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The document discusses various refrigeration systems, including air conditioning and cryogenics, focusing on the principles of thermodynamics and the efficiency of refrigeration cycles. It covers the calculations for cooling capacity, work done during compression and expansion, and the coefficient of performance (COP) for different systems. Additionally, it highlights the advantages of using air as a refrigerant and the design considerations for aircraft refrigeration systems.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
7 views38 pagesRef
The document discusses various refrigeration systems, including air conditioning and cryogenics, focusing on the principles of thermodynamics and the efficiency of refrigeration cycles. It covers the calculations for cooling capacity, work done during compression and expansion, and the coefficient of performance (COP) for different systems. Additionally, it highlights the advantages of using air as a refrigerant and the design considerations for aircraft refrigeration systems.
Uploaded by
birth3657Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
Refrigenation
Re fn igenation
Ain Conditioning
Cryogenics —> Liy Na
we ee f retnigenamts
" Ha
Ain as nefrijenant (used in ainenaft)
Ly Cold Setecton (Softwane)
TR on TOR
amt of
1T0R is defined as Pre, refrigenal® elfed produced bY
f ice fnemed
tre anifoner meliy ef) 1 Amenican donn ©
at o'c @ in 24 houns
JTR= 2000x144 iM 2K Ans l4on= 2000 pounds
Lodent heat _ eer
[TR 2000% 144 elie as ce
60 % G5 24
}erus 0 252 Kea)
ee ae
6
200 BTU/min
50:4 Keal/min
© 50 Keat /min [TR = SOXA4 NEF KAlmin
(eS? Sts daw.
= RE
cop = Ty
Relave cof
Relative COP =
Ideal CoP
beat Engine Rofniganat on
-, pane >
> a &
E> We oF wie
a a
TH Te
Sink
T>Ta T. < Ta
= RE
1 We Ca = “We
a2 = _&
Qi a) Q2- %
= "@ oa
et cae
Te
x
Actual CoP
| Keat = 418% KS
Heat > Pump
LJ
&
Da w,
a
7
T= Ta
8
CO, = Wap
- _&
2-4,
aan
" Ta=T COP, = 1+ CoP,
Revensed cannot Refniyenation oycle Enengy jaansden during pnocess Q-3
Gos = ftas
2-3
= Ty (S37 $2)
Refrigenasing effect,
an Bn Stes
Spe CS sa)
From te finst law of thenmo dynamics fon a oyctic pastes,
w= ter —ofq,
w: $ &
= Vos + ee
TH USs-S2) @ + Te Cr Sa)
"
— Ta CSa- Sa) a + 1 (Sr - $4)
w
(Ta - Te) (S)- Sa)
RE
\Wret 1
a Te (Si - Sd
CoP =
(Ta - Te) (St Se) fon AlN nr enation — (Revense Brayton ayele rn Joule cycle on
Bel colemen cycle)
ne 7" ay
1-2: Rev. adiabatic
Rev Fs obanic
225) |
3-A% Rev odiadatre
4-12 Rev isebanic
Process 2
Wir2 = me (Te 1)
and Si = Sz
=. [B)* 5
Tw bp, oe
Pnocess 2-3
Yas 2 -MG (R- Ta)
= Mcp (Te- T3)
3, Poa Pe
Sp- S32 cp la (=) Poocess 3-4:
W3, = MG (T3-T) 4
and Ss= Se
Bb. (fe ¥
The = Pe
Poocess 4-1:
Ver = mep (T — Ta)
ond Py = Pe
S,-54= Gln (2)
App wing finst law of Hreamodynamics fo the entine oycle,
bays ta ~ deg =~ Woe
+
CoP of the cycle,
eRe en
COPS wet Tea taal
malt - TH)
-mg [(F-W~ (%-78)] Tat
@ ORE Taye Cheek)
1% (4 :
>a capl S ee
gee B&B (B)- (4
Now,
st
o
4: tB)
me, Py .
- (2)*¥
B (RIF.
Ts
7
=-
a
GB. ae,
% GE-1)
ee
<) CoP= En) TEEN
mai
CO eo
oe,
one 7 (Fea
: >
s CPs — ® dense ain is used as nefnigenant in
emp al He end of heat absoabtion
O°C amd
Ball ecoloman eycle- Jf the
and heat Reject ang
30°
Respectively, Pressung jn Pre Condensen 1S
A ban and pness® ratio is 4+, delenmine the fempr af alc
Sdote points and vol” few nate in He intel of dre compnessen
and at tre axibof dunbine fon 1 TR cooling copacity -
Ass: ne
3
fw
2
7 ©
4 ty
Te
Given, T= 0° = 243K
Tl = 30°C = 303K
P= Ps = 4 ban
Po
Rie =
As Pi = |ban
Yay = 1 TR
= 3:5 kw Process |-22
x) acs
Pr Tr
“
> Te = 273«K 4%
iu
> Ta? 405. 676 R Y
Pnocess 3-4:
(2). =
Pa, 7 eo
303 4
=3, =F qua
S-n Tapio R032 1M
Now,
Yan = hep (THT)
D>3.5 = Mx 1-.004x (273- 203.9)
> m= 9:05 ieee
At exit of tunbine,
QAM = MRT
D> 1K109X Y= O-O5x 267 x 203.9
(m2) ke/, (Shag
0.029 m/s 4+ inlet of compnesson,
Pi = mRT
D Lew rt 0.0Sx WRX ZB
D> We 0. 0098 mis
@) A dense ain ne frigenation machine openaring om Pell coleman
Cycle openates bly 3.4 ban and IH ban = “The dempe of
ain after coolen is 15°C and aftan tre nefaigenaten #s
bc: Sf me nefnigenat™ capacity iS 6 TR, Caleulate
ti demps atten compnesrion and expansion
Gi) Aro Gncalatr pen minute
Gi’) Wonk f con on compnesson anh enpanden
Gv) Theontkcal COP
(v) Rate Bt waten cinculation rept in Hee Ceslen tw Ky dmin
if wre nise in fempe 55 limited fo 30°C: 3)
tates
Given, f,= Pe = 3.4 ban
fa = Pg = 1% ban
T3 = IS’C = 288K
Thy =) 69 = 22 9%k
V1 = 6TR= Qkw
Process I-2:
(¥- &
> The 441. 88K
PnocesS 3-4:
GE > te). ae
: Gi) Vi =
= me (1 - )
D> AL wx 1005 x (279-181: 84)
D Me 0-215 Kyis
9 Ky Peni
12 gimin 2
Ga Compnesson wonk ,
We = wi (m- 7)
0.218 1008 (441. 88 279)
Wee
35.19 Rwy,
“Tunbine wonk,
Wr =f Gp ( T3- Td
| = 0-21Sx 1:005x (288- 161. 84)
Wr = 22.94 kw,
(iv) cop ,
iv! ops
np ~1
t
" sH-y
COP= w
™s Ce (T=) = Ww Ch * 30
VR 1005 (44). 5k 265) = Ww X 4.187 x29
> mw = 15. 91 by non
Ain Refaigenat system
Heat Jenznaton
1. Due te equipment + human
2. Radiation
3. due te very high speed —> skin friction high tempenatune
os (Bye
7 Pe
Advantages
1 Ara Fs used as working fuss: Ain is cheapy nom flammable ,
mon toxic:
2- Outside (old ain Can dinechy uced fon cooling, etiminaking Hre
used use for low Jemp™ heat exchangen , educing wei gh:
B. Extna compnegsin is not neqd + aincnaft engine alneadyy uses
high pm funbo Compnesson, hence sepenate Ccompnesson is
not neqd: which reduces Wi: of the nefnigenat” unit -
4. Simplen design Tees of ain nefriyenation ucla
Ir Simple ain nefnigenation oycle
2 Boot stap ” o
3. Reduced ambient u “”
A. Reg enenahve
” ”
1} Simple ain ne faigenat™ oy cle
MC> Main compassson
CO comdus{® chamben
Ram ain
eee
> SS
Ain
nm.
Tw awe
Ram ¢ fect
.
:
3
’ BP, Clompnesin £%)
adeat ROM PA
Actual Ram PR
Pr (atm pnessn)
s Te cabin Jampr
RE = ma Cp (Te - Tr)
2. Bool stnap ain nef enation system.
(used fon tnanspont aincnaft)
Fan is eliminated
HE
3 4
a ee
\ a
Cobth 3. Renenenaive ain nefnigenation system
Cused in supen sonic jeis)
ond Nockels
|
4. Reduced Ambient ain nefaigenation system
(used in high speed ain craft) @) Tre conepit of a jet plane ts fo 62 cooled by & simple ain
refrigeration system: The data available ane:
Cockpit eiels load = 20TR
speed of plane = 1000 Km/hn
Ambient ain pnesst = O- 35 ban
Aenbienk arn tempn = = ISS
Ram 2ficieny = qo.
Pressuae nate in main compnesson = 3
Preseuine onoplin, Hie wanOyeeam
Aseninopic efficiency of main compnersen and funtine = SO.
costing
Temp: of ain entonivg the tunbine = 20°C
Presse of air leaving the cooling Hunbines | 06 ban
Pressn in the cocnpit = J ban
Sf cockpi} *5 te be Proinkotars” ot 25°C, find () Stagnation temp and press” ef ain entening He mein
Compnesson -
(b) Mass few nate of ain to Cock pit
Ce) Powen nega fo dive He nefnigenation system
(a) cop of the system:
Ty = 30°C
Ly = 807.
Fe = |-06 ban
Tye-iste Neen = 707 L
Ve yok ml/h [¢] P= fban
P,= 0-35 ban
RE = 20TR
= FoOKW
Te = 25°C
= 298K Adeat nan pn (Pe)
Actual Rom fo (p, 1)
Pr
7 -
Bee it = mM Loe cist28
= 258K
Mach no,
ie ee ~ Q44- Fs
= Seam VAR 2B FX CIT RAD
M= O 863
BL yy ok 0.863"
Is +292
t
> R= 27643 K = Ta
Now,
‘Leon * (8) fr. me
nN
Jey
fee (2e8 oo
iE Olscpeeal 2 sa
d R= 0.56F% bon
igs =e a
ii: sateen
m— P
PB’ - 0.35
0-56} - 0735
> Pr = 0.545 ban
o.
va
D Tee 26-43% oy? Now,
iy Biszalleg
eae emer
ates 5 7
SB [Link]) ae sseesies
Tp! — 29-6
> Ty! = 433,085 K
Now,
R= R-o.
P= 1-53 ban
ped ie = 20icH i= S03
(e)* | ot
Ps Ts
> = re 388
08 ~ Ts
Now qos SOS 5 08s 303- Ts’
T- Ts 303- 272.9% Now,
RE= mep (Te - B')
> Foa= mx 1008 (298- 278-67)
D> w= 3.64 kgs
a
Powen Mey to nun the system,
Powen = mep (34 _ tr)
= 3. 00S (433. 025 - 296-43)
P= 499.9 KY
cop,
coi BEE
iwi
= 2
= Gant wr = mo (T- Ts)
% 3. b4x |:00Sx (303 - 278-87)
"
=> 38. 2zF Kw
\
'
“Tuesday 2209 PM,
th
~ class dest
a) A negene native ain nefaigenation system for an Genoplane is
designed do ane a load of BOTR~ The temp and press? condition
of tre atmosprante are 5°C and O85 Kyf/ume- The press? of
oe ee ee fiem? due to
ont
Ramming actor: she pressure ef oin leaving tke main compnesson
is 4.8 Kyflomnt 60% of the fotal heat ef ain leaving the
main Compnesson is namoved 1 He HE “land then if iS passed
Hhaown the cooling funbina- The temp™ of Ramming ain
whics is used fon cooling puapose in the HE is neduced by
50°C by Micivg Me ain coming ow from the cooling tunbing -
the isentnopic efficiency oft tre comp resson and tunbine ang
Ot. and EOI respectively. The pness® and tampr neyd in the
Win oar Ma freme- and 25°C respectively. Assuming
isentropic ramming and wi- of cooling ain passed from tHe
Cooling tundine eynal fo tre wi. of cooling ain, Pad: (a) “the natio of bypassed ain to mam ain used fen, noting
punpose:
Q@) The power neqd fon maintaining +e cabin at neqyd
Condition:
Sy
a2) Tre Poltowina gata nefon 10 reduced ambient ne frigenation
system * Pressune of nam ain is Il ban at 20°C. Pressune
or Me end of main compnesson 3-3 ban-
Main compaesson offrcienuy, To = 0-8
Heat exchangen #ffectiveness = 0-6
The pressune at tre gepeeaf exit of Pre auxiliany
funbine ts 0-8 ban, efficeny = 0-85
Temp: of ain leaving A asco
Pnessund’ in fre cabin = 1015 ban
train tundine effictensy = O: 84
Fiow nate se ain Hrnvagh cabin =| Kals
Obtain the COP, ard powen needed fo openata the
system ° me 5°C
P= 08S Ky fem?
60%. of total
heat removed
in HE
Py = 4 SKyflont
Tre 08
Ta Ty= 50%
THs Stc = 278K
= 0.85 Kyfleme
(apacty > 307R
Ree 1K Plone
To 25°C = Q98k mB h
Cn
Now,
(B)* 2 Ts
Pa “pee T3) i
2
> (48 ye ests
‘ Che 306-78 Now,
1 3 = Te
ear
Se tonppe sab s:8ses soar
Te’ — 306-48
S hl = 472.43 K
Now (Ts - Ts)
ee ™ Cp Ca-aw9
mee (73/- Te)
Now,
T= Th- 50%
= 306.78 - 50
= 256.78 K
From 442.43 ~ T
og = we
442-63 - 256-TE
ota 343.04 kK
Now, va
ea
Ps a,
2\ 343.04
3 ()" o6 a Be Te R173. K
Ts 1 Smash
Ta ar oe
> (0-2 = 343.04 -_ Ts!
343.06 — 21913
D> Tye = 243-91 KR
Qe mee (Tr - Gi)
D BOKB5 = mx 10035 ( 278 - 243.91)
By rhe 0 828K gts
> me 1-73 Kls Reforgenamts
Requmement
b Tne nefryenant used Should nol cause O77 nisk of injunies,
fine on pnepenty domaye in case of leakage:
2. Tre chemical, physical, Hrenmodynam’c Propenties of tee
nedaigenart musf suit in the system and the woaking conditon
ab a Acasonanle Cost:
Seleckon CG
1. Chemreal caitenin > Stable and inent
2. Health , Safely and envinenment —> Non toxic, Non frammable,
Enyinonment foiendly:
3. Thenmal >
G Grikicol demp and Boittay ph dempr.
Gi) Low vopoun heat Capacity:
(ji) Low viscosity -
(iv) High anmol Con ductivily.
4 Ovun>
(i) Satisfactony oil solubomiliky
(i) High dietwnic stnengin of vapoun.
(iil) Lows faseging point -
(n) Easily Easy leak detection
W) Low cost Primony and Secondary Resnigenant
Paimany nef ane those feds whicn ane used dineely as working
Druid >
Example- RB4a, Ri, R-IZ ete
Secondary nefaryenant ane those Wyids ubichane used fon dnansfoomen
tnansponiing trenmal onenyy from one location to anothan:
Ext waten, Ain, ice ete+
“They ane also Known unden the name ‘Bnines’ on ‘Antifneegens
Boines— waten -gbycol solution
waten- ethanol Soluhion
Designakion of nefrigenants
R, ae Ro Refrigenant
X41 9 No. of canbon atoms
Yo { > No» of Hydnegen atoms
Z > no of Fluenine atoms
ex: Ru
ao cet ' (®) The majnane, ethane and Propane Senies
G) Methane Senies
u F
L \
Hecate ete
V
ui a
CH COS F
{Tavchtono mono fursne methane)
(Rv)
CORR
dichiono difiane methane
cat H=O0 F=2
axel y Y-120 OEE
Ay x0 Svel
QR ola
= RIZ
bi) Zthane _Senies
foe
Aon
vod 1 ;
foc - CHK SS UH Cm GH
eT “aa
eae fea
Ca Cla Fe
(Dicholono tenta fins ethane ) a KHz > y-1F0 S224
Sxel Dyed
RIW4
FOF
fe
H-~C-c-H
t \
POOF
22 H=2 Fe
> XHN=R >Y-1=2 Soa8
x ol aye.
R134
[iii] Phopane Series
eed HOOK 4
‘ ) ’ \
H Sos Meee ix F- C- C=C -F
' roto
HOR YW Foe oF
C3 Hs Co Hs
CPenta fiuane propane)
c=3 He 3 FES
> x1203 dried 2255
Dd X22 oye 6
we RAS (B) Zeotnopic and Azeotnopic ne igenant
A Zeoknopic on gree nrefosgenant Contains two of mone 1988
' ie i ontneal
nafnnenant whose eqyitiboiam vap. phase ard Sip phase ee
Composit” differs: The sempr “f s200 Zeodnopic mix hung
charges as it evapenales on condenses at Const pnessung
Barn ‘nefens to Beotnopic mixtune + The Comporents in Hay
mistane have di flenent boil points and hence tre nefnizenent
mixtung has a Jemp? ese:
Ex: R404 A = WR Rigs (4a) + RIZE (52%) +RI3Ka (44)
ams,
Glide =1K
R143
z
xsl ys 3
x=l yer xne2 yeleB Pe 2z3
KIED yo = 2s
cee Heat FES atk
Wak F- C7 C-H
Cnr t f
io
e & CoH F;
coHE, Be
Penia fume ethane R407 4 = :
a R32 (a3) + RIS (ast) + 1340 (S24)
Glide> #K
A3e0%no pic neforjenant anc blend that contains two on mane nofarenan's
whose cqillboium vap 3 liz, phase Composil"s ane tre same ab
A Given pnessung’ Te temp of Apeotne pic nedrizenan | remains
const as it evagonates on condenses at cons} pnessnr.
xX = 5 nefens do Azeotopic mixtunes This Nefacyenaht oxct
like home yeneous, Substances with one boiling point and trenefone
Th Nave no give:
\e
@ R-50FA = RiAS(sok¥) + R143q(50+-)
@) Rsog Be = Rezger R23 (464) + RIGA(S4/)
Tnonyanic ne faigenant
Raye
x="F yY&Z_ nefens to molan mass
Ex: waren
Heo > RFE
CO, > Rt44
Ammonia NH; 2 R717 High_erganic compounds
x=6
REOO S Butane
Unsatunated onganec compounds
RIISO 3. Emylene
—
by R134@)
small lelten indicates iSomen f that suvstance*
RISA 3 nonmal bps 19%
(c2He Fe)
RISA > nowmal bp = — 26°C
(C2 Fe)
ly R404)
copital leer ‘A’ denotes iF 15 © Zeohmope on agestnope Ne fnigeneat- Envinonmental impact *f nefoigenant
1 Ogene dapleion potential (oor)
Refrigenant comlosning Chlorine on Bromine contnibutes te
He breakdown af He eZene loyen »
Ch+ Os— > ClO + 2
Howeven His ClO molecule iS unstable. 94 breaks down and
Reack wit eone Moleatle Mepeadelly until @ mone Stable ,
t
Compound is created
“The ODP ig the patio of impack on gone of A chemical
Companed fo fre impact on of A Similan. mass of R-Ils
RQ > opp=!
2. Global wanming potential CGWP)
ne GWP is He nate of Wanming Coused by a Substance to
dre wanming Caused by a Similan mass of Canbon dtonda
Gwe of Cor is |
Gwe of RIL = S000
RI2 = 8500 Vapoun compnession Re igenalvon Gycle
Component S:
condensan
1. Compaesson Sgt Eee
| L 2
2. Condensen
3. Expansion valug
Expansin 7
4. @yaponaton val ‘
4 Evapanaton
T
f \
3
G 1
s
Considering ideal protess
frocess "22g, = 9
3
Process 2-3? Van = Jan = hs-hg
2
Process 3-4~ Yan =O
'
Process 4-02 Vy = L dh = hin he From frost tay eto Menene
we Fay
2 3