Welcome to
Prerequisites
Class – XI (2nd out of 4 sessions)
Square root of a Surd
𝑎+𝑐 𝑎−𝑐
If 𝑎 + 𝑏 = + then 𝑐 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏
2 2
Find the square root of 11+4 7
Square root of a Surd
𝑎+𝑐 𝑎−𝑐
If 𝑎 − 𝑏 = − then 𝑐 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏
2 2
Find the square root of 11 − 4 7
Square root of a Surd
1 𝑏𝑑 1 𝑏𝑐 1 𝑐𝑑
If 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑑 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 then 𝑥 = , 𝑦= and 𝑦 = where
2 𝑐 2 𝑑 2 𝑏
𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 =𝑎
Find the square root of 10 + 2 6 + 2 15 + 2 10
Cube root of a Surd
3 3
3 2
1. If 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 then 𝑥 + 3𝑥𝑦 = 𝑎 and 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏
2. Find the cube root of 7 + 50
7 + 50
Miscellaneous concepts and problems
2 −𝑘 2 −𝑘
i. If (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑥 + (𝑎 − 𝑏)𝑥 = 2𝑎 and 𝑎2 − 𝑏 = 1 then 𝑥 = ± 𝑘 + 1
1+ 1+4𝑎
ii. 𝑎 + 𝑎 + 𝑎 +⋯∞ =
2
iii. 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎…∞ = 𝑎
1
1−2𝑛
iv. 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 … ntimes = 𝑎
Miscellaneous concepts and problems
What is the value of 3 3 3 … 6 times
Lecture Outline
1. Definition of logarithm
2. Formulas in logarithms.
3. Graphs of logarithmic functions
4. Miscellaneous problems on logarithms
Recall Exponents
Definition of Logarithm
1. Definition: Let 𝑁, 𝑎 ≠ 1 be any two positive real numbers and 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑁. The number 𝑥
is called logarithm of 𝑁 to the base 𝑎. It can be represented as log 𝑎 𝑁 = 𝑥
2. 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑁 ⇔ log 𝑎 𝑁 = 𝑥, here 𝑎 ≠ 1 and 𝑁 is a positive real number.
Definition of Logarithm
i. We know that 34 = 81, so that log 3 81 = 4.
ii. logarithm is defined only for positive values.
iii. log 𝑎 𝑎 = 1, where 𝑎 ≠ 1 is a positive real number
iv. log 𝑎 1 = 0, where 𝑎 ≠ 1 is a positive real number
2. Logarithms
3. What is the logarithmic form of 25 = 32.
1
4. If log 𝑥 4 = − then find the value of 𝑥.
3
5. If log11 (2𝑥 + 1) = 1 then find the value of 𝑎
2. Logarithms
6. Let 𝑥, 𝑦 are any two positive real numbers then
i. log 𝑎 (𝑥𝑦) = log 𝑎 𝑥 + log 𝑎 𝑦
𝑥
ii. log 𝑎 = log 𝑎 𝑥 − log 𝑎 𝑦
𝑦
2. Logarithms
6. Let 𝑥, 𝑦 are any two positive real numbers then
• log 𝑎 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑛 log 𝑎 𝑥
𝑛 𝑛
• log 𝑎𝑚 𝑥 = log 𝑎 𝑥
𝑚
log 𝑥
• log 𝑦 𝑥 = , here 𝑦 ≠ 1
log 𝑦
2. Logarithms
108
7. Show that log = 2log 2 + 3log 3 − log 5 − 2log 11
605
2. Logarithms
7. Change base:
i. log 𝑏 𝑎 ⋅ log 𝑎 𝑏 = 1
1
ii. log 𝑏 𝑎 =
log𝑎 𝑏
𝑚
iii. 𝑎log 𝑎 = 𝑚
iv. 𝑎log𝑐 𝑏 = 𝑏 log𝑐 𝑎
log𝑏 𝑥
v. log 𝑎 𝑥 =
log𝑏 𝑎
vi. 𝑎 log𝑎 𝑏 =𝑏 log𝑏 𝑎
2. Logarithms
9. If log10 5 = 𝑎 and log10 3 = 𝑏 then find the expression log 40 15 in terms of 𝑎, 𝑏
2. Logarithms
1
What is the simplest form of log 2 15log 1 2log 3
6 6
2. Logarithms
If 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 are in geometric progression then log 𝑎 𝑥, log 𝑎 𝑦, log 𝑎 𝑧 are in arithmetic
progression.
2. Logarithms
13. log 𝑎 𝑥 is increasing function if 𝑎 > 1, it means 𝑥 < 𝑦 ⇒ log 𝑎 𝑥 < log 𝑎 𝑦
i. For 0 < 𝑥 < 1, log 𝑎 𝑥 < 0
ii. For 𝑥 = 1, log 𝑎 𝑥 = 0
iii. For 𝑥 > 1, log 𝑎 𝑥 > 0
iv. For 𝑥 < 𝑎, log 𝑎 𝑥 < 1
v. For 𝑥 = 𝑎, log 𝑎 𝑥 = 1
vi. For 𝑥 > 𝑎, log 𝑎 𝑥 > 1
2. Logarithms
12. log 𝑎 𝑥 is decreasing function if 0 < 𝑎 < 1, it means 𝑥 < 𝑦 ⇒ log 𝑎 𝑥 > log 𝑎 𝑦
i. For 0 < 𝑥 < 1, log 𝑎 𝑥 > 0
ii. For 𝑥 = 1, log 𝑎 𝑥 = 0
iii. For 𝑥 > 1, log 𝑎 𝑥 < 0
iv. For 𝑥 < 𝑎, log 𝑎 𝑥 > 1
v. For 𝑥 = 𝑎, log 𝑎 𝑥 = 1
vi. For 𝑥 > 𝑎, log 𝑎 𝑥 < 1
2. Logarithms
14. log 𝑏 𝑎 is positive if either 0 < 𝑎, 𝑏 < 1 or 𝑎, 𝑏 > 1
15. Types of logarithms
i. Natural logarithm: The logarithms which are calculated to the base 𝑒 are called
natural logarithms. log 𝑒 𝑥 can be represented by ln 𝑥. In calculus, we will use
only natural logarithms.
ii. Common logarithm: The logarithms which are calculated to the base 10 are
called common logarithms. log10 𝑥 can be represented by log 𝑥.
2. Logarithms
16. Logarithm value of a number
i. Let the number 𝑁 is more than 1 and it has 𝑛 digits before the decimal point.
The logarithm of number 𝑁 is log 𝑁. It contains two parts, first one is
characteristic (integral part) and the other part is mantissa ( decimal part).
a. Characteristic is (𝑛 − 1)
b. Mantissa can be found from the logarithmic table for the first four digits
of the given number. It is always non negative and less than 1.
ii. Let the number 𝑁 is less than 1 and it has 𝑛 zeros after the decimal point.
a. Characteristic is (𝑛 + 1)
b. Characteristic of number can be found for the first four significant digits
after the decimal point from the logarithmic table.
2. Logarithms
• Prove that log 5 1000 is greater than log 7 2058
4(3−𝑎)
• If log12 27 = 𝑎 then show that log 6 16 = .
3+𝑎
2. Logarithms
• What is the number of solutions for the inequality log csc 𝑥 sin 𝑥 > 0
• The number of solutions for the equation log cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 + log cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥 = 2 in (0,2𝜋)
Thank You