Department of Instrumentation and Control
Engineering
College of Science and Technology
Royal University of Bhutan
MIS201
Unit 5
Introduction to Smart Sensor
Karma Norbu
[Link]@[Link]
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FC 10
Assign
1. Scribe
2. Team leader
3. Timer
• Topic as follows
1. Group 1: Introduction to smart sensor
2. Group 2: Primary Sensor
3. Group 3: excitations, amplification & filters
4. Group 4: Converters
5. Group 5: Compensation
• 20mins: Discussion within the groups.
• 10mins: Prepare ppt.
• 20mins: Presentation to students (4 min per group)
• 10mins: Conclusion by tutor.
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Getting Sensor information to
MCU
Signal conditioning the output from the sensor is as
important as choosing the proper sensing technology. the
accuracy of the measurement ultimately will be determined
by the combination of the sensor characteristics and the
additional circuitry.
The signal conditioning circuitry that is required is a
function of the sensor itself and will vary considerably
depending on whether the sensor is capacitive,
piezoresistive, piezoelectric.
hug 28/04/2023 In pursuit of preparing tomorrow's technologists
Getting Sensor information to
MCU
Instrumentation Amplifiers
Instrumentation amplifiers are used to provide a
differential-to-single end conversion and amplify the low-
level signal from a sensor
An instrumentation amplifier is a differential op-amp circuit
providing high input impedances with ease of gain
adjustment through the variation of a single resistor.
hug 28/04/2023 In pursuit of preparing tomorrow's technologists
Getting Sensor information to
MCU
4-20mA Signal Transmitter
The use of monolithic two-wire transmitters can provide a low-
cost, easy to interface signal conditioning solution for 4 to 20mA
current loops to transmit sensor readings in many industrial
applications. The current loop avoids the problems of voltage
drop when transmitting an analog signal over a long distance.
hug 28/04/2023 In pursuit of preparing tomorrow's technologists
Getting Sensor information to
MCU
A/D Converters
Signal from the sensor are analog in
nature while for processing of the
signal, digital signal is required,
therefore A/D is used.
Most ADCs can be classified into two
groups based on the sampling rate,
namely, Nyquist rate and oversampling
converters. The Nyquist rate requires
sampling the analog signals that have
maximum frequencies slightly less than
the Nyquist frequency, fN = fs /2,
where fs is the sampling frequency. 6
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Information coding
Smart sensors are capable of collecting and processing
various types of data in real-time. Information coding in
smart sensors involves the conversion of raw sensor data
into a digital format that can be transmitted and
processed by other devices, such as microprocessors and
computers.
The process of information coding in smart sensors
typically involves the following steps:
• Analog-to-digital conversion: Smart sensors convert
analog signals, such as temperature or pressure
readings, into digital signals that can be processed by
microprocessors. This is done through the use of
analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). 7
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Information coding
• Data processing: Smart sensors may
include on-board microprocessors that can
perform basic data processing tasks, such
as filtering, averaging, and threshold
detection. This helps to reduce the
amount of data that needs to be
transmitted to other devices.
• Data compression: In some cases,
smart sensors may compress the data
before transmitting it to other
devices. This helps to reduce the
amount of data that needs to be
transmitted, which can be important
for applications where bandwidth is
limited. 8
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Information coding
• Data transmission: Smart sensors
typically transmit data using
wireless communication protocols
such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, or Zigbee.
The data is usually transmitted in a
digital format that can be easily
decoded by other devices.
Information coding in smart sensors is
an important process that enables
these devices to collect and transmit
data in a format that can be easily
processed and analyzed by other
devices. 9
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Data Processing
Information processing in sensors involves the interpretation and analysis of
data collected by the sensors. This process is typically performed using
software or algorithms that are designed to extract meaningful information
from the raw sensor data.
The process of information processing in sensors typically involves the
following steps:
• Data pre-processing: The raw
sensor data may contain noise
or other artifacts that can
interfere with data analysis.
Data pre-processing
techniques, such as filtering or
normalization, can be used to
remove these artifacts and
prepare the data for analysis
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Data Processing
• Feature extraction: Feature extraction involves
identifying important features or characteristics of
the sensor data that are relevant to the analysis. For
example, in a temperature sensor, the average
temperature or the temperature range may be
important features to extract.
• Data analysis: Data analysis techniques, such as
statistical analysis or machine learning algorithms,
can be used to analyze the extracted features and
identify patterns or trends in the data.
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Data Processing
• Decision making: Once the data has been analyzed, the
results can be used to make decisions or take actions
based on the sensor data. For example, in a smart home
system, sensor data from a motion sensor may be used
to turn on lights or adjust the temperature in a room.
• Overall, information processing in sensors is an
important process that enables the extraction of
valuable insights from the data collected by the sensors.
This information can be used to improve the
performance of the sensors or to make decisions based
on the sensor data
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Data Communication
Communication in smart sensors involves the transfer of
data between the sensor and other devices or systems.
Smart sensors can communicate wirelessly or through
wired connections, depending on the specific application.
Automotive protocol
• SAE J1850
• CAN Protocol: CAN is a multimaster protocol that
allows any network node to communicate with any
other node on the same network.
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Data Communication
Can bus in EV
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Data Communication
Industrial use
• CAN Protocol
• Lon Talk Protocol
Office Bulding
• Ethernet,
• ARCNet
• LonWorks
Home Automation
• CEBus
• LonTalk 15
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FC 11
Recent Trend in Sensor Technology
Assign
1. Scribe
2. Team leader
3. Timer
• Topic as follows
1. Group 1: Thin Film sensor
2. Group 2: Nano sensors
3. Group 3: Thick film technology
4. Group 4: MEMS
5. Group 5: MEMS applications.
• 20mins: Discuss within groups and frame questions and write answers in
short & precise manner on the paper provided. (Inquiry based learning)
• 30 mins: Circulate written question and answer sheet to other groups. (6
mins per group)
• 10mins: Conclusion by tutor.
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Thank you
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