 10^22 m^-3, n_i = 10^16 m^-3​

a) Electron concentration​
b) Resistivity​
c) Conductivity

43. Zener diode regulator: R = 500 Ω, V_in = 12 V, V_z = 5 V, I_L = 10 mA​

a) Find series resistor current​
b) Series resistor value​
c) Power in Zener diode

44. Transistor switch: I_C(max) = 10 mA, V_CE = 5 V​

a) Power dissipated​
b) Switch ON condition​
c) Sketch output

45. Transistor amplifier: V_in = 10 mV, gain = 50​

a) V_out​
b) Input-output characteristics​
c) Plot graph

46. Diode: Series resistor 200 Ω, Source 5 V, V_f = 0.7 V​

a) Find current​
b) Power dissipated​
c) Sketch circuit

47. LED: Forward current 20 mA, forward voltage 2 V​

a) Power consumed​
b) Energy per second​
c) Use in display

48. Reverse biased diode: I_leak = 1 μA, V = 5 V​

a) Power​
b) Use in rectifier​
c) Comment on conduction

49. Series diode circuit: Two diodes forward biased, V_s = 5 V, R = 100 Ω​
a) Current through circuit​
b) Power dissipated​
c) Voltage across each diode

50. Transistor CE amplifier: Input 10 mV, β = 100, I_C = 2 mA​

a) V_out​
b) Gain​
c) Sketch output waveform