Laterally supported Vs Laterally unsupported beam
What is laterally supported beams?
A beam may be assumed to be adequately supported at the supports provided the compression
flange has full lateral restraint and nominal torsional restraint at support supplied by web cleats,
partial depth of plates etc. full lateral restraint to compression flange may be assumed to exist if
the frictional or other positive restraint of a floor connection to the compression flange of the
member is capable of resisting a lateral force not less than 2.5 % of the maximum force in the
compression flange of the member. This may be considered uniformly distributed along the flange.
What is laterally unsupported beam?
Beams with major axis bending and compression flange not restrained against lateral bending fail
by lateral torsional buckling before attaining their bending strength. The effect of lateral torsional
buckling need not be considered in the design of beams. These types of beams are called laterally
unsupported beams.
Write short notes on built up beams.
The built up beams are also termed as compound beams or compound girders. The built up beam
are used when the span, load and corresponding bending moment are of such magnitudes that rolled
steel beam is inadequate to provide required sectionmodulus. The built up beams are also used
when rolled section in adequate for limited depth.
Define shape factor.
The ratio of plastic moment to elastic moment Mp / Me is the property of cross sectional area and is
not dependent on material properties. This ratio is called as shape factor.
What is web buckling and web crippling?
A heavy concentrated load or end reaction produces a region of high compressive stresses in the
web either at support or under the load. This causes the web either to buckle or to cripple (or local
bending).
WEB BUCKLING : Web buckling occurs when intensity of compressive stress near the center of
the section exceeds the critical buckling stress of web acting as a strut. At supports and under a
concentrated load, certain portion of the beam acts as a column to transfer the load. Under this
compressive force the web of the beam section may buckle. Hence the section should be checked
for web buckling. The rolled sections are provided with suitable thickness for web so that web
buckling is avoided. The probability of web buckling is more in the case of built- up sections
having greater ratio of depth to thickness of the web.
WEB CRIPPLING : Concentrated loads and reactions are resisted by compressive stresses in the
web of steel beams. Therefore web is acted upon by large amount of stresses at these locations.
Stress concentration occurs at the junction of the web and the flange, as a result large bearing
stresses are developed. At these locations, web tends to fold over the flange. This type of local
buckling is called as web crippling. Web crippling is the buckling of the web due to the
compressive force delivered through the flange.
PLATE GIRDER
The plate girders are essentially built-up beams to carry heavier loads over large spans. They are
deep structural members subjected to transverse loads.
Application of plate girders
Plate girders are usually used to construct bridges that are suitable for short to medium spans and
may support railroads, highways or other traffic.
Some of the most commonly used girder bridges are :
- Box Girder bridge
- Beam Bridge
- Multi-girder composite bridge
- Half-Through plate girder bridges
Components of plate girder
Under what circumstances load bearing stiffeners are used in plate girder?
The load carrying stiffeners are attached with the web plate of the plate girder to avoid local
bending failure of flanges, crushing of web and buckling of web plate. They are provided under
the heavy concentrated loads and the reactions at supports.