POWER SUPPLY AND ELNERGY

MANAGEMENT FOR BUILDINGS

Lecturer: Assoc. Prof. DANG QUOC Vuong

Email: [Link]@[Link]
Phone: +84-963286734

School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

1
Hanoi University of Science and Technology​ (HUST)​
 INTRODUCTION

Table of contents
Chapter 1. General Introduction
Chapter 2. Installed Power Loads-Characteristics
Chapter 3. Conductor Sizing of Single Phase and
Three Phases
Chapter 4. Building Electrical Design

2
Chapter 3. Conductor Sizing of Single Phase and Three Phases

Table of contents
I. Cable type and construction features

II. Cable selection based on current rating of feeder; Cable selection

and coordination with protective devices
III. Calculating maximum cable length due to voltage drop

IV. Maximum permissible voltage drops by ANSI and IEC std.

IV. Earthing design: TT; TN-S; TN-C; TN-C-S; IT systems std.

3
3.1. Cable type and construction features

❖ Classification by voltage level:

➢ Low voltage cables (up to 750 V): in a variety of applications, and with
thermoplastic and thermoset coatings. They are designed and built
according to harmonized standards.
➢ Low Voltage cables (up to 1,000 V): (also called (0,6/1 kV) The cables
in this section are used for industrial power installations in various fields
(general industry, public installations, infrastructures, etc.). They are
designed according to international standards (UNE, IEC, BS, UL).
➢ Medium Voltage cables: from 1 kV to 36 kV. They are used to distribute
electricity from electrical substations to transformer stations.
➢ High Voltage cables: from 36 kV. They are used to transport electricity
from the generating plants to the electrical substations.
3.1. Cable type and construction features

Classification by voltage level:

➢ Low voltage (LV) cables
✓ Applications: Used for residential and commercial power distribution.
✓ Construction:
o Conductor: Copper or aluminum wire, sometimes stranded for
flexibility.
o Insulation: PVC (Polyvinyl chloride), PE (Polyethylene), or XLPE
(Cross-linked Polyethylene).
o Sheath: PVC or LSZH (Low Smoke Zero Halogen) materials for
safety in case of fire.
o Armor (if applicable): Steel wire armoring for mechanical protection
(optional, depending on application).
3.1. Cable type and construction features

❖ Classification by voltage level:

➢ Medium Voltage (MV) Cables
✓ Applications: Typically used for industrial facilities, substations, and
power transmission.
✓ Construction:
o Conductor: Copper or aluminum, with thicker cross-sections than
LV cables.
o Insulation: XLPE or EPR (Ethylene Propylene Rubber) for higher
dielectric strength.
o Screening: Metallic or semi-conductive layers to protect against
electrical faults.
o Sheath: PVC or PE for external protection, sometimes with
additional layers for chemical or UV resistance.
o Armor: Steel wires or tapes for mechanical protection.
3.1. Cable type and construction features

❖ Classification by voltage level:

➢ High Voltage (MV) Cables
✓ Applications: Used in power transmission systems and underground
installations for transmitting electricity at high voltages.
✓ Construction:
o Conductor: Typically copper or aluminum, designed for high
current-carrying capacity.
o Insulation: XLPE, EPR, or paper-based insulation impregnated
with oil (for very high voltage cables).
o Screening: Semi-conductive layers for shielding and ensuring
uniform field [Link]: Thick PVC or a specialized
jacket resistant to external conditions like moisture and chemicals.
o Armor: Steel or aluminum wires for mechanical protection and to
provide strength.
3.1. Cable type and construction features
❖ Classification of Cables by Multiple Core Configurations
➢ These multiple cores are typically used for transmitting power or signals in various
applications, from industrial settings to telecommunications. The classification mainly
includes:
✓ Two-Core Cables
o Applications: Common in low voltage applications where only two conductors are
needed, such as for single-phase power distribution or simple control circuits.
o Construction:
• Two conductors (live and neutral) insulated and twisted or laid parallel inside
a single sheath.
• Common insulation materials include PVC, XLPE, or PE.
• Some designs may include a grounding conductor or shield.
3.1. Cable type and construction features
❖ Classification of Cables by Multiple Core Configurations
✓ Three-Core Cables
o Applications: Widely used for three-phase power transmission or distribution,
where three conductors (live, neutral, and earth) are required.
o Construction:
•Three conductors (typically copper or aluminum) laid in a triangular or circular
arrangement.
•Insulation for each conductor made of materials like PVC or XLPE.
•Sheath made of PVC or other materials for external protection.
•May include an earth conductor (the fourth core) or a shield for safety.
3.1. Cable type and construction features
❖ Classification of Cables by Multiple Core Configurations
✓ Four-Core Cables
o Applications: Used for systems requiring three-phase power and an additional
neutral conductor, or where an additional earth/ground conductor is needed.
o Construction:
• Four separate conductors, with one typically used for neutral and others for each
phase and sometimes ground.
• Insulation of individual cores is made of PVC, XLPE, or PE.
• The outer sheath is typically made of PVC or LSZH for fire-resistant applications.
• Can also include an armored layer (steel wires or tape) for mechanical protection
in some cases.
3.1. Cable type and construction features
❖ Classification of Cables by Multiple Core Configurations
✓ Five-Core Cables
o Applications: Often used in three-phase systems with neutral and earth conductors,
such as for electrical installations in larger commercial and industrial setups.
o Construction:
• Five conductors: three for the phases (L1, L2, L3), one for neutral (N), and one
for the earth (E).
• Insulation is typically PVC, PE, or XLPE for each core.
• The outer sheath is usually made of PVC, but in special cases, it may be made
of LSZH or other fire-resistant materials.
• Armoring may be present depending on the environmental conditions.
 3.1. Cable type and construction features
❖ Classification of Cables by Multiple Core Configurations
3.2. Cable selection based on current rating of feeder; Cable
selection and coordination with protective devices
❖ Cable selection and coordination with protective devices
➢ Cable Selection Process is an important aspect of designing an electrical system, as it
ensures the safe and efficient transmission of electrical power. Proper selection involves
several steps based on the electrical load, installation environment, and applicable
regulations. Below is a detailed presentation of the cable selection process:
3.2. Cable selection based on current rating of feeder; Cable
selection and coordination with protective devices
❖ Cable selection and coordination with protective devices
✓ For the medium voltage level system, the cable section is selected following to
Jkt given as in the below Table:
3.2. Cable selection based on current rating of feeder; Cable
selection and coordination with protective devices
❖ Cable selection and coordination with protective devices

➢ Determine the maximum current flowing through the sections of the power
lines Smax
Imax =
n 3.U
Imax
➢ Calculate the economic efficiency of conductors/cables: Fkt = (mm2 )
J kt
➢ Based on the calculated value of Fkt, refer to the table to select the closest
standard cable cross-section, then check the selected cable cross-section
according to the heating condition.
k hc .Icp  Isc
Where: khc = k1.k2
k1 : Temperature correction factor, one gets: k1=1.
k2: Correction factor for the number of cables laid in the same tray.
Isc: The fault current when a cable is broken, Isc = [Link] if 2 cables are
placed in the same tray (double-cable), the distance between the cables is 300mm
and khc = 1; Isc = Imax if one cable is placed in a tray (single-cable).
3.2. Cable selection based on current rating of feeder; Cable
selection and coordination with protective devices
❖ Cable selection and coordination with protective devices

➢ For low voltage system, the cables are selected according to the conditions of
heat generation and allowable voltage drop (∆Ucp).

✓ According to international IEC standards, the allowable current for the cables
must be satisfied the following conditions

I tt
Icp 
k
Where :
Itt is the maximum working current through the cables;
Icp is the allowable current for heat generation of the cable, referenced
according to the manufacturer's specifications or the handbook;
k – Correction factor according to cable installation conditions.
3.2. Cable selection based on current rating of feeder; Cable
selection and coordination with protective devices
❖ The steps to calculate and select the electrical cable in conjunction with the
protective device are given as follows:
Step 1:
◼ The value of 𝐼𝑏 is computed based on the power value of loads after
considering the maximum utilization factor Ku and the simultaneous factor
Ks, i.e.,
◼ For the three-phase circuit:
𝑃
 𝐼𝑏 = 3.𝑈.𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑
[𝐴] for the general load
𝑃
 𝐼𝑏 = 3.𝑈.𝜂.𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑
[𝐴] for the motor load
3.2. Cable selection based on current rating of feeder; Cable
selection and coordination with protective devices
❖ Cable selection and coordination with protective devices

Step 2:
◼ The allowable current 𝑰z of the cable that the protective device
is capable of acting
 If MCB (aptomat) is selected, 𝑰𝒛 = 𝑰𝒏 (or selected a little bit
greater)
 If fuse is selected :
◼𝐼𝑧 = 1,31𝐼𝑛 if 𝐼𝑛 ≤ 10𝐴
◼𝐼𝑧 = 1,21𝐼𝑛 if 10A < 𝐼𝑛 ≤ 25𝐴
◼𝐼𝑧 = 1,1𝐼𝑛 if 𝐼𝑛 > 25A
3.2. Cable selection based on current rating of feeder; Cable
selection and coordination with protective devices
❖ Cable selection and coordination with protective devices

Step 3:
➢ Determine the letter code (B, C, E, or F)
✓ Circuit type (single-phase, three-phase...)
✓ Installation type
➢ Determine the K factor reflecting the influence of the following factors:
✓ Number of cables in the cable tray
✓ Ambient temperature
✓ Installation method"
3.2. Cable selection based on current rating of feeder; Cable
selection and coordination with protective devices
❖ Sizing and protection of conductors

Its 3-phase short-circuit fault-current breaking rating is greater than the 3-phase short-circuit current existing at its point
of installation. This corresponds to zone “c”
3.2. Cable selection based on current rating of feeder; Cable
selection and coordination with protective devices
❖ Cable selection based on current rating of feeder
3.2. Cable selection based on current rating of feeder; Cable
selection and coordination with protective devices
❖ Method of cable installations

❖ Several reference methods are

defined (with code letters A to G),
grouping installation methods having
the se characteristics relative to the
current-carrying capacities of the
wiring systems.

Examples of methods of installation (part of table A.52.3 of

IEC 60364-5-52)
3.2. Cable selection based on current rating of feeder; Cable
selection and coordination with protective devices
❖ Method of cable installations
3.2. Cable selection based on current rating of feeder; Cable
selection and coordination with protective devices

❖ Method of cable installations

3.2. Cable selection based on current rating of feeder; Cable
selection and coordination with protective devices
❖ Method of cable installations
3.2. Cable selection based on current rating of feeder; Cable
selection and coordination with protective devices
❖ Method of cable installations
3.2. Cable selection based on current rating of feeder; Cable
selection and coordination with protective devices
❖ Method of cable installations
3.2. Cable selection based on current rating of feeder; Cable
selection and coordination with protective devices
❖ Method of cable installations
3.2. Cable selection based on current rating of feeder; Cable
selection and coordination with protective devices
❖ Method of cable installations
➢ Based on experience, a relationship exist between the soil nature and resistivity. Then,
empiric values of correction factors k3 are proposed in the below table, depending on the
nature of soil.
3.2. Cable selection based on current rating of feeder; Cable
selection and coordination with protective devices
❖ Method of cable installations
➢ Grouping of conductors or cables
o The current-carrying capacities given in the subsequent tables relate to single circuits consisting of
the following numbers of loaded conductors:
-Two insulated conductors or two single-core cables, or one twin-core cable (applicable to single-
phase circuits);
-Three insulated conductors or three single-core cables, or one three-core cable (applicable to
three-phase circuits).
o Where more insulated conductors or cables are installed in the same group, a group reduction
factor (here noted k4) shall be applied.
o Examples are given in Fig. G16 to Fig. G18 for different configurations (installation methods, in
free air or in the ground).
o Fig. G16 gives the values of correction factor k4 for different configurations
of unburied cables or conductors, grouping of more than one circuit or multi-core cables.
3.2. Cable selection based on current rating of feeder; Cable
selection and coordination with protective devices

Fig. G17 gives the values of correction factor k4 for

different configurations of unburied cables or
conductors, for groups of more than one circuit of
single-core cables in free air.
3.2. Cable selection based on current rating of feeder; Cable
selection and coordination with protective devices
❖ Method of cable installations
3.2. Cable selection based on current rating of feeder; Cable
selection and coordination with protective devices
❖ Method of cable installations

As an example, Fig. G20

gives the current-carrying
capacities for different
methods of installation of
PVC insulation, three
loaded copper or
aluminium conductors, free
air or in ground.
3.2. Cable selection based on current rating of feeder; Cable
selection and coordination with protective devices
❖ Method of cable installations

➢ In order to facilitate the selection of

cables, 2 simplified tables are proposed,
for unburied and buried cables.
➢ These tables summarize the most
commonly used configurations and give
easier access to the information.
 3.3. Calculating maximum cable length due to voltage drop
❖ Calculation of voltage drop in steady load conditions
 3.3. Calculating maximum cable length due to voltage drop
❖ Calculation of voltage drop in steady load conditions
 3.3. Calculating maximum cable length due to voltage drop
❖ Calculation of voltage drop in steady load conditions
✓ The column motor power “cos φ = 0.35” of Fig. G30 may be used to compute the voltage
drop occurring during the start-up period of a motor (see example no. 1 after the Fig. G30).
 3.3. Calculating maximum cable length due to voltage drop
❖ Calculation of voltage drop in steady load conditions
 3.3. Calculating maximum cable length due to voltage drop
❖ Calculation of voltage drop in steady load conditions
 3.3. Calculating maximum cable length due to voltage drop
❖ Calculation of voltage drop in steady load conditions
3.4. Maximum permissible voltage drops by ANSI and IEC std.
❖ Maximum voltage drop limit
3.4. Maximum permissible voltage drops by ANSI and IEC std.
❖ Maximum voltage drop limit
3.5. Earthing design: TT; TN-S; TN-C; TN-C-S; IT systems std.
❖ General concept
✓ Suitable network systems according to the type of connec- tion to earth are described
in IEC 60364-1 (VDE 0100-100). The type of connection to earth must be selected
carefully for the medium- or low-voltage grid, as it has a major impact on the expense
required for protective measures (Fig. 2/11). On the low-voltage side, it also influences
the system’s electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). From
3.5. Earthing design: TT; TN-S; TN-C; TN-C-S; IT systems std.
❖ General concept
3.5. Earthing design: TT; TN-S; TN-C; TN-C-S; IT systems std.
❖ Earthing principles and structures
Types of system earthing
3.5. Earthing design: TT; TN-S; TN-C; TN-C-S; IT systems std.
❖ Earthing principles and structures
Types of system earthing