BITS F111

Thermodynamics

Dr. Snehaunshu Chowdhury

Assistant Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
BITS F111
• Course No. : BITS F111 (3 0 3)
• Google classroom code : 6uvndvd
• Instructors : Dr. Naveen Shrivastava (Section 3) Dr. Shashank
 Khurana (Section 2)
Dr. Snehaunshu Chowdhury (Section 1)
• Instructor-in-charge : Dr. Snehaunshu Chowdhury Name
Role Chamber

No Phone Ext. email

Dr. Naveen Shrivastava Instructor 285 042753700 326 naveen@[Link] Dr. Shashank
Khurana Instructor 248 042753700 207 skhurana@[Link]
Dr. Snehaunshu Chowdhury snehaunshu@[Link]
Instructor in
Charge 247 042753700 327

(#)

Study Materials
Text Books
1. Sonntag R.E., Claus B. and Van Wylen G., Fundamentals of Thermodynamics, John
Wiley & Sons, 7th edition, 2009.
2. Cengel Y.A., Boles M.A., Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, McGraw Hill, 4th
ed., 2002.

Reference books
1. Moran M.J., Shapiro H.N., Boettner D.D. and Baitey M. B., Fundamentals of Engineering
Thermodynamics, John Wiley & Sons, 7th edition, 2011.
2. Nag P.K., Engineering Thermodynamics, Tata McGraw Hill, 4th edition 2008.

(#)

Study Materials

Data Book
1. Adopted by Van Wylen & Others
Thermodynamics Tables, Figures & Charts,
Notes- EDD, 2007.

(#)

Attendance
• 70 % attendance required to write compre exam
• Tutorial attendances count
 (#)

Correlation between Attendance and Grades in BPDC

S.N0 Courses % Average Attendance for Each Grade
A B C D E
 1 Electrical Sciences 73 66 64 53 51
2 MOW 76 72 67 60 60
3 THERMO 81 73 62 55 53
4 Mathematics I 81 76 73 66 68
5 Mathematics II 74 68 59 50 49
6 General Chemistry 77 72 69 63 58
7 General Biology 69 68 59 53 57
8 Comp Programming 77 71 66 61 52
Prob & Stat 81 76 69 63 43

Three academic years 2013-14, 2014-15 and 2015-16

General Etiquette
 Get to class on time, don’t

go out in between No mobile phone usage Do not have private conversations

Bring
Prepare Notes
Calculator, steam table etc.
Attend every class
 work)
amics

Therme (Heat)

Thermodyn Dynamics
(Motion,
Thermodynamics
Power,

• ‘Thermodynamics’ - Describes early efforts to convert heat into power

(work). • First used by Lord Kelvin in 1849.
• First thermodynamic textbook was in 1859 by William Rankine, a
professor at the University of Glasgow.
• Today Thermodynamics is broadly interpreted to include all aspects of
energy and energy transformations, including power generation,
refrigeration etc.
 Thermodynamics: Science of energy
Application Areas of Thermodynamics

• All natural activities

involve interaction
between energy and
matter
• Hard to imagine an area
that does not relate to
thermodynamics in some
manner
Question
 • Why does a bicyclist pick up speed on a downhill road even when he is
not pedaling? Does this violate the conservation of energy principle?
System, Surrounding and Boundary

• System:
• A quantity of matter or a region in space chosen for study

• Surroundings
• The mass or region outside the system

• Boundary
• The surface that separates the system from its
surroundings
• It can be real or imaginary
• It can be fixed or movable
• It has zero thickness, and thus it can neither contain any
 mass nor occupy any volume in space.

Note: The key initial step in any engineering analysis is to describe precisely what is being studied (identifying the system).
Once the system is defined, one or more physical laws or relations can be applied.

Types of System

Closed system
 • No mass can cross its boundary
Isolated system
(Consists of a fixed amount of
Open system
• Both mass and energy can cross the boundary

mass)
• No mass and energy can cross its
• But energy (in the form of heat or work)
boundary (Consists of a fixed amount of • The boundaries of a control volume are
can cross the boundary • Also known as a mass and fixed energy) called a control surface (can be fixed,
control mass moving, real or imaginary)
• Also known as a control volume
Question
A can of soft drink at room temperature is put into the refrigerator so that
it will cool. Would you model the can of soft drink as a closed system or as
an open system? Explain.

Ans: Closed system

Question
A large fraction of the thermal energy generated in the engine of a car is
rejected to the air by the radiator through the circulating water. Should the
radiator be analyzed as a closed system or as an open system? Explain.

Ans: Open system

Question
Consider the turbine in the steam power plant shown in Fig. What type of system it
is? Make system boundary and list the flows of mass and energy that are there.

Ans.

Question
Make a control volume around the whole power plant shown in Fig and
list the flows of mass and energy in or out. Make sure you know what is
inside and what is outside your chosen control volume.
 Properties of A System
• Any characteristic of a system
• e.g. pressure (P), Temperature (T), Volume (V), mass
(m) density (ρ) etc.

• Intensive properties
• are independent of the size or extent of a system
• e.g. P, T, ρ

• Extensive properties
• are dependent of the size or extent of a system
 • e.g. m, V, Energy
• Extensive properties per unit mass are called
specific properties (e.g. specific volume (v =V/m)
and specific total energy (e =E/m))
Question

Separate the list P, F, V (Volume), v, ρ, T, a, m, L, t, and V (velocity) into

intensive properties, extensive properties, and non-thermal properties.
Some Useful Properties
• Density: mass per unit volume
• Specific volume: reciprocal of density

• Specific weight: weight per unit volume

• Specific gravity: ratio of the density of a substance to the density of some

standard substance at a specified temperature (usually water at 4°C, for which

ρ=1000 kg/m3)
 �� = ��.

• Force: • Work:

�� (��)
�� �� = ��

• Power:
Some Useful Terms

Pressure
• A normal force exerted by a fluid per unit area
• Acts perpendicular to the surface
• Unit: Pa (pascal) • Compressive in nature
 • Scalar quantity �� ������ = ������ ����
• Some important conversions
�� �� ������ = ������ ����
��
= ��
�� ������ = ������������ ����

�� ������/������ = ��. ������ ×

������ ����

�� ������ =
������
����
Absolute Pressure, Gage Pressure & Vacuum Pressure
• Absolute vacuum: space which does not
contain any matter i.e. pressure=0 (i.e.
absolute zero pressure)
• Absolute pressure: if the pressure
measured relative to absolute vacuum
(i.e. actual pressure at given location).
• Atmospheric pressure: at the earth
surface pressure due to weight of air
above the earth surface. (101325 Pa)
• Gage pressure: when the pressure at any
location is above atmospheric pressure
and is measured relative to the
atmospheric pressure.

���������� = �������� − ��������

• Vacuum pressure: when the pressure at
any location is below atmospheric
pressure and is measured relative to the
atmospheric pressure. ��������
�������� = �������� −
Pressure Variation in Horizontal Direction
‘Pressure in a fluid at rest does not change in the horizontal direction’
OR
‘Pressure is the same at all points on a horizontal plane in a given fluid’
 Pressure Variation with Depth

• Pressure in a fluid increases with depth

∆�� = ���� − ���� = ����∆��

Manometer
• Device to measure pressure or pressure difference
• Construction: Glass tube containing one or more fluid (mercury, water etc.) • For
measuring relatively large pressure heavier manometric fluid e.g. mercury is used.

Example
• If the pressure inside the a container (or pipe in
which fluid is flowing) is to be measured
• Connect manometer with container
• Let the interface between container fluid and
manometer fluid become stable.
• The container pressure can be expressed as:

���� = ���� = �������� +

���������� − ����������
Note: �� = ��g
State of A System

• Consider a system not undergoing any change.

• At this point, all the properties can be measured or
calculated throughout the entire system, which
gives us a set of properties that completely
describes the condition, or the state, of the
system.
• At a given state, all the properties of a system have
fixed values.
• If the value of even one property changes, the
state will change to a different one.
The State Postulate

• The state of a system is described by its properties.

• How many properties should we specify?
• We know from experience that we do not need to specify all the properties
in
order to fix a state. Once a sufficient number of properties are specified, the
rest of the properties assume certain values automatically.
• The number of properties required to fix the state of a system is given by the
state postulate.
• The state of a simple compressible system is completely
specified by two independent, intensive properties.
• e.g. temperature and specific volume, temperature and
pressure, pressure and specific volume.

Simple compressible system: A system in the absence of electrical, magnetic, gravitational and surface tension effects.
Equilibrium of A System
• Equilibrium: A state of balance.

• Types of equilibrium
a) Thermal equilibrium
 • Temperature is same throughout the system (No heat flow)
b) Mechanical equilibrium
• Pressure is same throughout the system (No mass flow) (pressure variation with depth is neglected)
c) Chemical equilibrium
• Chemical composition is same throughout the system and not changing with respect to time (no
chemical reactions occur).
d) Phase equilibrium
• If the system involves two phases and mass of each phase doesn’t change with time.
…..Equilibrium of A System
• Thermodynamic (or complete) equilibrium: If the system is in all four types
of equilibrium

• Significance of equilibrium:
• Thermodynamics deals with equilibrium states and changes from one equilibrium state to
another. We can define state of a system only when it is in thermodynamic equilibrium
Process

• Any change that a system undergoes from one

equilibrium state to another is called a
process. and
• The series of states through which a system
passes during a process is called the path of the
process.
• To describe a process completely, one should
specify the initial and final states of the process,
as well as the path it follows, and the interactions
with the surroundings.
Quasi-static Process (Quasi-equilibrium Process)

• Very slow process

• Process path: a series of
equilibrium states
• an idealized process

Significance:
• They are easy to analyze
• serve as standards to which
actual processes can be
compared
Isobaric, Isochoric and Isothermal Process

(P=Const) Isothermal
Isobaric Isochoric Process (T=Const)
Process Process
(V=Const)
Cycle

• A system is said to have undergone a cycle if it returns to its initial state

 at the end of the process (series of processes).

Temperature: Molecular Level

• Temperature of a body is a measure of the average kinetic energy of its constituent
atoms/molecules.
• Temperature does not depend on the number of atoms presents (i.e. mass).

• Thermal energy of a body is a measure of the total kinetic energy of its constituent
atoms/molecules.
• Thermal energy depends on: number of molecules (mass) and average KE of molecules
(temperature)
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
‘If two bodies (A & B) are in thermal equilibrium (No heat transfer) with a third body (C),
they (A & B) are also in thermal equilibrium with each other’
• It is the basis of temperature measurement
• It cannot be concluded from the other laws of thermodynamics
• was first formulated and labeled by R. H. Fowler in 1931, half a century after the formulation of the first
and the second laws of thermodynamics. It was named the zeroth law since it should have preceded the
first and the second laws of thermodynamics.
…..Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
For two objects are at the same temperature (thermal equilibrium), it is not
necessary to bring them into contact and see whether their observable
properties (volume, electrical conductivity etc.) change with time. It is
necessary only to see if they are individually in thermal equilibrium with a
third object. The third object is usually a thermometer

Zeroth Law restated as:

two bodies are in thermal
equilibrium if both have the
same temperature reading even
if they are not in contact.
Temperature Scales

• Enable us to use a common basis for temperature measurements

• In SI units: Celsius scale (°C) is the relative scale and Kelvin scale (K) is the absolute scale.
• In British units: Fahrenheit scale (°F) is the relative scale and Rankine scale (R) is the
absolute scale.
 Dr. Naveen Shrivastava

Energy

• Ability to do work (cause changes in the state of the system).

Potential Energy •
Thermal energy •
• Kinetic Energy • Chemical Energy •
Nuclear Energy • • ….
Electrical Energy • • …..
Magnetic Energy Forms of Energy
• ….
Total Energy of A System

���������� ������������ = ����������������������

���������� ���� ������������ + ����������������������
���������� ���� ������������
system disregarding
Energy pertaining to the microscopic constituents
 (such as atoms, ions, Energy originating due to
molecules etc.) microscopic constituents
���������������������� ���������� ����
������������

• Forms of energy the system possesses as a whole with respect to some

outside reference frame.
• e.g. Kinetic energy, Potential energy, Magnetic energy, Electrical energy etc.

as a result of elevation of the system

as a result of motion of the system
in a gravitational field
���������������������� ���������� ����
������������
• Related to the molecular structure of a system and the degree of the molecular activity

Microscopic
Energy
Potential energies

Kinetic energies
 Thermal Energy

Binding force Atomic bonds in a

Rotational KE of atoms
between molecules molecules (chemical
Translation KE of (Latent energy) energy)
molecules

Rotational and spin KE of Binding energy within

Sensible + Latent = electrons nucleus of atom (Nuclear
Vibrational KE of atoms energy)

Sensible energy α Temp

 ……����������������������
���������� ���� ������������

The sum of all the microscopic forms of energy is called the internal energy of a
system and is denoted by U

��

Internal energy per unit mass, �� =����

Total Energy of A System
���������� ������������ (��) = ����������������������
���������� ���� ������������ + ����������������������
���������� ���� ������������

�� = (�������������� + ������������������ +
�������������������� + ����������������) + ��
�� ��
�� = ( ������ + ������ + ��������������������
+ ����������������) + ��
Neglecting Elec. E.
& Meg E.

�� = ���� + ���� + �� =�� =

�� ���� + ���� + ��
�� Specific k.e.
mass of the system, Specific p.e.
Total energy per unit Note:
=1 ��2 Specific internal energy
�� 2 + ��ℎ + ��

• Total energy of a system, is the energy contained or stored in a system, and thus can be viewed as the static forms of energy •
Thermodynamics provides no information about the absolute value of the total energy and deals with only change in total energy. the
total energy of a system can be assigned a value of zero at some convenient reference point.