ROCKVIEW UNIVESIRTY NAME OF STUDENT: ELISHA NDHLOVU STUDENT NO: 2025603684 COURSE: DSI COURSE CODE: ICT lil PROGRAMME: DEVELOPMENT STUDIES LECTURER: MR MULENGA MODE OF STUDY: DISTANCE ASSIGNMENT NO: 1 INTAKE: APRIL, 2025 YEAR: 2025 TERM 3 DUE DATE: 5| ‘QUESTION ONE © Acomputer is anelectonic device thal processes, stores, and. communicates data according to inputs or instructions or (programs). © Data: Is raw fact and figures without content and meaning, e.g Luangwa Distri et 35933. * Information: Is processed data with content andmeaning . e.g the population of Luangwa district is 35933. (has per 2022 census report) @ FIVE GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS GENERATION | YEARS TECHONOLOGY | CHARAGTERISTICS | EXAMPLES 151 Generation | 194031 | Vaccum tubes | Largeslow, unseliabl | ENIAC UNI © 1980's e AG 2 Genemtio | 1950s | transistors Smalies [Link] | IBM 140110 fn 0 1960's more reliable. NIVAC 1108 2° Generation | 196051 | Intergratedcireui | Smallecfast, more ef | IBM SYSTE 0 1970's |t based ficient 4 360, DEC, PoP aTHGenamto | 19701 | Micropmcessor | Personal compute, | Apple 11, 18 fn 0 1980's | user friendly MPC STHGenemtio | 1980s 1 | Artificial intellige | intelligent parallel p | Super comp n oprese | noe rocessing ters syste at ms. rappreciate techn ological advancement * learning from the past limitations © Innovating based on historical contexts ¢.g knowing how computers evolved h elps ICT students design better, more efficient systems QUESTION TWO © Input: enter data (keyboard, mouse) © Output: displays results (monitors and printers) © Storage: holds data (HDD, SSD) = Processing device: execute in structions (CPU, CPU) * System software: manages hardware (OS like windows) Application software: performs task. (MS office) © Programing software: aids developments. (IDEs like visucial studios). * Device drivers translates OS requests to the hardware actions eg a printer let SMS word prints documents| ‘QUESTION THREE a). © Ram: volatile, temporary storage: © Rom: non-volatile, permanant storage. © Cache: fast, temporary storage for CPU. * Cloud backup: accessibiliny * Extemal HD: portability * Network backup: security © Requestorbackups © Use encryption = Access controls QUESTION FOUR a) Information system: itis a set of components to collect process, storms, and di ‘stribute information. = Components:hardware, software, data, procedures and people. »)| L * Management information system (MIS). Supports managements decisions ( eg salaes reports) © Executive: information system (E18). Supports executive decisions (2.9 strategi ¢ planning tools). } . Benefits - improved efficiency - Better decision- making. -Challenges - itis costly - Security concems QUESTION FIVE 8). Acomputer new ork is & collection of interconnected davice like computers, s ervers and printers tha communicates and share resources. © Three purposers -fegources sharing: sharing files painters of intemet connections. -communication: enables emails, massages or video calls -data management: cenvalized data storage for easier access a ndbackups b). TYPE LOVERAGE AREA J EXAMPLE LAN (local area network) — | Buildingor compus ‘Office network MAN( metropolitan area net | City or town City wide wifiwork) WAN( wide-area network) | Multiple cities or countries | Campany global network c). BUS TOPLOGY -Alldevices connected to a main cable. STAR TOPOLOGY -Devices connected fo a central switch. TOPOLOGY- Devices connectad in a circular loop. - Data transmitted in 8 circular sequences. QUESTION SIX a). -Router connects multiple networks, routers data. -switch: connects devices within a network, forward data. Hub: connects devicegbroadcasts data to all, -modem: connects to 1SP for intemnet access. b). Angtwork protocol is a set of rules fordata communication ~ TGP/IP: fundam ental intemet protocol suite, -HTIP/HT TPS: for web page transfers ( secure with HTIPS) ~SMT: for sending emails. +c). Network security protects data and prevents unauthorized access. “| :| L firewalls: block unauthonzed access ~ encryption: protect data in transit. - Strong passwords: prevents unauthorized login. QUESTION SEVEN a). Malware is a malicious software harming computers/ users ~Objectives: data theft, disruption, financial gain, bb). virus: spreads via infected files, harms: data loss, system erash. - worn. self replicated harm: network congestion, data loss - Trojang:: disquise as legitima e harm: unauthorized access data theft. )- antivirus software: detect and move malware. -updates: keep OS and software updated ~ Avoids suspicious links / emails: prevents malware entry. ~backups: recover from data loss. firewalls: block unauthonzed access QUESTION EIGHT a) . Emerging technologies in IGT refer tonew and rapid developing techn elogies that are shaping the future of information and communication technologies. T hese technologies are innovative, often cutting-edge and have potential to sign ificantly impacthow we live, woik and interact. “| :Ability to drive transformation Enhance efficiency improve productivity Opens up new possibilities for businesses Artificial intelligences (Ml): intelligent systems mimicking human behavior ¢.g . virtual assistant like siti Internet of things (lot) connected devices interacting e.g smart home devices. Cloud com puting: online data/ storage services eg google drive Blockehain: is a distributed ledges technology that enables secure tran sparen and temper esistant recording of transaction across one network. ~Job Displacemant and Skills Obsolescence:Emerging technologies like autom ation and Al can displace certain jobs, especially those involving repetitive tas ks. This canleadto significant joblosses and require worker to acquire news kills 10 remain employable, - ftisks: Emerging technologies often introduce new cyberseourity risks, such as increase d vulnerability tohacking. data breaches, and other forms of cyber attacks. As more devi cea become connected to the imiemet the potential attack surface expands, making itm ‘ore challenging to secure sensitive information. - Ethical and Social implications: Emerging technologies can raise complex ethical and social questions, such as: ~ Blas in Aldecision-making 4| ~Privacy concems with data collection and usage - Potential exacerbation of existing social inequalities - Unintended consequences of technological advancements QUESTION NINE a) Education: E-lea ing platfcims: Online platfcms that provide access toeduc ational resources, courses, and degree programs. Examples include learning m anagement sys‘ems (LMS) like Mcedle, Blackbeard, and Canvas. Digital escu fees: (CT provides access 10 8 vast amay of digital rescurces, including ebook 8, educational videos, pedeasts, and interactive learning materia’s. Virlualclas stoems: Virtual classrocms enable remote leaming, allowing students ‘o parti cipate in live lectures, discussions, and interactions with teachers and peers. P ersonalized learning: ICT enables personalized leasing experiences tallcred to individual students’ needs, abilities, and leauning styles. Assessmentand feed back: ICT facililates online arsesements, quizzes, and exams, providing imme diate feedback and tracking student progress, Health: Electronic Health Recowds (EHRs): EHRs are digital versions of patients’ m ‘edical histevy, trea‘ment plang, and test resulta, improving dala accuracy and acce sibility. Telemedicine: Telemedicine enables remete consultations, moni‘oring, a nd treatment of patients through video conferencing, phone calls, cr messaginga pS. Medical imaging: (CT is used in medicalimaging technologies like MRE CT 5 cans, andultrascund, enabling healthcare professicnals to diagnose and treat pat fents mere accurately. Health infcrmaricn systems: (CT is used to manage patien tata, billing, and administative tasks, improving the efficiency and effectivenes of healthcare services. Health monitcting: Wearable devices and mebite aggs en able patients to track their vital aigns, activity levels, and other health metics, pro mating preventive care and disease management. .L Banking: Online banking: Online banking platfcims allow customers to manage t heir accounts, transfer funds, pay bills, and access financial services remctely. M ‘bile banking: Mcbile banking apps enable customers to perfcim banking ‘tansac tions, check account balances, andrecewvenciilicalions on their mobile devices Digital payments: ICT enables digital payment systems, including contactless pay ments, mebile wallets, and cnline payment galeways. Automated sys‘ems: (CT is used in automated teller machines (ATMs), cash depcait machines, and tean proc essing systems, improving the efficiency andaccuracy of hanbing operations. Se curity: ICT is used toimplement rebust security measures, including enciyptien, tir ‘ewalle, and intrusion detection systems, 1o protect customer data and grevent cyb er threats. b) . Benefits: - Increased Efficiency: (CT automates tasks, streamlines processes, andenhan ces productivity, allowing businesses to achieve more with leas resources. - Improved Communication: (CT enables fast and reliable communicaticn with cu stomers, suppliers, and stakehelders through email, deo conferencing, and insta nimessaging. - Enhanced Data Management ICT provides toes fer collecting, s‘ering, and anal ying data, enabling businesses tomake informed decisions, identify ends, and ‘optimize operations. Risks: + Cybersecurity Threats: ‘T systems aie-vulnarable ‘o cyber allacks, data breac hes, and malware, which can compremise sensitive infcrmaticn and distuptb usiness operations. o| L - Dependencecn Technelegy: Over-reliance en (CT canlead to downtime, lesse 8, and disruptions if systems failor are unavailable, highlighting the need fer r obust backup and disaster recovery plans. G) . Healtheare: Al-powered diagnestic icols analyze medical images to detect di seages like cancer atan early slage. improving palient outcomes. ALagsisied reba ‘ts enhance surgical precision, reducing recovery times - Education: A-driven adaptive learning platfcims perscnalize educatio 1, analyzist student performance and adjusting content difficulty in real-time. ~Business: Aipowered chatbets provide customer support, while predictive analyti 5 help businesses anticipate market trends and customer preferences ‘QUESTION TEN A). {67 Security (Information and Communication Technelogy Secutiiy) refers tot he practices, technelogies, and processes designed to protect CT ays‘ems, networ bs, and data from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modifi destruction. Why ICT Security is important: -Protects Sensitive infermation: ICT security sa fequards perscnal, financial, and ¢ ‘confidential business data from cyber thats and data breaches, -Preven‘s Financial Less: Cyker attacks can regultin significant {inancial leases; ‘CT security mas sures help prevent these losses ~ Enaures Business Gentinuity: (GT security measures ensure business cperaticns ‘continue uninterrupted, even in the face of cyber threats -Maintains Trust and Reputation: Crganizations that pricti'ize (CT security demen .L siiate their commiment to protecting custemer data, maintaining wustand reputa tion. -Compliance with Regulations: (CT security helps organizations comply with data protection regulations and laws, avoiding legal and financial consequences For individuals: -Protects personal data and identity -Prevents financial loss and fraud -Ensures onling safety and security For Organizations: - Safeguards business data and intellectual property -Enaures business continuity and minimizes downtime -Protects customer trust and reputation B). Enery ption: ~Purgcse: Protects data confidentiality amd integrity ky converting plaintext intow nreadable ciphertext. -Function: Ensures that only authorized parties can access enerypted data. -Examples: $81 /TLS, AES, PGP Firevea -Purpese: Controls incoming and culgaing network ta {fic based en predetermine dsecunty rules. -Function: Blocks unauthonzed access toor froma p . ate network, peventing m alicious activity.L -Evameles: Hardware firewalls (newwcrk appliances), seftware firewalls (Windows Defende). Antivirus Softwar: - Purpose: Detects, prevents, and removes malware (viruses, Trojans, spyware, et ‘<) from computing devices. - Function: Seans files, emails, and websites for malicious code, andtabes action toneutralize threats - Examples: Norton Antivirus, Mesfee Antivines, Kaspersky Antivirus G. Piracy: -Desctiption: Firacy refera ‘o the unautherized use, reproduction, ordisttibution ef digital content, such as software music, movies, and e-books. -Ethical Goncems: Firacy raises concerns abeut intellectual property rights, fair co mpensation for creators, and the potential economic impact on industries Plagiasiam: -Descripticn: Flagiarism invelves pasting off somecne else's werk, ideas, or werd a5 onds own, without proper attribution or credit. -Ethical Concerns: Plagiaiiam undermines academic integrity, viotates intellectual property rights, and can have sericus consequences for indwidua's and institution 2 Cyberbullying: -Desctipticn: Cyberbullying invelves using digital technalagies 10 harass, intimi te, er humiliate others, often through social media, messaging ages, er online for ms oL -Ethical Concems: Cyberbullying can cause emoticnal disttess, damage reputatio. ns, and even ‘ead to physical ham; itra'ses cenceis abeut online safely, weapons ibility, and respect for others. Data Privacy -Desciipticn: Data piivacy inveives the cellecion, storage, and use of personal da ta. often without individuals’ knovrledge or consent. - Ethical Concemns: Data privacy raises cenceins akeut surveillance, protiling, and petential micuse of personal data; individua's have aright tocontel their data an d expect it to be handled responsibly .