C2 wave model p2 [57 marks]
1. [Maximum mark: 9] [Link].TZ0.4
(a.i) State what is meant by a transverse wave. [1]
A transverse wave is travelling to the right on a string. The graph shows, at one
particular time, the variation of the displacement y with distance x along the
string. Two points, P and Q, on the string have been marked.
([Link]) Explain whether P or Q has the greater acceleration. [2]
([Link]) The speed of the wave is 62 m s−1. Calculate the period of the
wave giving your answer to the correct number of significant
figures. [2]
([Link]) Calculate the average speed of P during one complete
oscillation. [2]
(b) The string is now stretched between an oscillator and a fixed
point. When the oscillator is set to a frequency of 120 Hz the
standing wave shown in the diagram is observed on the string.
Draw the standing wave that would be observed on the same
string when the oscillator is set to a frequency of 180 Hz.
[1]
(c) Physicists and engineers study simple harmonic oscillations
even though most oscillations are not simple harmonic.
Suggest why this is a useful thing to do. [1]
2. [Maximum mark: 4] [Link].TZ0.111
A person rides a recumbent bicycle that has a suspension unit mounted between
the saddle and the bicycle frame. The suspension unit supports the mass of the
person and consists of a spring with a damping mechanism.
The natural frequency of vibration of the suspension unit is 2.6 Hz.
The suspension unit is damaged so that the spring is undamped.
The bicycle travels over bumpy ground with bumps separated by equal
distances of 1.2 m.
(a) Explain why the ride is uncomfortable when the speed of the
bicycle is 3.0 m s−1. [2]
(b) The suspension unit is repaired so that the spring is damped.
Describe any changes that the person will notice when riding
over the same bumpy ground. [2]
3. [Maximum mark: 15] [Link].TZ2.3
(a) Outline what is meant by a travelling wave. [2]
(b) A loudspeaker emits sound of frequency 210 Hz into a pipe with
one open and one closed end. The diagram shows a
representation of the standing wave established in the pipe.
The length of the pipe is 1.20 m.
(b.i) Outline how the standing wave is formed in the pipe. [2]
([Link]) Determine the wavelength of the wave. [1]
([Link]) Calculate the speed of sound in the pipe stating the answer to
an appropriate number of significant figures. [2]
(c) The solid line represents the standing wave at time t and the
dotted line represents the standing wave at an instant later. The
dot is the equilibrium position of a particle P in the pipe. The up
arrow indicates displacements to the right and the down arrow
displacements to the left.
On the diagram, draw
(c.i) a dot to indicate the approximate position of P at time t, [1]
([Link]) an arrow to indicate the velocity of P at time t. [1]
(d) The amplitude of oscillations of the standing wave in (b) is 4.2
mm. The mass of particle P in (c) is 1.8 × 10−6 kg.
Calculate
(d.i) the total energy of P, [2]
([Link]) the displacement of P, when its kinetic energy is equal to its
potential energy. [2]
(e) The frequency of sound is reduced to 140 Hz. Explain why a
standing wave will not be formed in the pipe. [2]
4. [Maximum mark: 7] [Link].TZ1.5
The table shows some of the energy levels for a hydrogen atom.
(a) Discuss one difference between an atom in an excited state and
an atom in an ionized state. [1]
(b) Explain how electromagnetic radiation is emitted from a
hydrogen atom in an excited state. [2]
(c) When radiation of wavelength 6.6 × 10−7 m is incident on cold
hydrogen gas some of it is absorbed by the gas.
(c.i) State the region of the electromagnetic spectrum of this
radiation. [1]
([Link]) Determine the initial and final states of the hydrogen atom that
are involved in this absorption. [3]
5. [Maximum mark: 7] [Link].TZ2.5
The table shows some of the energy levels for a hydrogen atom.
(a) Discuss one difference between an atom in an excited state and
an atom in an ionized state. [1]
(b) Explain how electromagnetic radiation is emitted from a
hydrogen atom in an excited state. [2]
(c) When radiation of wavelength 6.6 × 10−7 m is incident on cold
hydrogen gas some of it is absorbed by the gas.
(c.i) State the region of the electromagnetic spectrum of this
radiation. [1]
([Link]) Determine the initial and final states of the hydrogen atom that
are involved in this absorption. [3]
6. [Maximum mark: 15] [Link].TZ1.3
(a) A transverse water wave travels to the right. The diagram shows
the shape of the surface of the water at time t = 0. P and Q show
two corks floating on the surface.
(a.i) State what is meant by a transverse wave. [1]
([Link]) The frequency of the wave is 0.50 Hz. Calculate the speed of the
wave. [1]
([Link]) Sketch on the diagram the position of P at time t = 0.50 s. [1]
([Link]) Show that the phase difference between the oscillations of the
two corks is π radians. [1]
(b) Monochromatic light is incident on two very narrow slits. The
light that passes through the slits is observed on a screen. M is
directly opposite the midpoint of the slits. x represents the
displacement from M in the direction shown.
A student argues that what will be observed on the screen will
be a total of two bright spots opposite the slits. Explain why the [2]
student’s argument is incorrect.
(c) The graph shows the actual variation with displacement x from
M of the intensity of the light on the screen. I 0 is the intensity
of light at the screen from one slit only.
(c.i) Explain why the intensity of light at x = 0 is 4 I 0 . [2]
([Link]) The slits are separated by a distance of 0.18 mm and the
distance to the screen is 2.2 m. Determine, in m, the wavelength
of light. [2]
([Link]) The two slits are replaced by many slits of the same separation.
State one feature of the intensity pattern that will remain the
same and one that will change.
Stays the same:
Changes: [2]
(d.i) Two sources are viewed though a single slit. The graph shows
the diffraction pattern of one source.
Sketch, on the axes, the diffraction pattern of the second source
when the images of the two sources are just resolved according
to the Rayleigh criterion. [1]
([Link]) Centaurus A is a galaxy a distance of 1.1 × 1023 m away. A radio
telescope of diameter 300 m operating at a wavelength of 3.2
cm is used to observe the galaxy. Determine the minimum size
of the radio emitting region of the galaxy that can be resolved
by this telescope.
[2]
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