Module B3
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Three Phase Analysis
B3.2
Balanced Three Phase Circuits
Terminology:
• phase: the impedance or voltage source
element in the three-phase connection.
• phase current: current through the phase.
• phase voltage: voltage across the phase.
Notation:
Iϕ: phase current magnitude;This notation will be used to ex-
press phase current phasor mag.
Vϕ: phase voltage magnitude;
Zc
Za
phase Za
Zb
Zb Zc
Wye connected load Delta connected load
Terminology:
• line: one of the three conductors connecting
source to load.
• line current: current through a line.
• line voltage (or line-to-line voltage): voltage
between 2 of the 3 lines at a common point.
Notation:
IL: line current magnitude; This notation will be used to
express line current phasor mag.
VL: line voltage magnitude;
Zc
Za
line Za
Zb
Zb Zc
Wye connected load Delta connected load
WYE Connection (as shown in B3 notes)
Lower and upper case subscripts correspond to the particular identified nodes.
They are used in this figure to be very explicit regarding each quantity.
However, it is more common to use only one or the other, as indicated in the
next slide.
Ia
WYE Connection
Same figure, but with more common nomenclature.
Ia
Van
Ia
Ib
Ib Vbn
Vcn
Ic
Ic
WYE Connection
I AN I BN ICN I VAN VBN VCN V
,
VAN V 0
VBN V 120
VCN V 120
VAB V AN V BN V V 120 3V 30
VBC V BN VCN V 120 V120 3V 90
VCA VCN VAN V 120 V 0 3V 150
Wye connection:
Line-Line voltages are sqrt(3) times
phase voltages in magnitude
and lead them by 30 degrees in angle.
Y: Line-Line Voltages Lead: Y-LV-Lead
Line currents equal phase currents
Delta Connection (as shown in B3 notes)
a A
IaA
IAB ICA
Vab
z z
V AB VCA
Vca
VBC
IbB
b z
B C
Vbc
IcC IBC
c
Delta Connection
Same figure, but with more common nomenclature.
a A
IIaA
a
IIAB IICAca
Vab ab
z z
VVAB
ab
V
VCA
ca
Vca
V
VBC
IIbBb
bc
b z
B C
Vbc
IIcCc IIBC
c
bc
Delta Connection
I AB I BC ICA I VAB VBC VCA V
,
I AB I 0
IBC I 120
ICA I 120
I = I -I I 0 I 120 3I 30
aA AB CA
I = I -I I 120 I 0 3I 150
bB BC AB
I = I -I I 120 I 120 3I 90
cC CA BC
Delta connection:
Line-line voltages equal phase voltages
Line currents are sqrt(3) times
phase currents in magnitude
and lag them by 30 degrees in angle.
Delta: Line Currents Lag: Delta-LC-LAG
Power relations for three phase circuits
• Iϕ: phase current magnitude;
• Vϕ: phase voltage magnitude;
• VL: line-to-line voltage magnitude
P 3V I cos • IL: line current magnitude
•These formulae can be used
P 3VL I L cos for Wye or Delta
• All quantities are magnitudes
Q 3V I sin • θ is the angle for which
phase voltage leads
phase current
Q 3VL I L sin
• Positive Q is for power
S P jQ flowing into L load
S P2 Q2 3VL IL
• Negative Q is for power
flowing “into” C load
Per-phase analysis of 3 phase circuits
• Convert all delta connections to Y
connections using
(We can prove this via
Z
ZY application of a Y-Δ
transformation)
3
• “Lift out” the a-phase to neutral circuit
• Perform single phase analysis using
phase quantities and per phase powers
• Multiply all powers by 3 to get solution
in terms of three phase powers.
Example B3.2
Three balanced three-phase loads are connected in
parallel. Load 1 is Y-connected with an impedance
of 150 + j50 ; load 2 is delta-connected with an impedance
of 900 + j600 ; and load 3 is 95.04 kVA at 0.6 pf leading.
The loads are fed from a distribution line with an
impedance of 3 + j24 . The magnitude of the line-to-neutral
voltage at the load end of the line is 4.8 kV.
a) Calculate the total complex power at the sending end
of the line.
b) What percent of the average power at the sending end
of the line is delivered to the load?
Example B3.2
900+j600
150+j50 95.04 kVA
4.8kV 4.8kV √3 ∟30° at 0.6 pf
900+j600 leading
b
150+j50
n
150+j50 900+j600
c
Solution:
First thing to do is to obtain a per-phase circuit.
Load 1: Z1=150+j50
Load 2: Z2=(900+j600)/3=300+j200
Load 3: S 95040 (0.6 j0.8)
1 3
19,008 j25,344
And we need a voltage.
What voltage do we take from the three-
phase circuit to use in the per-phase circuit?
Van ,load 4800 ∟0°
Per phase equivalent circuit
I1 I2 I3
S
1
19,008 j 25,344
How do you compute the four currents?
Compute current from source
4800 4800 19 , 008 j 25 , 344
I
150 j 50 300 j 200 4800
28.8 j 9.6 11.0769 j 7.3846 3.96 j 5.28
I I I
1 2 3
43.8369 j11.7046 A ( rms ) 45.3725 14.949 A ( rms )
Compute losses in the transmission line
2
P 3I R 3(45.3725)2(3) 18,528.04 W
loss eff
2
Q 3I X 3(45.3725)2(24) 148,224.34 VAR
loss eff
Compute power consumed by load 1.
2
P 3 28.8 j9.6 (150) 414,720 W
1
2
Q 3 28.8 j9.6 (50) 138,240 VAR
1
Compute power consumed by load 2:
2
P 311.0769 j7.3846 (300) 159,507.02 W
2
2
Q 311.0769 j7.3846 (200) 106,338.02 VAR
2
Compute power consumed by load 3:
P3 95, 040 ( 0.6 ) 57 , 024 W
Q3 95 , 040 ( 0.8 ) 76 , 032 VAR
Add the powers to the three loads
S 631,251 j168,546 VA (load end)
totalload ,3
We could have also obtained this from
3VI* (see the “check” in the text)
But which “V” to use?
Add in the losses to get sending end power:
S 631,251 j168,546 18,528.04 j148,224.34 VA
sending,3
649779.04 j 316,770.34 VA
Part b of the problem wants the percent
of the power from the sending end
that is actually delivered at the load.
631, 251
% P delivered 100 97.148
649, 779.04
This is a measure of efficiency.
Why is 100% of the power not delivered?
Wye-connections
Provides for two different voltages; loads may use the
line-to-neutral or line-to-line (e.g., 277/480 for industrial
loads);
Requires less number of turns in a transformer or
generator for the same line-to-line voltage.
Delta-connections
Transformers may still operate if one phase is lost
(called an “open delta” connection)
Lower currents in windings and so winding ampacity
may be lower.
Third harmonics caused by nonlinear magnetizing
current in transformer circulates among windings but is
not passed through.