C lang preprocessors

1.
What will the SWAP macro in the following program be expanded to on preprocessing? will the code
compile?
#include<stdio.h>
#define SWAP(a, b, c)(c t; t=a, a=b, b=t)
int main()
{
int x=10, y=20;
SWAP(x, y, int);
printf("%d %d\n", x, y);
return 0;
}
It compiles
Compiles with an warning
Not compile
Compiles and print nothing
Answer: Option
Explanation:
The code won't compile since declaration of t cannot occur within parenthesis.

2.
In which stage the following code
#include<stdio.h>
gets replaced by the contents of the file stdio.h
During editing
During linking
During execution
During preprocessing
Answer: Option
Explanation:
The preprocessor replaces the line #include <stdio.h> with the system header file of that name.
More precisely, the entire text of the file 'stdio.h' replaces the #include directive.

1.
What will be the output of the program?
#include<stdio.h>
#define MAN(x, y) ((x)>(y)) ? (x):(y);

int main()
{
int i=10, j=5, k=0;
k = MAN(++i, j++);
printf("%d, %d, %d\n", i, j, k);
return 0;
}
12, 6, 12
11, 5, 11
11, 5, Garbage
12, 6, Garbage
Answer: Option
Explanation:
The macro MAN(x, y) ((x)>(y)) ? (x):(y); returns the biggest number of given two numbers.
Step 1: int i=10, j=5, k=0; The variable i, j, k are declared as an integer type and initialized to value
10, 5, 0 respectively.
Step 2: k = MAN(++i, j++); becomes,
=> k = ((++i)>(j++)) ? (++i):(j++);
=> k = ((11)>(5)) ? (12):(6);
=> k = 12
Step 3: printf("%d, %d, %d\n", i, j, k); It prints the variable i, j, k.
In the above macro step 2 the variable i value is increemented by 2 and variable j value is increemented
by 1.
Hence the output of the program is 12, 6, 12

2.
What will be the output of the program?
#include<stdio.h>
#define SQUARE(x) x*x

int main()
{
float s=10, u=30, t=2, a;
a = 2*(s-u*t)/SQUARE(t);
printf("Result = %f", a);
return 0;
}
Result = -100.000000
Result = -25.000000
Result = 0.000000
Result = 100.000000
Answer: Option
Explanation:
The macro function SQUARE(x) x*x calculate the square of the given number 'x'. (Eg: 102)
Step 1: float s=10, u=30, t=2, a; Here the variable s, u, t, a are declared as an floating point
type and the variable s, u, t are initialized to 10, 30, 2.
Step 2: a = 2*(s-u*t)/SQUARE(t); becomes,
=> a = 2 * (10 - 30 * 2) / t * t; Here SQUARE(t) is replaced by macro to t*t .
=> a = 2 * (10 - 30 * 2) / 2 * 2;
=> a = 2 * (10 - 60) / 2 * 2;
=> a = 2 * (-50) / 2 * 2 ;
=> a = 2 * (-25) * 2 ;
=> a = (-50) * 2 ;
=> a = -100;
Step 3: printf("Result=%f", a); It prints the value of variable 'a'.
Hence the output of the program is -100
3.
What will be the output of the program?
#include<stdio.h>
#define SQR(x)(x*x)

int main()
{
int a, b=3;
a = SQR(b+2);
printf("%d\n", a);
return 0;
}
25
11
Error
Garbage value
Answer: Option
Explanation:
The macro function SQR(x)(x*x) calculate the square of the given number 'x'. (Eg: 102)
Step 1: int a, b=3; Here the variable a, b are declared as an integer type and the variable b is
initialized to 3.
Step 2: a = SQR(b+2); becomes,
=> a = b+2 * b+2; Here SQR(x) is replaced by macro to x*x .
=> a = 3+2 * 3+2;
=> a = 3 + 6 + 2;
=> a = 11;
Step 3: printf("%d\n", a); It prints the value of variable 'a'.
Hence the output of the program is 11

4.
What will be the output of the program?
#include<stdio.h>
#define JOIN(s1, s2) printf("%s=%s %s=%s \n", #s1, s1, #s2, s2);
int main()
{
char *str1="India";
char *str2="BIX";
JOIN(str1, str2);
return 0;
}
str1=IndiaBIX str2=BIX
str1=India str2=BIX
str1=India str2=IndiaBIX
Error: in macro substitution

5.
What will be the output of the program?
#include<stdio.h>
#define CUBE(x) (x*x*x)
int main()
{
int a, b=3;
a = CUBE(b++);
printf("%d, %d\n", a, b);
return 0;
}
9, 4
27, 4
27, 6
Error
Answer: Option
Explanation:
The macro function CUBE(x) (x*x*x) calculates the cubic value of given number(Eg: 103.)
Step 1: int a, b=3; The variable a and b are declared as an integer type and varaible b id initialized to
3.
Step 2: a = CUBE(b++); becomes
=> a = b++ * b++ * b++;
=> a = 3 * 3 * 3; Here we are using post-increement operator, so the 3 is not incremented in this
statement.
=> a = 27; Here, 27 is store in the variable a. By the way, the value of variable b is incremented by 3.
(ie: b=6)
Step 3: printf("%d, %d\n", a, b); It prints the value of variable a and b.
Hence the output of the program is 27, 6.

6.
What will be the output of the program?
#include<stdio.h>
#define PRINT(int) printf("int=%d, ", int);

int main()
{
int x=2, y=3, z=4;
PRINT(x);
PRINT(y);
PRINT(z);
return 0;
}
int=2, int=3, int=4
int=2, int=2, int=2
int=3, int=3, int=3
int=4, int=4, int=4
Answer: Option
Explanation:
The macro PRINT(int) print("%d,", int); prints the given variable value in an integer format.
Step 1: int x=2, y=3, z=4; The variable x, y, z are declared as an integer type and initialized to 2, 3,
4 respectively.
Step 2: PRINT(x); becomes printf("int=%d,",x). Hence it prints 'int=2'.
Step 3: PRINT(y); becomes printf("int=%d,",y). Hence it prints 'int=3'.
Step 4: PRINT(z); becomes printf("int=%d,",z). Hence it prints 'int=4'.
Hence the output of the program is int=2, int=3, int=4.

7.
What will be the output of the program?
#include<stdio.h>
#define SWAP(a, b) int t; t=a, a=b, b=t;
int main()
{
int a=10, b=12;
SWAP(a, b);
printf("a = %d, b = %d\n", a, b);
return 0;
}
a = 10, b = 12
a = 12, b = 10
Error: Declaration not allowed in macro
Error: Undefined symbol 't'
Answer: Option
Explanation:
The macro SWAP(a, b) int t; t=a, a=b, b=t; swaps the value of the given two variable.
Step 1: int a=10, b=12; The variable a and b are declared as an integer type and initialized to 10, 12
respectively.
Step 2: SWAP(a, b);. Here the macro is substituted and it swaps the value to variable a and b.
Hence the output of the program is 12, 10.

8.
What will be the output of the program?
#include<stdio.h>
#define FUN(i, j) i##j

int main()
{
int va1=10;
int va12=20;
printf("%d\n", FUN(va1, 2));
return 0;
}
10
20
1020
12
Answer: Option
Explanation:
The following program will make you understand about ## (macro concatenation) operator clearly.
#include<stdio.h>
#define FUN(i, j) i##j
int main()
{
int First = 10;
int Second = 20;

char FirstSecond[] = "IndiaBIX";

printf("%s\n", FUN(First, Second) );

return 0;
}

Output:
-------
IndiaBIX

The preprocessor will replace FUN(First, Second) as FirstSecond.

9.
What will be the output of the program?
#include<stdio.h>
#define FUN(arg) do\
{\
if(arg)\
printf("IndiaBIX...", "\n");\
}while(--i)

int main()
{
int i=2;
FUN(i<3);
return 0;
}
IndiaBIX...
IndiaBIX...
IndiaBIX
IndiaBIX... IndiaBIX...
Error: cannot use control instructions in macro
No output
Answer: Option
Explanation:
The macro FUN(arg) prints the statement "IndiaBIX..." untill the while condition is satisfied.
Step 1: int i=2; The variable i is declared as an integer type and initialized to 2.
Step 2: FUN(i<3); becomes,
do
{
if(2 < 3)
printf("IndiaBIX...", "\n");
}while(--2)
After the 2 while loops the value of i becomes '0'(zero). Hence the while loop breaks.
Hence the output of the program is "IndiaBIX... IndiaBIX..."

10.
What will be the output of the program?
#include<stdio.h>
#define MAX(a, b) (a > b ? a : b)

int main()
{
int x;
x = MAX(3+2, 2+7);
printf("%d\n", x);
return 0;
}
8
9
6
5
Answer: Option
Explanation:
The macro MAX(a, b) (a > b ? a : b) returns the biggest value of the given two numbers.
Step 1 : int x; The variable x is declared as an integer type.
Step 2 : x = MAX(3+2, 2+7); becomes,
=> x = (3+2 > 2+7 ? 3+2 : 2+7)
=> x = (5 > 9 ? 5 : 9)
=> x = 9
Step 3 : printf("%d\n", x); It prints the value of variable x.
Hence the output of the program is 9.

11.
What will be the output of the program?
#include<stdio.h>
#define MIN(x, y) (x<y)? x : y;
int main()
{
int x=3, y=4, z;
z = MIN(x+y/2, y-1);
if(z > 0)
printf("%d\n", z);
return 0;
}
3
4
0
No output
Answer: Option
Explanation:
The macro MIN(x, y) (x<y)? x : y; returns the smallest value from the given two numbers.
Step 1: int x=3, y=4, z; The variable x, y, z are declared as an integer type and the variable x, y are
initialized to value 3, 4 respectively.
Step 2: z = MIN(x+y/2, y-1); becomes,
=> z = (x+y/2 < y-1)? x+y/2 : y - 1;
=> z = (3+4/2 < 4-1)? 3+4/2 : 4 - 1;
=> z = (3+2 < 4-1)? 3+2 : 4 - 1;
=> z = (5 < 3)? 5 : 3;
The macro return the number 3 and it is stored in the variable z.
Step 3: if(z > 0) becomes if(3 > 0) here the if condition is satisfied. It executes the if block
statements.
Step 4: printf("%d\n", z);. It prints the value of variable z.
Hence the output of the program is 3

12.
What will be the output of the program?
#include<stdio.h>
#define str(x) #x
#define Xstr(x) str(x)
#define oper multiply

int main()
{
char *opername = Xstr(oper);
printf("%s\n", opername);
return 0;
}
Error: in macro substitution
Error: invalid reference 'x' in macro
print 'multiply'
No output
Answer: Option
Explanation:
The macro #define str(x) #x replaces the symbol 'str(x)' with 'x'.
The macro #define Xstr(x) str(x) replaces the symbol 'Xstr(x)' with 'str(x)'.
The macro #define oper multiply replaces the symbol 'oper' with 'multiply'.
Step 1: char *opername = Xstr(oper); The varible *opername is declared as an pointer to a
character type.
=> Xstr(oper); becomes,
=> Xstr(multiply);
=> str(multiply)
=> char *opername = multiply
Step 2: printf("%s\n", opername); It prints the value of variable opername.
Hence the output of the program is "multiply"

13.
What will be the output of the program?
#include<stdio.h>
#define MESS junk

int main()
{
printf("MESS\n");
return 0;
}
junk
MESS
Error
Nothing will print
Answer: Option
Explanation:
printf("MESS\n"); It prints the text "MESS". There is no macro calling inside the printf statement
occured.

14.
What will be the output of the program?
#include<stdio.h>
#define PRINT(i) printf("%d,",i)

int main()
{
int x=2, y=3, z=4;
PRINT(x);
PRINT(y);
PRINT(z);
return 0;
}
2, 3, 4,
2, 2, 2,
3, 3, 3,
4, 4, 4,
Answer: Option
Explanation:
The macro PRINT(i) print("%d,", i); prints the given variable value in an integer format.
Step 1: int x=2, y=3, z=4; The variable x, y, z are declared as an integer type and initialized to 2, 3,
4 respectively.
Step 2: PRINT(x); becomes printf("%d,",x). Hence it prints '2'.
Step 3: PRINT(y); becomes printf("%d,",y). Hence it prints '3'.
Step 4: PRINT(z); becomes printf("%d,",z). Hence it prints '4'.
Hence the output of the program is 2, 3, 4.
15.
What will be the output of the program?
#include<stdio.h>
#define MAX(a, b, c) (a>b ? a>c ? a : c: b>c ? b : c)

int main()
{
int x;
x = MAX(3+2, 2+7, 3+7);
printf("%d\n", x);
return 0;
}
5
9
10
3+7
Answer: Option
Explanation:
The macro MAX(a, b, c) (a>b ? a>c ? a : c: b>c ? b : c) returns the biggest of given three
numbers.
Step 1: int x; The variable x is declared as an integer type.
Step 2: x = MAX(3+2, 2+7, 3+7); becomes,
=> x = (3+2 >2+7 ? 3+2 > 3+7 ? 3+2 : 3+7: 2+7 > 3+7 ? 2+7 : 3+7)
=> x = (5 >9 ? (5 > 10 ? 5 : 10): (9 > 10 ? 9 : 10) )
=> x = (5 >9 ? (10): (10) )
=> x = 10
Step 3: printf("%d\n", x); It prints the value of 'x'.
Hence the output of the program is "10".

1.
Point out the error in the program
#include<stdio.h>
#define SI(p, n, r) float si; si=p*n*r/100;
int main()
{
float p=2500, r=3.5;
int n=3;
SI(p, n, r);
SI(1500, 2, 2.5);
return 0;
}
26250.00 7500.00
Nothing will print
Error: Multiple declaration of si
Garbage values
Answer: Option
Explanation:
The macro #define SI(p, n, r) float si; si=p*n*r/100; contains the error. To remove this error,
we have to modify this macro to
#define SI(p,n,r) p*n*r/100

2.
Point out the error in the program
#include<stdio.h>

int main()
{
int i;
#if A
printf("Enter any number:");
scanf("%d", &i);
#elif B
printf("The number is odd");
return 0;
}
Error: unexpected end of file because there is no matching #endif
The number is odd
Garbage values
None of above
Answer: Option
Explanation:
The conditional macro #if must have an #endif. In this program there is no #endif statement
written.

1.
Which of the following are correct preprocessor directives in C?
1:#ifdef
2:#if
3:#elif
4:#undef
1, 2
4
1, 2, 4
1, 2, 3, 4
Answer: Option
Explanation:
The macros #ifdef #if #elif are called conditional macros.
The macro #undef undefine the previosly declared macro symbol.
Hence all the given statements are macro preprocessor directives.

2.
Which of the following are correctly formed #define statements in C?
#define CUBE (X) (X*X*X);
#define CUBE(x) (X*X*X)
#define CUBE(X)(X*X*X)
#define CUBE(X) {X*X*X}
1.
If the file to be included doesn't exist, the preprocessor flashes an error message.
True
False
Answer: Option
Explanation:
True, the included file does not exist it will generate the error.

2.
Preprocessor directive #undef can be used only on a macro that has been #define earlier
True
False
Answer: Option
Explanation:
True, #undef can be used only on a macro that has been #define earlier
Example: #define PI 3.14
We can undefine PI macro by #undef PI

3.
There exists a way to prevent the same file from getting #included twice in the same program.
True
False
Answer: Option
Explanation:
True, We can prevent the same file from getting included again by using a preprocessor directive
called #ifndef (short for "if not defined") to determine whether we've already defined a preprocessor
symbol called XSTRING_H. If we have already defined this symbol, the compiler will ignore the rest of
the file until it sees a #endif (which in this case is at the end of the file).
#ifndef XSTRING_H
#define XSTRING_H defines the same preprocessor symbol,
Finally, the last line of the file, #endif

4.
A preprocessor directive is a message from programmer to the preprocessor.
True
False
Answer: Option
Explanation:
True, the programmer tells the compiler to include the preprocessor when compiling.

5.
Macro calls and function calls work exactly similarly.
True
False
Answer: Option
Explanation:
False, A macro just replaces each occurrence with the code assigned to it.
e.g. SQUARE(3) with ((3)*(3)) in the program.
A function is compiled once and can be called from anywhere that has visibility to the funciton.

6.
A macro must always be defined in capital letters.
True
False
Answer: Option
Explanation:
FALSE, The macro is case insensitive.

7.
Macros have a local scope.
True
False
Answer: Option
Explanation:
False, The scope of macros is globals and functions. Also the scope of macros is only from the point of
definition to the end of the file.

8.
Every C program will contain at least one preprocessor directive.
True
False
Answer: Option
Explanation:
False, the preprocessor directive is not mandatory in any c program.

9.
Preprocessor directive #ifdef .. #else ... #endif is used for conditional compilation.
True
False
Answer: Option
Explanation:
True, these macros are used for conditional operation.

#if <constant-expression>
#elif <constant-expression>
#endif

10.
Macros with arguments are allowed
True
False
Answer: Option
Explanation:
True, A macro may have arguments.
Example: #define CUBE(X)(X*X*X)
11.
In a macro call the control is passed to the macro.
True
False
Answer: Option
Explanation:
False, Always the macro is substituted by the given text/expression.

12.
A header file contains macros, structure declaration and function prototypes.
True
False
Answer: Option
Explanation:
True, the header file contains classes, function prototypes, structure declaration, macros.

13.
The preprocessor can trap simple errors like missing declarations, nested comments or mismatch of
braces.
True
False
Answer: Option
Explanation:
False, the preprocessor cannot trap the errors, it only replaces the macro with the given expression. But
the compiler will detect errors.

14.
A preprocessor directive is a message from compiler to a linker.
True
False
Answer: Option
Explanation:
FALSE
Example: #define symbol replacement
When the preprocessor encounters #define directive, it replaces any occurrence of symbol in the rest
of the code by replacement. This replacement can be an statement or expression or a block or
simple text.

15.
Once preprocessing is over and the program is sent for the compilation the macros are removed from
the expanded source code.
True
False
Answer: Option
Explanation:
True, After preprocessing all the macro in the program are removed.

1.
Will the program compile successfully?
#include<stdio.h>
#define X (4+Y)
#define Y (X+3)

int main()
{
printf("%d\n", 4*X+2);
return 0;
}
Yes
No
Answer: Option
Explanation:
Reports an error: Undefined symbol 'X'

2.
Would the following typedef work?
typedef #include l;
Yes
No
Answer: Option
Explanation:
Because typedef goes to work after preprocessing.

3.
Will the program compile successfully?
#include<stdio.h>

int main()
{
printf("India" "BIX\n");
return 0;
}
Yes
No
Answer: Option
Explanation:
Yes, It prints "IndiaBIX"

4.
It is necessary that a header files should have a .h extension?
Yes
No
Answer: Option
Explanation:
No, the header files have any kind of extension.

5.
Will the program compile successfully?
#include<stdio.h>

int main()
{
#ifdef NOTE
int a;
a=10;
#else
int a;
a=20;
#endif
printf("%d\n", a);
return 0;
}
Yes
No
Answer: Option
Explanation:
Yes, this program will compile and run successfully and prints 20.
The macro #ifdef NOTE evaluates the given expression to 1. If satisfied it executes the #ifdef block
statements. Here #ifdef condition fails because the Macro NOTE is nowhere declared.
Hence the #else block gets executed, the variable a is declared and assigned a value of 20.
printf("%d\n", a); It prints the value of variable a 20.

6.
Will the following program print the message infinite number of times?
#include<stdio.h>
#define INFINITELOOP while(1)

int main()
{
INFINITELOOP
printf("IndiaBIX");
return 0;
}
Yes
No
Answer: Option
Explanation:
Yes, the program prints "IndiaBIX" and runs infinitely.
The macro INFINITELOOP while(1) replaces the text 'INFINITELOOP' by 'while(1)'
In the main function, while(1) satisfies the while condition and it prints "IndiaBIX". Then it comes
to while(1) and the loop runs infinitely.

7.
Will it result in to an error if a header file is included twice?
Yes
No
It is compiler dependent.
Answer: Option
Explanation:
Unless the header file has taken care to ensure that if already included it doesn't get included again.

Turbo C, GCC compilers would take care of these problems, generate no error.