Fair Use Notice
The material used in this presentation i.e., pictures/graphs/text, etc. is solely
intended for educational/teaching purpose, offered free of cost to the students for
use under special circumstances of Online Education due to COVID-19 Lockdown
situation and may include copyrighted material - the use of which may not have
been specifically authorised by Copyright Owners. It’s application constitutes Fair
Use of any such copyrighted material as provided in globally accepted law of many
countries. The contents of presentations are intended only for the attendees of the
class being conducted by the presenter.
Input
Output
In other words
A system which consist of the number
connected together to perform the specific
function in which output is control by the
input.
Feedback
If either the output or some part of the output is
returned to the input side and utilized as part of the
system input, then it is known as feedback. Feedback
plays an important role in order to improve the
performance of the control systems.
let us discuss the types of feedback & effects of
feedback.
Types of Feedback
There are two types of feedback −
1. Positive feedback
2. Negative feedback
1. Positive Feedback
The positive feedback
adds the reference input,
R(s) and feedback
output. The following
figure shows the block
diagram of positive
feedback control
system.
C(s)=[R(s)+C(S)H]G
C(s)=[R(s)G+C(S)HG]
C(s)-C(s)HG=R(S)G
C(S)[1-HG]=R(S)G
𝐺
T=C(S)/R(S)= ………………………….1
Where, 1−𝐺𝐻
T is the transfer function or overall gain of positive feedback control system.
G is the open loop gain, which is function of frequency.
H is the gain of feedback path, which is function of frequency
2. Negative Feedback
Negative feedback reduces
the error between the
reference input, R(s) and
system output. The following
figure shows the block
diagram of the negative
feedback control system.
C(S)= input signal*gain
C(S)=[R(S)-C(S)H]G
C(S)=R(S)G-C(S)HG
C(S)+C(S)HG=R(S)
C(S)[1+HG]=R(S)
C(S)/R(s)=1/1+HG
T=C(S)/R(s)=G/1+HG (2)
Where,
T is the transfer function or overall gain of negative feedback control system.
G is the open loop gain, which is function of frequency.
H is the gain of feedback path, which is function of frequency.
Effects of Feedback
Let us now understand the effects of feedback.
Effect of Feedback on Overall Gain
From Equation 2, we can say that the overall gain of negative feedback
closed loop control system is the ratio of 'G' and (1+GH). So, the overall
gain may increase or decrease depending on the value of (1+GH).
If the value of (1+GH) is less than 1, then the overall gain increases. In this
case, 'GH' value is negative because the gain of the feedback path is
negative.
If the value of (1+GH) is greater than 1, then the overall gain decreases. In
this case, 'GH' value is positive because the gain of the feedback path is
positive.
Effect of Feedback on Stability
A system is said to be stable, if its output is under control.
Otherwise, it is said to be unstable.
In Equation 2, if the denominator value is zero (i.e., GH = -
1), then the output of the control system will be infinite. So,
the control system becomes unstable.
Therefore, we have to properly choose the feedback in order
to make the control system stable.
Mathematical Model
The control systems can be represented with a set of
mathematical equations known as mathematical model.
These models are useful for analysis and design of control
systems. Analysis of control system means finding the
output when we know the input and mathematical model.
Design of control system means finding the mathematical
model when we know the input and the output.
The Following Mathematical Models
Are Mostly Used
1. Differential equation model
2. Transfer function model
3. State space model
1. Differential Equation Model
Differential equation model is a time domain mathematical
model of control systems. Follow these steps for differential
equation model.
Apply basic laws to the given control system.
Get the differential equation in terms of input and output by
eliminating the intermediate variable(s).