Course Description

Name of applicant: Aafaq Ahmad

Course of studies: Bachelor of Science in Software Engineering

University: University of Engineering and Technology Taxila

German Grade
Average: 2.0
Table of Contents
1. Computer Science...................................................................................................................3
1.1. Digital Image Processing (lecture + lab) – 8
Credits.........................................................3
1.2. Human Computer Interaction – 6 Credits.........................................................................
3
1.3. Machine Learning – 6
Credits...........................................................................................4
1.4. Artificial Intelligence – 6
Credits........................................................................................5
1.5. Object-Oriented Programming (lecture + lab) – 8 Credits................................................
6
1.6. Programming Fundamentals (lecture + lab) – 8
Credits...................................................7
1.7. Data Structures and Algorithm (lecture + lab) – 8
Credits................................................8
1.8. Web Engineering (lecture + lab) – 8
Credits.....................................................................9
1.9. Object-Oriented Software Engineering – 6
Credits.........................................................11
1.10. Automata Theory and Formal Languages – 8 Credits..................................................13
1.11. Embedded and Real-Time Systems – 6 Credits...........................................................15
1.12. Software Verification and Validation – 6 Credits...........................................................16
1.13. Mobile Application Development – 6 Credits................................................................18
1.14. Operating System (lecture + lab) – 8 Credits................................................................20
1.15. Software Architecture Design – 6 Credits.....................................................................22
1.16. Computer Communication & Networks – 8 Credits......................................................
24
1.17. Software Testing (lecture + lab) – 6 Credits..................................................................27
2. Information Systems.............................................................................................................29
2.1. Introduction to Database Systems (lecture + lab) – 8 Credits........................................
29
2.2. Software Project Management – 6
Credits.....................................................................31
2.3. Software Requirement and Specifications – 6 Credits...................................................
33
3. Quantitative Methods............................................................................................................35
3.1. Linear Algebra – 6
Credits..............................................................................................35
3.2. Numerical and Symbolic Computing (Th + Lab) – 6
Credits...........................................37
3.3. Probability and Statistics – 6 Credits..............................................................................
39
3.4. Discrete Structures – 6
Credits.......................................................................................41
3.5. Calculus and Analytical Geometry – 6 Credits...............................................................
43
4. Business Administration...................................................................................................... 45
4.1. Principles of Management – 4
Credits............................................................................45
4.2. Technical Report Writing – 6 Credits..............................................................................
47
4.3. Professional Practices – 6
Credits..................................................................................49
4.4. Communication Skills – 6
Credits...................................................................................51
4.5. Human Resource Management – 6 Credits...................................................................
53
 1. Computer Science
1.1. Digital Image Processing (lecture + lab) – 8 Credits
Structure

1. Introduction to Digital Image Processing

1.1. Basics of digital images
1.2. Image acquisition techniques
1.3. Image representation formats
2. Image Enhancement
2.1. Point processing methods
2.2. Histogram equalization
2.3. Spatial filtering techniques
3. Image Restoration
3.1. Noise models in images
3.2. Noise reduction techniques
3.3. Image deblurring
4. Image Segmentation
4.1. Thresholding methods
4.2. Edge detection techniques
4.3. Region-based segmentation
5. Image Compression
5.1. Lossy vs. lossless compression
5.2. Popular compression standards (JPEG, PNG)
6. Applications of Digital Image Processing
6.1. Medical imaging
6.2. Object recognition and computer vision
6.3. Satellite image processing

Literature

● Gonzalez, Woods – "Digital Image Processing"

1.2. Human Computer Interaction – 6 Credits

 Structure

1. Foundations of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI)

1.1. Principles of HCI
1.2. Usability and user experience design
2. Understanding Users
2.1. Cognitive psychology in HCI
2.2. Human perception and limitations
3. Interaction Design
3.1. Interaction styles and metaphors
3.2. Designing for different devices
4. Prototyping and Evaluation
4.1. Rapid prototyping techniques
4.2. Usability testing methods
5. Advanced Topics in HCI
5.1. Accessibility and inclusive design
5.2. Emerging interfaces (AR/VR and voice UI)

Literature

● Norman, D. – "The Design of Everyday Things"

1.3. Machine Learning – 6 Credits

Structure

1. Introduction to Machine Learning

1.1. Definitions and applications
1.2. Types of machine learning (supervised, unsupervised, reinforcement)
2. Data Preprocessing
2.1. Feature scaling and selection
2.2. Handling missing data
3. Supervised Learning
3.1. Regression algorithms
3.2. Classification algorithms (e.g., SVM, decision trees)
4. Unsupervised Learning
4.1. Clustering techniques (e.g., k-means, hierarchical)
 4.2. Dimensionality reduction (PCA)
5. Neural Networks and Deep Learning
5.1. Introduction to neural networks
5.2. Convolutional and recurrent networks
6. Model Evaluation and Optimization
6.1. Cross-validation techniques
6.2. Hyperparameter tuning

Literature

● Goodfellow, Bengio, Courville – "Deep Learning"

1.4. Artificial Intelligence – 6 Credits

Structure

1. Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

1.1. Definitions and basic concepts
1.2. Applications of AI in various fields (e.g., healthcare, robotics, finance)
2. Problem Solving and Search Algorithms
2.1. Search strategies (e.g., BFS, DFS, A* search)
2.2. Heuristic search and optimization techniques
3. Knowledge Representation and Reasoning
3.1. Logic and knowledge representation techniques (e.g., propositional logic, first-order
logic)
3.2. Inference methods and rule-based systems
4. Machine Learning and AI
4.1. Supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning in AI
4.2. Integration of AI and machine learning algorithms
5. Planning and Decision Making
5.1. Automated planning algorithms
5.2. Decision-making frameworks (e.g., Markov Decision Processes)
6. Natural Language Processing (NLP)
6.1. Text processing and language models
6.2. Speech recognition and chatbot design
7. Robotics and Perception
 7.1. AI in robotics (e.g., path planning, motion control)
7.2. Computer vision and perception (e.g., object detection, image segmentation)
8. Ethics and Future of AI
8.1. Ethical considerations in AI development and deployment
8.2. Future trends in AI research and applications

Literature

● Russell, Norvig – "Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach"

● Sutton, Barto – "Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction"

1.5. Object-Oriented Programming (lecture + lab) – 8 Credits

Structure

1. Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming

1.1. Definitions and principles of OOP
1.2. Object and class concepts
1.3. Encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and abstraction
2. Classes and Objects
2.1. Defining classes and creating objects
2.2. Constructors and destructors
2.3. Instance and class variables
3. Inheritance and Polymorphism
3.1. Types of inheritance (single, multiple, multilevel, hierarchical)
3.2. Method overriding and overloading
3.3. Dynamic method dispatch
4. Encapsulation and Abstraction
4.1. Access modifiers (private, protected, public)
4.2. Getter and setter methods
4.3. Abstract classes and interfaces
5. Object-Oriented Design Principles
5.1. SOLID principles
5.2. Design patterns (Singleton, Factory, Observer, etc.)
6. Exception Handling
 6.1. Try, catch, throw, and finally blocks
6.2. Custom exceptions
7. Advanced OOP Concepts
7.1. Multiple inheritance in C++/Java
7.2. Interfaces and abstract classes in Java
7.3. Polymorphic behavior in different programming languages

Literature

● Liskov, B. – "Data Abstraction and Hierarchy"

● Booch, G. – "Object-Oriented Analysis and Design with Applications"

1.6. Programming Fundamentals (lecture + lab) – 8 Credits

Structure

1. Introduction to Programming
1.1. Overview of programming languages (high-level vs low-level)
1.2. Programming paradigms (procedural, object-oriented)
1.3. Basic programming concepts (syntax, semantics, variables, data types)
2. Control Structures
2.1. Conditional statements (if, else, switch)
2.2. Loops (for, while, do-while)
2.3. Nested loops and conditional statements
3. Functions and Procedures
3.1. Function definition and calling
3.2. Passing parameters (by value, by reference)
3.3. Recursion
4. Data Structures
4.1. Arrays and strings
4.2. Introduction to linked lists
4.3. Stacks and queues
4.4. Basic operations on data structures
5. File Handling
5.1. Reading and writing files (text and binary)
5.2. File operations (open, close, read, write)
 5.3. Handling exceptions in file operations
6. Memory Management
6.1. Dynamic memory allocation (malloc, free)
6.2. Garbage collection
6.3. Pointers and memory addresses (in languages like C/C++)
7. Introduction to Algorithms
7.1. Algorithm efficiency and complexity (Big-O notation)
7.2. Sorting algorithms (Bubble sort, Merge sort, Quick sort)
7.3. Searching algorithms (Linear search, Binary search)

Literature

● Kernighan, B., Ritchie, D. – "The C Programming Language"

● Sebesta, R.W. – "Concepts of Programming Languages"

1.7. Data Structures and Algorithm (lecture + lab) – 8 Credits

Structure

1. Introduction to Data Structures

1.1. Definition and importance of data structures
1.2. Types of data structures (linear, non-linear)
1.3. Basic operations on data structures (insertion, deletion, traversal)
2. Arrays and Strings
2.1. Array representation and implementation
2.2. Multidimensional arrays
2.3. String manipulation and operations
2.4. Dynamic arrays (resizing arrays)
3. Linked Lists
3.1. Singly linked lists (insertion, deletion, traversal)
3.2. Doubly linked lists and circular linked lists
3.3. Applications of linked lists
4. Stacks and Queues
4.1. Stack operations (push, pop, peek)
4.2. Queue operations (enqueue, dequeue)
 4.3. Circular queues
4.4. Applications of stacks and queues (e.g., expression evaluation, scheduling)
5. Trees
5.1. Binary trees and binary search trees (BST)
5.2. Tree traversal techniques (preorder, inorder, postorder)
5.3. AVL trees, Red-Black trees
5.4. Heaps (Min-Heap, Max-Heap)
6. Graphs
6.1. Graph representations (adjacency matrix, adjacency list)
6.2. Graph traversal (BFS, DFS)
6.3. Shortest path algorithms (Dijkstra, Bellman-Ford)
6.4. Minimum spanning tree algorithms (Kruskal's, Prim's)
7. Sorting Algorithms
7.1. Comparison-based sorting (Bubble sort, Merge sort, Quick sort)
7.2. Non-comparison-based sorting (Counting sort, Radix sort)
7.3. Sorting algorithm complexity analysis
8. Searching Algorithms
8.1. Linear search
8.2. Binary search
8.3. Search algorithm complexity analysis
9. Algorithm Design Techniques
9.1. Divide and conquer
9.2. Greedy algorithms
9.3. Dynamic programming
9.4. Backtracking
10. Complexity Analysis
10.1. Time complexity and space complexity
10.2. Big-O, Omega, and Theta notations
10.3. Analyzing the efficiency of algorithms

Literature

● Cormen, T.H., Leiserson, C.E., Rivest, R.L., Stein, C. – "Introduction to Algorithms"

● Knuth, D.E. – "The Art of Computer Programming"
1.8. Web Engineering (lecture + lab) – 8 Credits
Structure
1. Introduction to Web Engineering
1.1. Overview of web development and web engineering principles
1.2. Web technologies and trends
1.3. Web project life cycle (planning, design, implementation, deployment, maintenance)
2. Web Development Foundations
2.1. Basics of HTML and CSS
2.2. Responsive design and web accessibility
2.3. Web design principles (usability, aesthetics, navigation)
2.4. Introduction to front-end and back-end technologies
3. Client-Side Scripting
3.1. Introduction to JavaScript
3.2. DOM manipulation and event handling
3.3. Asynchronous programming (AJAX, Fetch API, Promises)
3.4. Front-end frameworks (React, Angular, [Link])
3.5. Introduction to TypeScript
4. Server-Side Scripting
4.1. Introduction to server-side programming languages (PHP, [Link], Python)
4.2. Web server basics (Apache, Nginx)
4.3. Server-side frameworks ([Link], Django, Flask, Laravel)
4.4. Handling HTTP requests and responses
5. Databases and Data Storage
5.1. Relational databases (SQL, MySQL, PostgreSQL)
5.2. NoSQL databases (MongoDB, Firebase)
5.3. Database design and normalization
5.4. Integration of databases with web applications
5.5. Using ORM (Object-Relational Mapping) for database interactions
6. Web Security
6.1. Security principles (authentication, authorization, encryption)
6.2. Secure web communication (HTTPS, SSL/TLS)
6.3. Web security vulnerabilities (XSS, CSRF, SQL Injection)
6.4. Security best practices for web applications
 7. Web Services and APIs
7.1. RESTful APIs and Web services (JSON, XML)
7.2. Introduction to GraphQL
7.3. API documentation (Swagger, Postman)
7.4. Consuming third-party APIs
8. Web Application Architecture
8.1. MVC (Model-View-Controller) design pattern
8.2. Web application architecture (monolithic, microservices)
8.3. Front-end and back-end separation (API-first design)
8.4. Web application scalability and load balancing
9. Performance Optimization
9.1. Website performance factors (load time, responsiveness)
9.2. Front-end optimization techniques (minification, lazy loading, CDN)
9.3. Back-end performance (database queries, caching)
9.4. Web performance testing and profiling tools
10. Web Deployment and Maintenance
10.1. Web hosting and cloud services (AWS, Heroku, DigitalOcean)
10.2. Continuous Integration and Continuous Deployment (CI/CD)
10.3. Version control with Git and GitHub
10.4. Monitoring and maintaining a live website

Literature

● Fielding, R.T. – "Architectural Styles and the Design of Network-based Software

Architectures"
● Duckett, J. – "HTML and CSS: Design and Build Websites"
● Zeldman, J. – "Designing with Web Standards"
● Welling, L., Thomson, L. – "PHP and MySQL Web Development"

1.9. Object-Oriented Software Engineering – 6 Credits

Structure

1. Introduction to Object-Oriented Software Engineering

1.1. Overview of software engineering and its methodologies
1.2. Importance of object-oriented design (OOD) in software engineering
 1.3. Software development life cycle (SDLC) models (Waterfall, Agile, Iterative)
1.4. Key principles of object-oriented programming (OOP)
2. Object-Oriented Concepts
2.1. Classes and objects
2.2. Encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism
2.3. Abstraction and message passing
2.4. Object relationships (association, aggregation, composition)
2.5. OOP design principles (SOLID principles)
3. Software Development Methodologies
3.1. Agile software development and Scrum framework
3.2. Waterfall model vs. Agile model
3.3. Iterative development and prototyping
3.4. Software design patterns (Singleton, Factory, Observer, etc.)
3.5. Model-View-Controller (MVC) architecture
4. Object-Oriented Analysis and Design (OOAD)
4.1. Requirement gathering and analysis
4.2. Use case modeling and UML (Unified Modeling Language)
4.3. Object-oriented design principles and guidelines
4.4. Class diagrams, sequence diagrams, and state diagrams
4.5. Design modeling tools (e.g., Rational Rose, Enterprise Architect)
5. Software Design and Architecture
5.1. High-level system design (architecture patterns)
5.2. Object-oriented design methods (UML, CRC cards)
5.3. Refactoring code for maintainability
5.4. Coupling and cohesion in software design
5.5. Design of reusable components and libraries
6. Testing and Debugging
6.1. Unit testing and integration testing
6.2. Test-driven development (TDD)
6.3. Debugging techniques and tools
6.4. Code reviews and pair programming
6.5. Automated testing frameworks (JUnit, Mockito)
7. Software Maintenance and Evolution
 7.1. Managing software changes and version control
7.2. Refactoring legacy code
7.3. Continuous integration and deployment
7.4. Software evolution and handling legacy systems
7.5. Documentation and maintaining software quality
8. Ethical Considerations in Software Engineering
8.1. Professional ethics and responsibilities of software engineers
8.2. Software engineering standards (IEEE, ISO)
8.3. Privacy and security concerns in software engineering
8.4. Impact of software on society and the environment

Literature

● Booch, G. – "Object-Oriented Analysis and Design with Applications"

● Martin, R.C. – "Clean Code: A Handbook of Agile Software Craftsmanship"
● Pressman, R.S. – "Software Engineering: A Practitioner's Approach"
● Gamma, E., Helm, R., Johnson, R., Vlissides, J. – "Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable
Object-Oriented Software"

1.10. Automata Theory and Formal Languages – 8 Credits

Structure

1. Introduction to Automata Theory

1.1. Definition and scope of automata theory
1.2. The relationship between automata, formal languages, and computation
1.3. Historical background and importance in computer science
1.4. Overview of types of automata (finite automata, pushdown automata, Turing machines)
2. Finite Automata
2.1. Deterministic Finite Automata (DFA)
2.2. Non-Deterministic Finite Automata (NFA)
2.3. NFA to DFA conversion
2.4. Equivalence of DFA and NFA
2.5. Regular languages and regular expressions
2.6. Pumping Lemma for regular languages
 2.7. Minimization of finite automata
3. Context-Free Grammars and Pushdown Automata
3.1. Context-Free Grammars (CFG) and their formal definition
3.2. Pushdown Automata (PDA) and their relationship to CFG
3.3. Parsing techniques and derivations
3.4. Chomsky Normal Form (CNF)
3.5. Pumping Lemma for context-free languages
3.6. Pushdown automata and their applications in parsing
4. Turing Machines
4.1. Formal definition of Turing machines
4.2. Deterministic and non-deterministic Turing machines
4.3. Turing machine computation model
4.4. Halting problem and undecidability
4.5. Church-Turing thesis
4.6. Universal Turing machine and its implications
5. Decidability and Undecidability
5.1. Decidable languages and problems
5.2. Reductions and their role in proving undecidability
5.3. Undecidable problems (e.g., Post's correspondence problem, Halting problem)
5.4. Recursive and recursively enumerable languages
5.5. The concept of NP-completeness and its relevance
6. Regular Languages and Their Properties
6.1. Regular languages and finite automata
6.2. Closure properties of regular languages (union, intersection, complementation)
6.3. Myhill-Nerode Theorem
6.4. Applications of regular languages in lexical analysis and compilers
7. Context-Free Languages and Their Properties
7.1. Context-free languages and pushdown automata
7.2. Closure properties of context-free languages (union, intersection with regular
languages)
7.3. Parsing techniques (LL, LR parsers)
7.4. Applications of context-free grammars in syntax analysis and compilers
8. Advanced Topics in Automata Theory
 8.1. Linear bounded automata (LBA)
8.2. Recursive enumerable languages and their properties
8.3. Space complexity and time complexity of Turing machines
8.4. Formal language hierarchy and the Chomsky hierarchy
8.5. Applications in formal verification, model checking, and automata-based systems
Literature

● Hopcroft, J.E., Motwani, R., Ullman, J.D. – "Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages,
and Computation"
● Sipser, M. – "Introduction to the Theory of Computation"
● Linz, P. – "An Introduction to Formal Languages and Automata"
● Harel, D. – "Algorithmics: The Spirit of Computing"

1.11. Embedded and Real-Time Systems – 6 Credits

Structure

1. Introduction to Embedded Systems

1.1. Definition and characteristics of embedded systems
1.2. Embedded system architecture and components
1.3. Types of embedded systems (microcontroller-based, microprocessor-based) 1.4.
Applications of embedded systems in various industries (automotive, medical, consumer
electronics)
2. Embedded System Design and Development
2.1. Design considerations for embedded systems (hardware/software co-design, power
consumption, real-time constraints)
2.2. Embedded system development process (requirements, design, implementation,
testing)
2.3. Embedded programming languages (C, C++, assembly)
2.4. Development tools for embedded systems (compilers, debuggers, emulators)
2.5. Real-time operating systems (RTOS) overview
3. Real-Time Systems
3.1. Definition and characteristics of real-time systems
3.2. Hard real-time vs. soft real-time systems
3.3. Timing constraints and deadlines (firm deadlines, soft deadlines, hard deadlines)
 3.4. Real-time system scheduling (preemptive vs. non-preemptive scheduling, priority-based
scheduling)
3.5. Real-time operating systems (RTOS): Features and implementation
4. Interrupts and Communication in Embedded Systems
4.1. Interrupt handling mechanisms in embedded systems
4.2. Types of interrupts (hardware interrupts, software interrupts)
4.3. Interrupt service routines (ISRs) and their implementation
4.4. Communication protocols for embedded systems (I2C, SPI, UART, CAN, Bluetooth)
4.5. Serial and parallel communication in embedded systems
5. Real-Time System Scheduling and Analysis
5.1. Task scheduling algorithms for real-time systems (Rate Monotonic Scheduling, Earliest
Deadline First, etc.)
5.2. Task synchronization and communication (mutex, semaphores, message passing)
5.3. Resource management in real-time systems (shared resources, critical sections, priority
inversion)
5.4. Time and space analysis of real-time systems
5.5. Performance evaluation and testing of real-time systems
6. Embedded System Hardware and Software Integration
6.1. Microcontroller and microprocessor architectures
6.2. Interfacing embedded systems with sensors and actuators
6.3. Analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog conversion
6.4. Power management in embedded systems
6.5. Debugging embedded systems (in-circuit debugging, logic analyzers)
7. Designing Embedded Systems with RTOS
7.1. RTOS-based system design and architecture
7.2. Task scheduling and management in RTOS
7.3. Memory management in RTOS
7.4. Real-time inter-process communication (IPC) mechanisms
7.5. Case studies of real-time embedded system designs (automotive, robotics, industrial
systems)

Literature
 ● Burns, A., Wellings, A. – "Real-Time Systems and Programming
Languages"
● Marwedel, P. – "Embedded System Design"
● Yao, L. – "Embedded Systems: A Contemporary Design Tool"
● Levis, P., Culler, D. – "Mathematics of Real-Time Systems"
● Nolte, M. – "Real-Time Systems Design and Analysis"

1.12. Software Verification and Validation – 6 Credits

Structure
1. Introduction to Software Verification and Validation
1.1. Definition and importance of software verification and validation
1.2. Difference between verification and validation
1.3. Role of verification and validation in software development lifecycle
1.4. Types of software testing: static vs. dynamic testing
2. Software Testing Techniques
2.1. Black-box testing
2.2. White-box testing
2.3. Grey-box testing
2.4. Unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and acceptance testing
2.5. Test-driven development (TDD) and behavior-driven development (BDD)
2.6. Regression testing, exploratory testing, and performance testing
3. Test Design and Strategy
3.1. Test planning and strategy development
3.2. Test case design techniques (equivalence partitioning, boundary value analysis,
decision table testing)
3.3. Risk-based testing and test prioritization
3.4. Automated vs. manual testing strategies
3.5. Creating test environments and selecting testing tools
4. Verification Techniques
4.1. Code reviews and walkthroughs
4.2. Static analysis and formal verification techniques
4.3. Model-based verification and validation
4.4. Verification of software requirements
4.5. Formal methods in software verification
 4.6. Verification of non-functional requirements (performance, security, etc.)
5. Validation Techniques
5.1. Validation planning and process
5.2. User acceptance testing (UAT)
5.3. Usability testing and user experience (UX) evaluation
5.4. Alpha and beta testing processes
5.5. Field testing and deployment validation
6. Software Quality Assurance (SQA)
6.1. Principles and practices of Software Quality Assurance
6.2. SQA models and frameworks (CMMI, ISO 9001, Six Sigma)
6.3. Metrics and measurements for software quality
6.4. Continuous integration and continuous testing
6.5. Audits and reviews for quality assurance
6.6. Quality metrics and reporting
7. Validation and Verification in Agile Development
7.1. Agile methodologies and software testing
7.2. Continuous testing in Agile development
7.3. Role of testers in Agile teams
7.4. Automated testing and CI/CD pipelines in Agile
7.5. Acceptance criteria in Agile and the role of validation
8. Case Studies and Industry Applications
8.1. Verification and validation in critical systems (aerospace, healthcare, automotive)
8.2. Software testing in regulated industries (FDA, ISO 26262, etc.)
8.3. Case studies of successful V&V in large software projects
8.4. Challenges and best practices in V&V for modern software engineering

Literature

● Sommerville, I. – "Software Engineering"

● Beizer, B. – "Software Testing Techniques"
● Kaner, C., Bach, J., Pettichord, B. – "Testing Computer Software"
● Pressman, R. S. – "Software Engineering: A Practitioner's Approach"
● McDermid, J. – "Safety Critical Systems Handbook"
1.13. Mobile Application Development – 6 Credits
Structure

1. Introduction to Mobile Application Development

1.1. Overview of mobile platforms (Android, iOS, cross-platform)
1.2. Mobile operating systems architecture
1.3. Mobile app development lifecycle
1.4. Types of mobile applications (native, hybrid, web)
1.5. Challenges and considerations in mobile app development
2. Mobile UI/UX Design
2.1. Principles of mobile UI/UX design
2.2. Designing for mobile screen sizes and resolutions
2.3. Material design and Human Interface Guidelines
2.4. Usability testing for mobile apps
2.5. Creating intuitive navigation and responsive layouts
2.6. Optimizing mobile interfaces for accessibility
3. Native Mobile App Development
3.1. Android app development using Kotlin/Java
3.2. iOS app development using Swift/Objective-C
3.3. Native UI components and layout management
3.4. Mobile app debugging, error handling, and optimization
3.5. Working with APIs and external libraries in mobile development
3.6. Integration with device hardware (camera, GPS, accelerometer, etc.)
4. Cross-Platform Mobile App Development
4.1. Introduction to cross-platform development frameworks
4.2. Flutter (Dart) for cross-platform mobile apps
4.3. React Native for mobile development
4.4. Xamarin for C#-based mobile apps
4.5. Pros and cons of cross-platform vs. native development
4.6. Handling device-specific features in cross-platform apps
5. Mobile App Backend and Databases
5.1. Introduction to mobile backend architectures
5.2. Integrating mobile apps with cloud services (Firebase, AWS, Azure)
 5.3. Using RESTful APIs and GraphQL for mobile backends
5.4. Mobile app data storage: local databases (SQLite, Room) vs cloud storage
5.5. Syncing data between mobile app and cloud
5.6. Security and data encryption for mobile apps
6. Mobile App Performance and Optimization
6.1. App performance testing tools and techniques
6.2. Optimizing battery usage and memory consumption
6.3. Reducing app load time and increasing responsiveness
6.4. Caching strategies for mobile apps
6.5. Network optimization for mobile apps (handling slow networks, data compression)
7. App Publishing and Monetization
7.1. Preparing for app store submission (Google Play, Apple App Store)
7.2. App store optimization (ASO) for better visibility
7.3. Mobile app monetization strategies (in-app purchases, ads, subscriptions)
7.4. Understanding app analytics and user engagement metrics
7.5. Handling updates and maintaining apps post-launch
8. Mobile Security
8.1. Security best practices for mobile apps
8.2. Authentication and authorization mechanisms (OAuth, JWT, etc.)
8.3. Securing data in transit and at rest
8.4. Protecting against common mobile app vulnerabilities (SQL injection, XSS, etc.)
8.5. Mobile app penetration testing and vulnerability assessment

Literature

● Rauschmayer, A. – "Mobile Development with React Native"

● Sharma, M. – "Mastering Android Development with Kotlin"
● Smashing Magazine – "Mobile Design and Development"
● O’Reilly Media – "Flutter in Action"
● Eberly, D. – "iOS 16 Programming for Beginners"

1.14. Operating System (lecture + lab) – 8 Credits

Structure
 1. Introduction to Operating Systems
1.1. Definition and functions of an operating system
1.2. Types of operating systems (batch, time-sharing, real-time, distributed)
1.3. System calls and API functions
1.4. OS architecture and design principles
1.5. OS services and system utilities
2. Process Management
2.1. Process concepts and states (creation, execution, termination)
2.2. Process scheduling algorithms (FCFS, SJF, Round Robin, Priority)
2.3. Inter-process communication (IPC) mechanisms (shared memory, message passing)
2.4. Process synchronization and mutual exclusion (semaphores, mutexes, monitors)
2.5. Deadlock detection, prevention, and recovery
2.6. Threads and thread synchronization
3. Memory Management
3.1. Memory hierarchy and paging
3.2. Memory allocation techniques (contiguous, paging, segmentation)
3.3. Virtual memory and address translation
3.4. Page replacement algorithms (LRU, FIFO, Optimal)
3.5. Memory management in multi-tasking environments
3.6. Fragmentation (internal, external) and its handling
4. File Systems and Storage Management
4.1. File system concepts (files, directories, metadata)
4.2. File access methods (sequential, direct, indexed)
4.3. File allocation methods (contiguous, linked, indexed)
4.4. Disk scheduling algorithms (FCFS, SSTF, SCAN, C-SCAN)
4.5. Virtual file systems and their management
4.6. Backup and recovery techniques
5. Input/Output (I/O) Management
5.1. I/O devices and I/O interface
5.2. Device drivers and their role in I/O operations
5.3. I/O scheduling and buffering techniques
5.4. Interrupt handling and direct memory access (DMA)
5.5. I/O performance and optimization
 5.6. I/O system reliability and fault tolerance
6. Concurrency and Synchronization
6.1. Concurrency issues in multi-threaded systems
6.2. Race conditions and critical sections
6.3. Semaphores, monitors, and condition variables
6.4. Message passing for inter-process communication
6.5. Deadlock and starvation prevention
6.6. Synchronization in multi-core systems
7. Security and Protection in Operating Systems
7.1. OS security concepts (confidentiality, integrity, availability)
7.2. Authentication and access control mechanisms
7.3. Cryptography and encryption techniques in OS
7.4. Protection mechanisms (user modes, kernel modes, access control lists)
7.5. OS security vulnerabilities and attack mitigation
7.6. Securing OS and network services
8. Distributed and Networked Operating Systems
8.1. Introduction to distributed systems and their OS challenges
8.2. Process synchronization in distributed systems
8.3. Distributed file systems and remote procedure calls (RPC)
8.4. Network protocols and OS management
8.5. Distributed scheduling and load balancing
8.6. Cloud computing and its relationship with operating systems
9. Operating System Performance and Optimization
9.1. Performance metrics for operating systems
9.2. CPU and memory usage optimization
9.3. Disk and I/O throughput optimization
9.4. Scheduling for multi-core processors
9.5. Energy-efficient OS design
9.6. OS tuning for specific workloads

Literature

● Tanenbaum, A. S., Bos, H. – "Modern Operating Systems"

● Stallings, W. – "Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles"
 ● Silberschatz, A., Galvin, P. B. – "Operating System Concepts"
● Bovet, D. P., Cesati, M. – "Understanding the Linux Kernel"
● Love, R. – "Linux Kernel Development"

1.15. Software Architecture Design – 6 Credits

Structure

1. Introduction to Software Architecture

1.1. Definition and importance of software architecture
1.2. Role of a software architect in system design
1.3. Key principles of software architecture (modularity, abstraction, separation of concerns)
1.4. Architectural patterns and styles (monolithic, microservices, layered, client-server)
1.5. Architectural views and perspectives (logical, development, process, physical)
2. Designing Architectural Models
2.1. Identifying system requirements and constraints
2.2. Functional and non-functional requirements in architecture
2.3. Creating architectural models using UML (Unified Modeling Language)
2.4. Component and connector diagrams
2.5. Describing system behavior and interactions through sequence diagrams
2.6. Defining service interfaces and API design
3. Architectural Patterns and Styles
3.1. Layered architecture pattern
3.2. Microservices architecture and design principles
3.3. Client-server architecture and its variations
3.4. Event-driven architecture (EDA) and publish-subscribe models
3.5. Pipe and filter pattern, broker pattern
3.6. RESTful architecture and web services design
3.7. Model-View-Controller (MVC) pattern
4. Designing Scalable and Reliable Systems
4.1. Scalability challenges and approaches (horizontal and vertical scaling)
4.2. Load balancing and distributed computing techniques
4.3. High availability and fault tolerance strategies
4.4. Consistency and data replication models
 4.5. Caching strategies for performance optimization
4.6. Redundancy and disaster recovery mechanisms
5. Quality Attributes of Software Architecture
5.1. Performance and throughput optimization in system design
5.2. Security concerns in architectural design
5.3. Usability and user experience considerations
5.4. Maintainability and flexibility in software architecture
5.5. Modifiability and adaptability of the architecture
5.6. Interoperability and integration with third-party services
6. Architecture Evaluation and Trade-offs
6.1. Architecture evaluation methods (ATAM, SAAM)
6.2. Risk-based evaluation of architectural decisions
6.3. Cost-benefit analysis of different architectural approaches
6.4. Identifying trade-offs in design decisions (e.g., scalability vs. complexity)
6.5. Dealing with architectural concerns through documentation and prototyping
6.6. Quality metrics and architecture benchmarking
7. Designing for Software Evolution
7.1. Evolutionary architecture and continuous integration
7.2. Modularization for easier evolution and extension
7.3. Techniques for versioning and managing software change
7.4. Decomposition strategies for large systems
7.5. Refactoring and re-architecture of existing systems
7.6. Design decisions to accommodate future needs
8. Case Studies and Real-World Applications
8.1. Analysis of successful software architectures (e.g., e-commerce platforms, cloud-native
applications)
8.2. Architectural decisions in large-scale systems (e.g., Netflix, Amazon)
8.3. Applying architectural patterns to real-world systems
8.4. Lessons learned from architectural failures and disasters
8.5. Hands-on case study: Designing an architecture for a new application

Literature

● Bass, L., Clements, P., Kazman, R. – "Software Architecture in Practice"

 ● Shaw, M., Garlan, D. – "Software Architecture: Perspectives on an Emerging Discipline"
● Kruchten, P. – "The Rational Unified Process: An Introduction"
● Humble, J., Farley, D. – "Continuous Delivery: Reliable Software Releases through Build,
Test, and Deployment Automation"
● Garlan, D., Perry, D. E. – "Introduction to Software Architecture and Design"

1.16. Computer Communication & Networks – 8 Credits

Structure

1. Introduction to Computer Networks

1.1. Definitions and basic concepts of computer networks
1.2. Types of networks (LAN, WAN, MAN, PAN)
1.3. OSI and TCP/IP models
1.4. Protocols and standards (IEEE, IETF, ITU)
1.5. Network architecture and its components (routers, switches, bridges, gateways)
1.6. Network topologies (star, bus, ring, mesh, hybrid)
2. Transmission Media and Networking Devices
2.1. Transmission media (guided and unguided)
2.2. Copper cables (coaxial, twisted pair), fiber optics, wireless (radio waves, microwaves,
infrared)
2.3. Modulation and multiplexing techniques
2.4. Network devices (routers, switches, hubs, bridges) and their functions
2.5. The concept of bandwidth, attenuation, and signal-to-noise ratio
2.6. Network interface cards (NICs), repeaters, and access points
3. Data Link Layer
3.1. Functions of the data link layer (framing, error detection, flow control)
3.2. Protocols: Ethernet, PPP, HDLC, MAC
3.3. Error detection and correction techniques (parity, checksums, CRC)
3.4. Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols: CSMA/CD, ALOHA, polling
3.5. Link-layer addressing and ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)
4. Network Layer
4.1. Functions of the network layer (routing, addressing, forwarding)
4.2. Internet Protocol (IP) addressing and subnetting
4.3. IPv4 vs. IPv6
 4.4. Routing algorithms (distance vector, link state, path vector)
4.5. Routing protocols (RIP, OSPF, BGP)
4.6. Network Address Translation (NAT) and port forwarding
5. Transport Layer
5.1. Functions of the transport layer (process-to-process communication)
5.2. Transport layer protocols: TCP, UDP
5.3. Connection establishment and termination (three-way handshake)
5.4. Flow control, error control, and congestion control
5.5. TCP segments, sequence numbers, acknowledgments, and retransmission
5.6. UDP and its applications (real-time communication)
6. Application Layer
6.1. Functions of the application layer
6.2. Common protocols: HTTP, FTP, DNS, SMTP, POP3, IMAP, SNMP
6.3. Client-server and peer-to-peer communication models
6.4. Domain Name System (DNS) and its working
6.5. HTTP methods (GET, POST, PUT, DELETE) and web services
6.6. Secure communication protocols (SSL/TLS, HTTPS)
7. Wireless Networks and Mobile Communication
7.1. Fundamentals of wireless communication
7.2. Wireless transmission (radio waves, cellular networks, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee)
7.3. Mobile IP, location management, and mobility in networks
7.4. Cellular network architectures (GSM, 3G, 4G, 5G)
7.5. Wireless local area networks (WLAN) and their protocols (IEEE 802.11)
7.6. Bluetooth and personal area networks (PAN)
8. Network Security and Management
8.1. Fundamentals of network security (confidentiality, integrity, authentication)
8.2. Cryptographic algorithms (symmetric, asymmetric, hashing)
8.3. Firewalls, IDS/IPS (Intrusion Detection/Prevention Systems)
8.4. Virtual private networks (VPN) and secure tunneling protocols (IPSec, SSL)
8.5. Network monitoring and management tools (SNMP, Wireshark, NetFlow)
8.6. Network traffic analysis and anomaly detection
9. Quality of Service (QoS) and Network Performance
9.1. Quality of Service (QoS) principles and metrics (latency, bandwidth, jitter, packet loss)
 9.2. Techniques for improving QoS (traffic shaping, priority scheduling, congestion
management)
9.3. Network performance evaluation tools and metrics (ping, traceroute, throughput)
9.4. Network design and performance optimization
9.5. Load balancing and failover techniques
10. Advanced Topics in Networking
10.1. Software-defined networking (SDN)
10.2. Network Function Virtualization (NFV)
10.3. Internet of Things (IoT) and its network requirements
10.4. Network automation and orchestration
10.5. Cloud computing and its impact on networking
10.6. Edge computing and fog networks

Literature

● Tanenbaum, A. S., Wetherall, D. J. – "Computer Networks"

● Kurose, J. F., Ross, K. W. – "Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach"
● Peterson, L., Davie, B. – "Computer Networks: A Systems Approach"
● Stallings, W. – "Data and Computer Communications" ● Forouzan, B. A. – "Data
Communications and Networking"

1.17. Software Testing (lecture + lab) – 6 Credits

Structure

1. Introduction to Software Testing

1.1. Definitions and importance of software testing
1.2. Testing objectives and goals (validation, verification)
1.3. Types of testing (functional, non-functional)
1.4. Levels of testing (unit, integration, system, acceptance)
1.5. Software testing lifecycle
1.6. Testing principles and best practices
2. Testing Techniques and Strategies
2.1. Static vs. dynamic testing
2.2. White-box testing techniques (statement, branch, path coverage)
 2.3. Black-box testing techniques (equivalence partitioning, boundary value analysis,
decision tables)
2.4. Grey-box testing and hybrid approaches
2.5. Exploratory testing and risk-based testing
2.6. Test-driven development (TDD) and behavior-driven development (BDD)
3. Unit Testing
3.1. Unit testing objectives and importance
3.2. Writing test cases for individual components/modules
3.3. Mocking and stubbing in unit tests
3.4. Unit testing frameworks (JUnit, NUnit, PyTest)
3.5. Code coverage and its tools (JaCoCo, Istanbul, Coveralls)
3.6. Continuous Integration (CI) and automated unit testing
4. Integration Testing
4.1. Definition and objectives of integration testing
4.2. Top-down vs. bottom-up integration
4.3. Big bang and incremental integration testing
4.4. Interface testing and data flow testing
4.5. Tools for integration testing (Postman, SOAP UI)
4.6. Mocking external systems for integration testing
5. System and Acceptance Testing
5.1. Definition and objectives of system testing
5.2. Types of system testing (performance, security, load, stress)
5.3. Acceptance testing: alpha, beta testing
5.4. User acceptance testing (UAT) process
5.5. Automation of system testing
5.6. Regression testing
6. Non-Functional Testing
6.1. Performance testing and load testing
6.2. Stress testing and scalability testing
6.3. Usability testing and accessibility testing
6.4. Security testing (penetration testing, vulnerability scanning)
6.5. Compatibility testing (cross-browser, cross-device testing)
6.6. Localization and internationalization testing
 7. Test Automation
7.1. Introduction to test automation and its benefits
7.2. Selecting automation tools (Selenium, QTP, TestComplete)
7.3. Writing automated test scripts
7.4. Continuous testing and integration (CI/CD pipeline)
7.5. Record and playback vs. scripting approach
7.6. Automation frameworks (keyword-driven, data-driven, hybrid)
8. Bug Tracking and Test Management
8.1. Bug life cycle and defect management
8.2. Test management tools (Jira, TestRail, Quality Center)
8.3. Reporting test results and defect tracking
8.4. Metrics for testing and quality assurance (defect density, test coverage)
8.5. Traceability matrix and test case management
8.6. Integration of test management tools with CI/CD pipeline
9. Software Testing Process and Methodologies
9.1. Waterfall vs. Agile testing processes
9.2. Agile testing principles and practices
9.3. Scrum and Kanban in testing
9.4. Role of testers in DevOps and continuous delivery
9.5. Test planning and estimation techniques
9.6. Risk-based testing and prioritization

Literature

● Beizer, B. – "Software Testing Techniques"

● Myers, G. J., Sandler, C., Badgett, T. – "The Art of Software Testing"
● Kaner, C., Bach, J., Pettichord, B. – "Testing Computer Software"
● Copeland, L. – "A Practitioner's Guide to Software Test Design" ● Sommerville, I. –
"Software Engineering"

2. Information Systems
2.1. Introduction to Database Systems (lecture + lab) – 8 Credits
Structure

1. Introduction to Databases
1.1. Definitions and importance of databases
1.2. Types of databases (relational, NoSQL, hierarchical, object-oriented)
1.3. Database models (ER model, relational model, etc.)
1.4. Database management systems (DBMS) architecture
1.5. Database users and roles
1.6. Overview of DBMS components (DBMS engine, database schema, query processor)
2. Relational Database Theory
2.1. Relational model concepts (tables, tuples, attributes, relations)
2.2. Keys in relational databases (primary key, foreign key, candidate key)
2.3. Integrity constraints (entity integrity, referential integrity, domain integrity)
2.4. Relational algebra and relational calculus
2.5. Normalization and denormalization
2.6. Normal forms (1NF, 2NF, 3NF, BCNF)
3. SQL and Querying Databases
3.1. Introduction to SQL (Structured Query Language)
3.2. Data definition language (DDL): creating and modifying tables
3.3. Data manipulation language (DML): inserting, updating, and deleting data
3.4. SQL queries: SELECT, JOIN, GROUP BY, ORDER BY, HAVING
3.5. Subqueries and nested queries
3.6. Aggregate functions and set operations
3.7. Advanced SQL concepts: transactions, triggers, and views
4. Database Design and ER Modeling
4.1. Entity-relationship (ER) model concepts (entities, attributes, relationships)
4.2. Converting ER diagrams to relational schemas
4.3. Designing normalized database schemas
4.4. Cardinality and participation constraints
4.5. Strong vs. weak entities, recursive relationships
4.6. Use of generalization and specialization in ER diagrams
5. Transaction Management and Concurrency Control
5.1. Introduction to database transactions
5.2. ACID properties (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability)
 5.3. Transaction states and log management
5.4. Concurrency control: locking mechanisms, timestamps
5.5. Deadlock detection and resolution
5.6. Isolation levels (read uncommitted, read committed, repeatable read, serializable)
6. Database Indexing and Optimization
6.1. Introduction to indexing and its importance
6.2. Types of indexes (single-level, multi-level, hash-based, B-trees)
6.3. Indexing techniques and query optimization
6.4. Cost-based optimization
6.5. Execution plans and indexing strategies
6.6. Database performance tuning and optimization
7. Database Normalization and Denormalization
7.1. Understanding the need for normalization
7.2. Higher normal forms (4NF, 5NF, and domain-key normal form)
7.3. Benefits and drawbacks of normalization
7.4. Denormalization and its use cases
7.5. Trade-offs between normalization and denormalization
7.6. Case studies of normalized and denormalized databases
8. Distributed Databases and NoSQL Systems
8.1. Introduction to distributed databases
8.2. Data distribution and replication techniques
8.3. Sharding and partitioning strategies
8.4. CAP theorem (Consistency, Availability, Partition tolerance)
8.5. Overview of NoSQL databases (Document-based, Key-Value, Column-based,
Graph-based)
8.6. Comparison of relational databases vs. NoSQL databases
9. Database Security and Backup
9.1. Introduction to database security
9.2. Authentication and authorization mechanisms
9.3. SQL injection attacks and prevention
9.4. Data encryption techniques
9.5. Backup and recovery strategies
9.6. Database auditing and logging
 Literature

● Elmasri, R., Navathe, S. B. – "Fundamentals of Database Systems"

● Date, C. J. – "An Introduction to Database Systems"
● Korth, H. F., Silberschatz, A., Sudarshan, S. – "Database System Concepts"
● Codd, E. F. – "The Relational Model for Database Management"

2.2. Software Project Management – 6 Credits

Structure

1. Introduction to Software Project Management

1.1. Definitions and objectives of software project management
1.2. Role and importance of project management in software development
1.3. Software development life cycle (SDLC) models (Waterfall, Agile, V-Model, Spiral)
1.4. Project lifecycle: initiation, planning, execution, monitoring, and closure
1.5. Key success factors for software projects
2. Project Planning
2.1. Project scope management
2.2. Work breakdown structure (WBS)
2.3. Project scheduling techniques (Gantt charts, PERT, CPM)
2.4. Resource allocation and leveling
2.5. Estimating project effort, time, and cost (COCOMO model, function points)
2.6. Risk management planning: identifying and mitigating risks
3. Team and Communication Management
3.1. Roles and responsibilities of project team members
3.2. Team dynamics and leadership in software projects
3.3. Communication strategies and tools for effective project communication
3.4. Conflict management and resolution techniques
3.5. Collaboration platforms and tools for software teams
4. Project Monitoring and Control
4.1. Tracking project progress (earned value management, performance metrics)
4.2. Change management and handling scope creep
4.3. Quality assurance and control (reviews, inspections, testing)
4.4. Monitoring project risks and implementing risk mitigation strategies
 4.5. Managing project budget and cost control
5. Software Quality Management
5.1. Introduction to software quality assurance
5.2. Software quality standards and models (ISO 9001, CMMI, Six Sigma)
5.3. Quality control and validation techniques in software projects
5.4. Testing strategies and integration in project management
5.5. Continuous improvement and feedback mechanisms
6. Agile Project Management
6.1. Agile methodologies (Scrum, Kanban, Lean)
6.2. Agile principles and values (Manifesto for Agile Software Development)
6.3. Agile roles (Product Owner, Scrum Master, Development Team)
6.4. Agile ceremonies (Sprint Planning, Daily Standups, Sprint Review, Sprint Retrospective)
6.5. Managing iterative and incremental development
6.6. Challenges and benefits of Agile project management
7. Software Project Risk Management
7.1. Identifying and analyzing software project risks
7.2. Risk assessment and prioritization techniques
7.3. Risk mitigation and contingency planning
7.4. Risk monitoring and re-assessment throughout the project lifecycle
7.5. Managing project uncertainties and external factors
8. Software Project Cost and Schedule Estimation
8.1. Techniques for cost estimation (expert judgment, analogy-based estimation)
8.2. Time and cost estimation models (COCOMO, Function Point Analysis)
8.3. Estimation accuracy and techniques for reducing estimation errors
8.4. Budget management and cost control strategies
8.5. Cost-benefit analysis in software projects
9. Project Closure and Post-mortem Analysis
9.1. Project closure processes: finalizing deliverables, releasing resources
9.2. Evaluating project performance and outcomes
9.3. Post-mortem analysis and lessons learned
9.4. Documenting project outcomes and future recommendations
9.5. Closing project contracts and ensuring stakeholder satisfaction

Literature
 ● Sommerville, I. – "Software Engineering"
● Schwalbe, K. – "Information Technology Project Management"
● Royce, W. W. – "Software Project Management: A Unified Framework"
● Pressman, R. S. – "Software Engineering: A Practitioner's Approach"
● Boehm, B. W. – "Software Engineering Economics"

2.3. Software Requirement and Specifications – 6 Credits

Structure

1. Introduction to Software Requirements

1.1. Definitions and importance of software requirements
1.2. Types of requirements: functional, non-functional, and domain requirements
1.3. Role of software requirements in the software development life cycle (SDLC)
1.4. The relationship between requirements and system design, implementation, and testing
2. Requirements Engineering Process
2.1. Requirements elicitation: techniques (interviews, surveys, observation, workshops)
2.2. Requirements analysis and documentation
2.3. Requirements validation: ensuring correctness, consistency, and completeness
2.4. Requirements management: traceability and version control
2.5. Handling requirements changes and managing scope creep
3. Requirements Modeling and Specifications
3.1. Natural language specifications
3.2. Formal methods for specification (Z notation, B-method)
3.3. Graphical and diagrammatic specifications (UML use cases, flowcharts)
3.4. Prototyping and iterative requirements specification
3.5. Use cases and user stories as requirements artifacts
4. Functional Requirements
4.1. Identifying system features and functionalities
4.2. Detailing functional behavior through use cases and scenarios
4.3. Functional specification techniques
4.4. Functional requirements traceability
5. Non-Functional Requirements
5.1. Types of non-functional requirements: performance, reliability, scalability, security, etc.
5.2. Specifying and validating non-functional requirements
 5.3. Non-functional requirements in system architecture and design
5.4. Prioritizing and managing trade-offs between functional and non-functional requirements
6. Requirements Validation and Verification
6.1. Verifying requirements: correctness, consistency, and completeness
6.2. Validating requirements with stakeholders (customers, users, etc.)
6.3. Techniques for requirements verification: inspections, walkthroughs, prototyping
6.4. Requirements reviews and audits
6.5. Traceability and ensuring the requirements are met throughout the development
lifecycle
7. Agile and Incremental Requirements
7.1. Agile approaches to requirements (user stories, backlog management)
7.2. Managing evolving requirements in Agile environments
7.3. Continuous feedback and iterative requirements refinement
7.4. Requirements in Scrum: role of the Product Owner, Sprint Backlog, and Review
8. Requirements Tools and Techniques
8.1. Tools for requirements management and documentation (Jira, Confluence, Rational
DOORS)
8.2. Techniques for managing requirements traceability
8.3. Tools for requirements modeling (UML, SysML, flowcharting tools)
8.4. Techniques for requirements prioritization (MoSCoW, Kano Model)
9. Requirements Challenges and Issues
9.1. Handling ambiguous or conflicting requirements
9.2. Managing complex or evolving requirements in large systems
9.3. Dealing with incomplete or vague requirements
9.4. Legal, regulatory, and compliance requirements in software systems
9.5. The role of requirements in project success and failure

Literature

● Sommerville, I. – "Software Engineering"

● Wiegers, K. – "Software Requirements"
● Cohn, M. – "User Stories Applied: For Agile Software Development"
 ● Pohl, K. – "Requirements Engineering: Fundamentals, Principles, and
Techniques" ● Glinz, M. – "Requirements Engineering: An Overview of the State
of the Art"

3. Quantitative Methods
3.1. Linear Algebra – 6 Credits
Structure

1. Introduction to Linear Algebra

1.1. Definitions and importance of linear algebra
1.2. Vectors and matrices: basic concepts and operations
1.3. Systems of linear equations and their solutions
1.4. Geometric interpretations of linear algebra concepts
2. Vectors and Vector Spaces
2.1. Properties of vectors: addition, scalar multiplication, and linear combinations
2.2. Linear dependence and independence
2.3. Vector spaces: definition, examples, and subspaces
2.4. Basis and dimension of a vector space
2.5. Row space, column space, and null space
3. Matrices and Matrix Operations
3.1. Types of matrices: square, diagonal, identity, and inverse matrices
3.2. Matrix operations: addition, multiplication, and transposition
3.3. Determinants and their properties
3.4. Inverse of a matrix and methods of calculation
3.5. Rank of a matrix and its relationship with solutions of linear systems
4. Linear Transformations
4.1. Definition and properties of linear transformations
4.2. Matrix representation of linear transformations
4.3. Kernel and image of a linear transformation
4.4. Eigenvalues and eigenvectors of linear transformations
4.5. Diagonalization of matrices
5. Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors
5.1. Definition of eigenvalues and eigenvectors
5.2. Characteristic equation and finding eigenvalues
5.3. Diagonalization of matrices using eigenvectors
5.4. Application of eigenvalues in real-world problems (e.g., stability analysis, principal
component analysis)
6. Inner Product Spaces
 6.1. Definition and properties of inner product spaces
6.2. Orthogonality and orthonormal sets
6.3. Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization process
6.4. Projection onto subspaces
6.5. Orthogonal matrices and their properties
7. Matrix Decompositions
7.1. LU decomposition: theory and applications
7.2. QR decomposition: theory and applications
7.3. Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) and its applications
7.4. Applications of matrix decompositions in solving linear systems and data analysis
8. Applications of Linear Algebra
8.1. Linear algebra in computer graphics and image processing
8.2. Systems of linear equations in engineering and physics
8.3. Linear programming and optimization problems
8.4. Eigenvalue problems in machine learning and data analysis
8.5. Network theory and graph analysis using linear algebra
9. Advanced Topics in Linear Algebra
9.1. Jordan canonical form
9.2. Advanced matrix factorizations: Cholesky decomposition, Schur decomposition
9.3. Tensor decomposition and higher-dimensional arrays
9.4. Numerical methods in linear algebra

Literature
● Strang, G. – "Introduction to Linear Algebra"
● Lay, D. C. – "Linear Algebra and Its Applications"
● Axler, S. – "Linear Algebra Done Right"
● Hoffman, K., Kunze, R. – "Linear Algebra"
● Gilbert Strang – "Linear Algebra for Everyone"

3.2. Numerical and Symbolic Computing (Th + Lab) – 6 Credits

Structure

1. Introduction to Numerical Computing

1.1. Overview of numerical methods and their applications
1.2. Importance of numerical computing in science and engineering
1.3. Types of numerical problems: linear, nonlinear, differential, and integral equations
1.4. Error analysis and floating-point arithmetic
2. Numerical Methods for Solving Equations
2.1. Root-finding methods: Bisection, Newton-Raphson, and Secant methods
 2.2. Convergence criteria and error analysis
2.3. Solving systems of linear equations: Gaussian elimination, LU decomposition, and
iterative methods
2.4. Least squares problems and applications
3. Interpolation and Approximation
3.1. Polynomial interpolation: Lagrange, Newton’s method
3.2. Spline interpolation: cubic splines
3.3. Approximation theory and least squares approximation
3.4. Chebyshev and Fourier approximations
3.5. Applications of interpolation in data fitting and curve reconstruction
4. Numerical Integration and Differentiation
4.1. Numerical differentiation: finite difference methods
4.2. Numerical integration: Trapezoidal rule, Simpson’s rule, and Gaussian quadrature
4.3. Adaptive methods for integration
4.4. Error estimation in numerical integration
4.5. Monte Carlo integration
5. Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs)
5.1. Methods for solving ODEs: Euler’s method, Runge-Kutta methods
5.2. Stability and accuracy of ODE solvers
5.3. Boundary value problems and shooting methods
5.4. Systems of ODEs and numerical methods for stiff equations
6. Partial Differential Equations (PDEs)
6.1. Introduction to PDEs and classification
6.2. Finite difference methods for solving PDEs
6.3. Numerical methods for heat, wave, and Laplace equations
6.4. Stability analysis and convergence of PDE solvers
7. Symbolic Computing and Computer Algebra Systems (CAS)
7.1. Introduction to symbolic computing and its significance
7.2. Computer Algebra Systems (CAS): MATLAB, Mathematica, Maple
7.3. Symbolic differentiation, integration, and simplification
7.4. Solving algebraic equations symbolically
7.5. Symbolic manipulation of matrices and polynomials
8. Numerical Linear Algebra
 8.1. Eigenvalue problems: Power method, QR algorithm
8.2. Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) and its applications
8.3. Eigenvalues and eigenvectors for large-scale systems
8.4. Iterative methods for large sparse systems (e.g., Conjugate Gradient, GMRES)
9. Applications of Numerical and Symbolic Computing
9.1. Numerical simulation in engineering, physics, and finance
9.2. Optimization and machine learning using numerical methods
9.3. Symbolic solutions in control theory, signal processing, and robotics
9.4. Numerical methods in computational chemistry and biology
10. Advanced Topics
10.1. Parallel and high-performance computing for numerical methods
10.2. Numerical methods for large data sets and big data
10.3. Hybrid methods combining symbolic and numerical approaches
10.4. Solving problems in scientific computing using high-performance computing (HPC)
systems

Literature

● Burden, R. L., Faires, J. D. – "Numerical Analysis"

● Kincaid, D., Cheney, W. – "Numerical Analysis: Mathematics of Scientific Computing"
● Amos, D. E., Watson, G. A. – "Computational Mathematics: Models, Methods, and Analysis"
● Schneider, G. – "Mathematica: A Problem-Centered Approach"
● Weideman, J. A. – "Numerical Methods for Scientists and Engineers"

3.3. Probability and Statistics – 6 Credits

Structure

1. Introduction to Probability
1.1. Basic concepts of probability: experiments, sample space, events
1.2. Axioms of probability and basic probability rules
1.3. Conditional probability and Bayes' theorem
1.4. Independence and dependence of events
1.5. Probability distributions: discrete and continuous
2. Random Variables
 2.1. Definition and types of random variables: discrete and continuous
2.2. Probability mass functions (PMF) and probability density functions (PDF)
2.3. Cumulative distribution functions (CDF)
2.4. Expectation, variance, and higher moments of random variables
2.5. Common discrete distributions: Binomial, Poisson, Geometric
2.6. Common continuous distributions: Uniform, Normal, Exponential, Gamma, Beta
3. Joint Probability Distributions
3.1. Joint, marginal, and conditional distributions
3.2. Covariance, correlation, and dependence between random variables
3.3. Multivariate distributions
3.4. Transformation of random variables
4. Limit Theorems
4.1. Law of large numbers (LLN)
4.2. Central limit theorem (CLT) and its applications
4.3. Moment generating functions and characteristic functions
4.4. Convergence of random variables: weak, strong, and convergence in distribution
5. Estimation Theory
5.1. Point estimation and methods of estimation: Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE),
Method of Moments
5.2. Bias, consistency, and efficiency of estimators
5.3. Confidence intervals for population parameters
5.4. Confidence intervals for means, variances, and proportions
5.5. Maximum likelihood estimation and its properties
6. Hypothesis Testing
6.1. Null and alternative hypotheses
6.2. Type I and Type II errors
6.3. Significance level, p-value, and power of a test
6.4. Common hypothesis tests: t-test, z-test, Chi-square test, ANOVA
6.5. Hypothesis testing for means, variances, and proportions
7. Regression Analysis
7.1. Simple linear regression: Least squares method, estimation of coefficients
7.2. Multiple linear regression and multiple predictors
7.3. Model diagnostics and residual analysis
 7.4. Assumptions in regression models and methods to check them
7.5. Nonlinear regression and generalized linear models (GLMs)
8. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
8.1. One-way and two-way ANOVA
8.2. Assumptions and interpretation of ANOVA results
8.3. Post-hoc tests for pairwise comparisons
8.4. Applications of ANOVA in real-world problems
9. Non-Parametric Methods
9.1. Non-parametric tests and their applications
9.2. Sign test, Wilcoxon test, Kruskal-Wallis test
9.3. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient
9.4. Chi-square goodness of fit test
10. Time Series Analysis
10.1. Components of time series: trend, seasonality, cyclic, and irregular components
10.2. Autocorrelation and autocovariance
10.3. Stationarity and unit root tests
10.4. ARIMA models for time series forecasting
10.5. Seasonal adjustments and forecasting accuracy
11. Bayesian Statistics
11.1. Bayes' theorem and its applications in statistical inference
11.2. Prior, likelihood, posterior, and marginal distributions
11.3. Bayesian updating and Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods
11.4. Bayesian estimation and prediction
12. Applications of Probability and Statistics
12.1. Applications in business, economics, and social sciences
12.2. Applications in engineering, healthcare, and physical sciences
12.3. Statistical modeling and analysis in machine learning
12.4. Risk assessment and decision-making using probability

Literature

● Ross, S. M. – "Introduction to Probability and Statistics for Engineers and Scientists"

● Casella, G., Berger, R. L. – "Statistical Inference"
● Hogg, R. V., Tanis, E. A. – "Probability and Statistical Inference"
 ● Montgomery, D. C., Runger, G. C. – "Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers"
● Spiegel, M. R. – "Schaum's Outline of Probability and Statistics"

3.4. Discrete Structures – 6 Credits

Structure

1. Introduction to Discrete Mathematics

1.1. Sets, relations, and functions
1.2. Propositional and predicate logic
1.3. Logical connectives, truth tables, and logical equivalence
1.4. Methods of proof: direct proof, proof by contradiction, proof by induction
2. Set Theory
2.1. Basic set operations: union, intersection, complement, difference
2.2. Venn diagrams and De Morgan's laws
2.3. Cartesian products and power sets
2.4. Relations: types of relations, properties, equivalence relations
2.5. Functions: injective, surjective, bijective, and composition of functions
3. Combinatorics
3.1. Fundamental principles of counting
3.2. Permutations and combinations
3.3. Binomial theorem and Pascal's triangle
3.4. Pigeonhole principle
3.5. Combinatorial identities and generating functions
4. Graph Theory
4.1. Basic concepts in graph theory: vertices, edges, degree, paths, and cycles
4.2. Types of graphs: directed, undirected, bipartite, complete, weighted
4.3. Graph traversal algorithms: depth-first search (DFS), breadth-first search (BFS)
4.4. Eulerian and Hamiltonian paths and circuits
4.5. Graph isomorphism and graph coloring
5. Trees and Binary Trees
5.1. Basic concepts of trees and binary trees
5.2. Tree traversal methods: pre-order, in-order, post-order
5.3. Binary search trees (BST): operations and properties
 5.4. AVL trees, B-trees, and Red-Black trees
5.5. Tree balancing and height-balanced trees 6. Boolean Algebra
6.1. Boolean variables and Boolean functions
6.2. Laws and properties of Boolean algebra
6.3. Simplification of Boolean expressions
6.4. Karnaugh maps and Quine–McCluskey algorithm
6.5. Design of logic circuits from Boolean expressions
7. Relations and Ordering
7.1. Properties of relations: reflexive, symmetric, transitive, antisymmetric
7.2. Equivalence relations and partitioning
7.3. Partial ordering and total ordering
7.4. Hasse diagrams for partially ordered sets
8. Finite Automata and Formal Languages
8.1. Introduction to automata theory
8.2. Deterministic and nondeterministic finite automata (DFA, NFA)
8.3. Regular languages and regular expressions
8.4. Pumping lemma for regular languages
8.5. Applications of finite automata in text pattern matching
9. Context-Free Grammars and Pushdown Automata
9.1. Context-free grammars (CFG) and derivation trees
9.2. Chomsky hierarchy of languages
9.3. Pushdown automata (PDA) and its relation to context-free languages
9.4. Pumping lemma for context-free languages
9.5. Applications of context-free languages in compilers and programming languages
10. Recurrence Relations
10.1. Introduction to recurrence relations
10.2. Solving linear recurrence relations with constant coefficients
10.3. Homogeneous and non-homogeneous recurrence relations
10.4. Methods of solving recurrence relations: substitution, generating functions
10.5. Applications of recurrence relations in algorithms and counting problems
11. Mathematical Induction
11.1. Principle of mathematical induction
11.2. Strong induction and structural induction
 11.3. Applications of induction in proofs and algorithms
12. Applications of Discrete Structures
12.1. Discrete structures in computer science and algorithms
12.2. Applications in cryptography and network security
12.3. Applications in databases, automata theory, and artificial intelligence
12.4. Discrete structures in digital circuit design and logic optimization

Literature

● Rosen, K. H. – "Discrete Mathematics and Its Applications"

● Grimaldi, R. P. – "Discrete and Combinatorial Mathematics"
● Ralph, P., G. David, B. – "Discrete Mathematics with Applications"
● Thomas, A. B. – "Discrete Mathematics"
● Miller, M. – "Discrete Mathematics for Computer Scientists"

3.5. Calculus and Analytical Geometry – 6 Credits

Structure

1. Introduction to Calculus
1.1. Functions, limits, and continuity
1.2. Derivatives: definition and rules
1.3. Applications of derivatives: tangent lines, optimization problems
1.4. Techniques of differentiation: product, quotient, chain rules
 Integration
2.1. Indefinite integrals and basic integration rules
2.2. Definite integrals and the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
2.3. Techniques of integration: substitution, integration by parts, partial fractions
2.4. Applications of integration: areas under curves, volumes of solids of revolution
2.5. Numerical integration: Trapezoidal rule, Simpson’s rule
3. Applications of Derivatives and Integrals
3.1. Mean Value Theorem and its applications
3.2. L’Hopital’s Rule and limits of indeterminate forms
3.3. Curve sketching: first and second derivatives
3.4. Optimization problems: maxima and minima
3.5. Related rates problems
4. Partial Derivatives and Multivariable Calculus
4.1. Functions of multiple variables
4.2. Limits and continuity in higher dimensions
4.3. Partial derivatives: definition, rules, and chain rule 4.4. Gradient vectors, directional
derivatives
4.5. Optimization with constraints: Lagrange multipliers
5. Sequences and Series
5.1. Sequences: definition, convergence, and divergence
5.2. Series: definition, convergence tests (ratio test, root test, comparison test)
5.3. Power series and Taylor series
5.4. Applications of series in approximations and expansions
5.5. Fourier series and its applications
6. Vector Calculus
6.1. Vectors in two and three dimensions
6.2. Dot product, cross product, and their applications
6.3. Lines, planes, and surfaces in 3D space
6.4. Parametric equations of curves and surfaces
6.5. Vector fields and their properties
7. Analytical Geometry
7.1. Conic sections: circles, ellipses, parabolas, hyperbolas
7.2. Polar coordinates and their conversion to Cartesian coordinates
2.

7.3. Parametric equations of curves and motion along a curve

7.4. Distance between points, angles between lines, and shortest distance calculations
7.5. Equation of a plane and lines in 3D
8. Differential Equations
8.1. Introduction to differential equations and their solutions
8.2. First-order linear and separable differential equations
8.3. Second-order differential equations: homogeneous and non-homogeneous
8.4. Applications of differential equations in physics and engineering
8.5. Laplace transforms and solving differential equations using them
9. Multivariable Functions and Optimization
9.1. Multivariable functions: domain, range, limits, and continuity
9.2. Multiple integrals: double and triple integrals
9.3. Applications of multiple integrals: calculating areas, volumes, and masses
9.4. Optimization in multiple dimensions: Lagrange multipliers, constrained optimization

Literature

● Stewart, J. – "Calculus: Early Transcendentals"

● Thomas, G. B. – "Calculus and Analytic Geometry"
● Anton, H. – "Calculus: A New Horizon"
● Larson, R. – "Calculus: Early Transcendentals"
● Simmons, G. F. – "Calculus with Analytic Geometry"

4. Business Administration
4.1. Principles of Management – 4 Credits
Structure

1. Introduction to Management
1.1. Definition and scope of management
1.2. Evolution of management thought
1.3. Role of managers and management levels
1.4. Managerial functions: planning, organizing, leading, and controlling
 Planning
2.1. Definition and importance of planning
2.2. Types of plans: strategic, tactical, operational, contingency
2.3. Steps in the planning process
2.4. Objectives and goal setting
2.5. Decision making in planning
3. Organizing
3.1. Organizational structure and design
3.2. Organizational chart and hierarchy
3.3. Departmentalization: functional, divisional, matrix
3.4. Delegation and decentralization
3.5. Coordination and communication in organizations
4. Leadership
4.1. Definition of leadership and its importance
4.2. Leadership styles and approaches: autocratic, democratic, laissez-faire,
transformational
4.3. Motivation theories: Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory,
McGregor’s Theory X and Y
4.4. Influence, power, and authority in leadership
4.5. Effective leadership in decision making
5. Controlling
5.1. The controlling function and its role in management
5.2. Control process: setting standards, measuring performance, corrective actions
5.3. Types of control: financial, quality, and performance control
5.4. Tools for control: balance scorecard, budgets, and reports
5.5. The relationship between planning, organizing, and controlling
6. Communication in Management
6.1. Importance of communication in management
6.2. Types of communication: formal, informal, downward, upward, and lateral
6.3. Barriers to effective communication
6.4. Improving communication skills for managers
6.5. Digital communication and its impact on management
7. Decision Making and Problem Solving
2.

7.1. Decision-making process: identification, alternatives, selection, and implementation

7.2. Types of decisions: programmed and non-programmed decisions
7.3. Group decision making and techniques: brainstorming, nominal group technique,
Delphi technique
7.4. Problem-solving techniques in management
7.5. Ethical decision making in management
8. Management in the Global Environment
8.1. Globalization and its impact on management
8.2. Cross-cultural management and international business
8.3. Managing diversity in the workplace
8.4. Challenges and opportunities in the global business environment
8.5. Strategies for managing global teams
9. Business Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility
9.1. Ethical principles and decision making in management
9.2. Corporate social responsibility (CSR) and sustainable management
9.3. Ethical challenges in business and leadership
9.4. Corporate governance and accountability
9.5. Developing an ethical culture in organizations

Literature

● Robbins, S. P., Coulter, M. – "Management"

● Koontz, H., Weihrich, H. – "Essentials of Management"
● Griffin, R. W. – "Management: Principles and Applications"
● Stoner, J. A. F., Freeman, R. E., Gilbert, D. R. – "Management"
● Daft, R. L. – "The New Era of Management"

4.2. Technical Report Writing – 6 Credits

Structure

1. Introduction to Technical Writing

1.1. Definition and purpose of technical writing
1.2. Types of technical documents: reports, manuals, proposals, instructions
1.3. Characteristics of effective technical writing
 1.4. Audience analysis in technical writing
1.5. Ethical considerations in technical communication
Report Types and Structure
2.1. Research reports
2.2. Progress and status reports
2.3. Feasibility reports
2.4. Technical manuals and instructions
2.5. Structure of a technical report: title, abstract, introduction, methods, results,
discussion, conclusions, references
3. Writing Style and Clarity
3.1. Principles of clear and concise writing
3.2. Importance of precision and accuracy
3.3. Avoiding ambiguity and jargon
3.4. Formatting and organization for readability
3.5. Use of headings, bullet points, and lists
4. Introduction and Problem Statement
4.1. Writing an effective introduction
4.2. Defining and stating the problem clearly
4.3. Establishing the purpose and scope of the report
4.4. Literature review and background information
4.5. Framing the research question or objective
5. Methodology and Data Presentation
5.1. Writing the methodology section
5.2. Describing experimental design, tools, and techniques
5.3. Data collection methods and analysis
5.4. Presenting data effectively: tables, figures, charts, and graphs
5.5. Avoiding misrepresentation of data
6. Results and Discussion
6.1. Writing the results section: presenting findings without interpretation
6.2. Interpreting and discussing results in the discussion section
6.3. Comparing results with literature and previous studies
6.4. Drawing conclusions based on the findings
6.5. Recommendations and suggestions for future work
2.

7. Conclusion and Recommendations

7.1. Writing a concise conclusion
7.2. Summarizing key findings and contributions
7.3. Offering actionable recommendations
7.4. Writing for clarity and impact in conclusions
7.5. Avoiding overstatements and unsupported claims
8. Revision and Proofreading
8.1. Importance of revision and editing in technical writing
8.2. Techniques for effective proofreading
8.3. Peer review and feedback in technical writing
8.4. Common grammar and punctuation mistakes to avoid
8.5. Ensuring consistency and accuracy in formatting
9. Presentation and Formatting
9.1. Guidelines for formatting technical reports
9.2. Use of fonts, spacing, and margins for readability
9.3. Citation and referencing styles (e.g., APA, IEEE)
9.4. Creating appendices, tables of contents, and lists of figures
9.5. Effective use of graphics and visuals in reports

Literature

● Alley, M. – "The Craft of Scientific Writing"

● O’Conner, M. – "The Technical Writer’s Handbook"
● Day, R. A. – "How to Write and Publish a Scientific Paper"
● Strunk, W., White, E. B. – "The Elements of Style"
● Markel, M. – "Technical Communication"

4.3. Professional Practices – 6 Credits

Structure

1. Introduction to Professional Practices

1.1. Definition and importance of professional practices
1.2. Ethical considerations in the workplace
1.3. Roles and responsibilities of a professional
 1.4. Professionalism and career development
1.5. Codes of conduct and industry standards
2. Ethical Decision-Making and Legal Issues
2.1. Understanding ethical dilemmas in the workplace
 2.2. Decision-making models for ethical challenges
2.3. Legal responsibilities in professional settings
2.4. Intellectual property rights and copyright law
2.5. Confidentiality, privacy, and data protection
3. Communication and Interpersonal Skills
3.1. Effective communication strategies in professional environments
3.2. Verbal and non-verbal communication
3.3. Active listening and feedback techniques
3.4. Conflict resolution and negotiation skills
3.5. Working in diverse and multicultural teams
4. Teamwork and Collaboration
4.1. Principles of teamwork in professional practices
4.2. Roles in a team and how to collaborate effectively
4.3. Leadership vs. management in professional settings
4.4. Building trust and rapport within teams
4.5. Managing group dynamics and conflicts
5. Project Management and Planning
5.1. Basic principles of project management
5.2. Planning and organizing tasks in professional settings
5.3. Time management and prioritization
5.4. Risk management and problem-solving strategies
5.5. Use of project management tools and software
6. Professional Development and Lifelong Learning
6.1. Importance of continuous learning in professional growth
6.2. Setting career goals and objectives
6.3. Networking and mentorship in career development
6.4. Certifications and qualifications for professional growth
6.5. Staying current with industry trends and technological advancements
7. Workplace Culture and Organizational Behavior
7.1. Understanding workplace culture and dynamics
7.2. Organizational structures and their impact on work
7.3. Adapting to organizational change and innovation
7.4. Corporate social responsibility (CSR) and sustainability
 7.5. Employee well-being and maintaining work-life balance
8. Professional Writing and Reporting
8.1. Writing reports, memos, and emails in a professional setting
8.2. Preparing presentations and proposals for clients and stakeholders
8.3. Technical writing skills for documentation and manuals
8.4. Clear and concise business writing techniques
8.5. Professional documentation standards and formatting
9. Leadership and Management Skills
9.1. Leadership styles and their impact on teams
9.2. Motivating and inspiring others in the workplace
9.3. Effective decision-making and delegation
9.4. Managing conflicts and fostering a positive work environment
9.5. Developing managerial skills for future roles

Literature

● Drucker, P. F. – "The Effective Executive"

● Goleman, D. – "Emotional Intelligence"
● Covey, S. R. – "The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People"
● Northouse, P. G. – "Leadership: Theory and Practice"
● Robbins, S. P., Judge, T. A. – "Organizational Behavior"

4.4. Communication Skills – 6 Credits

Structure

1. Introduction to Communication Skills

1.1. Importance of communication in professional and personal life
1.2. Types of communication: verbal, non-verbal, and written
1.3. Communication barriers and how to overcome them
1.4. The communication process and models
1.5. The role of communication in building relationships
2. Verbal Communication
2.1. Effective speaking techniques
2.2. Public speaking and presentation skills
 2.3. Communicating with clarity and confidence
2.4. Persuasion and negotiation techniques
2.5. Handling difficult conversations and conflict resolution
3. Non-Verbal Communication
3.1. Understanding body language and its significance
3.2. Eye contact, facial expressions, and gestures
3.3. Posture, tone of voice, and other non-verbal cues
3.4. Cultural differences in non-verbal communication
3.5. Using non-verbal communication to enhance interactions
4. Written Communication
4.1. Writing clear and concise emails and letters
4.2. Crafting formal reports, proposals, and business documents
4.3. Writing for different audiences and purposes
4.4. Grammar, punctuation, and style for professional writing
4.5. Proofreading and editing skills
5. Listening Skills
5.1. The importance of active listening
5.2. Techniques for improving listening skills
5.3. Listening in group settings and meetings
5.4. Responding to feedback effectively
5.5. Empathetic listening and building rapport
6. Group Communication and Teamwork
6.1. Effective communication in group settings
6.2. Roles and responsibilities in team communication
6.3. Facilitating group discussions and brainstorming sessions
6.4. Communicating in virtual and remote teams
6.5. Managing group dynamics and decision-making
7. Interpersonal Communication
7.1. Building interpersonal relationships through communication
7.2. Conflict management and resolution techniques
7.3. Giving and receiving constructive feedback
7.4. Developing emotional intelligence for better communication
7.5. Communicating in a diverse and multicultural environment
8. Presentation Skills
8.1. Preparing and structuring a presentation
8.2. Visual aids and PowerPoint presentations
8.3. Engaging the audience and maintaining attention
8.4. Dealing with nervousness and public speaking anxiety
8.5. Handling questions and feedback during presentations
9. Business and Professional Communication
9.1. Professional etiquette and tone in communication
9.2. Communication in meetings, conferences, and networking events
9.3. Writing business emails, reports, and proposals
9.4. Negotiating and influencing others through communication
9.5. Ethical considerations in business communication

Literature

● Carnegie, D. – "How to Win Friends and Influence People"

● Goleman, D. – "Emotional Intelligence"
● Covey, S. R. – "The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People"
● Brownell, J. – "Listening: Attitudes, Principles, and Skills"
● Reynolds, G. – "Presentation Zen: Simple Ideas on Presentation Design and Delivery"

4.5. Human Resource Management – 6 Credits

Structure

1. Introduction to Human Resource Management

1.1. Definition and importance of human resource management (HRM)
1.2. Functions of HRM: recruitment, training, development, performance management
1.3. The role of HR in organizational success
1.4. HRM in the context of organizational culture and structure
1.5. The relationship between HRM and business strategy
2. Recruitment and Selection
2.1. Job analysis and job description
2.2. Recruitment processes: internal vs external recruitment
2.3. Selection techniques: interviews, tests, and assessment centers
 2.4. Legal and ethical issues in recruitment and selection
2.5. Onboarding and induction processes
3. Training and Development
3.1. Identifying training needs
3.2. Types of training: on-the-job, off-the-job, e-learning
3.3. Training methods: workshops, seminars, simulations
3.4. Career development and succession planning
3.5. Evaluating training effectiveness
4. Performance Management
4.1. Setting performance expectations and objectives
4.2. Performance appraisal methods: 360-degree feedback, self-assessment
4.3. Providing feedback and coaching for performance improvement
4.4. Managing underperformance and corrective actions
4.5. Reward systems and recognition
5. Compensation and Benefits
5.1. Compensation strategies: base salary, bonuses, incentives
5.2. Benefits management: health insurance, retirement plans, leave policies
5.3. Pay equity and legal compliance in compensation
5.4. Employee motivation and satisfaction through compensation
5.5. Non-monetary rewards and recognition
6. Employee Relations and Legal Issues
6.1. Understanding labor laws and employment contracts
6.2. Conflict resolution and negotiation in the workplace
6.3. Managing employee grievances and disputes
6.4. Collective bargaining and trade unions
6.5. Ethical considerations in HRM
7. Strategic HRM
7.1. Aligning HR practices with organizational goals
7.2. HRM as a competitive advantage
7.3. Workforce planning and talent management
7.4. HR metrics and analytics for decision-making
7.5. Organizational change and HR’s role in managing change
8. Global HRM
 8.1. HRM practices in a global context
8.2. Cross-cultural management and diversity in the workplace
8.3. International recruitment and expatriate management
8.4. Managing remote and virtual teams
8.5. Legal and ethical challenges in global HRM
9. Leadership and HRM
9.1. Leadership styles and their impact on HRM
9.2. Developing leadership skills within the organization
9.3. HR’s role in leadership development
9.4. Transformational leadership and organizational culture
9.5. Leading through change and organizational development

Literature

● Dessler, G. – "Human Resource Management"

● Armstrong, M. – "Armstrong's Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice"
● Ulrich, D., & Dulebohn, J. H. – "Human Resource Management in the 21st Century"
● Werther, W. B., & Davis, K. – "Human Resources and Personnel Management"
● Boxall, P., & Purcell, J. – "Strategy and Human Resource Management"