PENGIRAAN INDEKS PENCEMAR UDARA (IPU)

AIR POLLUTANT INDEX (API) CALCULATION

Pengiraan IPU ini berdasarkan sistem Pollution Standard Index (PSI)

yang diterima pakai di peringkat antarabangsa oleh United States
Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA).
API calculation is based on Pollution Standard Index (PSI) that has been accepted at the
international level by United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)
PENGUKURAN 6 PARAMETER PENCEMAR
MEASUREMENT OF 6 POLLUTANT PARAMETERS

PARAMETER PENCEMAR
POLLUTANT PARAMETER
Sulfur dioksida
Sulphur dioxide
Habuk Halus (PM10)
Particulate matter(PM10)
Habuk Halus (PM2.5)
Particulate matter(PM2.5)
Ozon
Ozone
Nitrogen Dioksida
Nitrogen dioxide
Karbon Monoksida
Carbon monoxide
 PENGIRAAN INDEKS PENCEMAR UDARA (IPU)
AIR POLLUTANT INDEX (API) CALCULATION

• Kiraan purata bagi setiap parameter diambil mengikut tempoh

masa berlainan.
The average calculation for each parameter is taken at different range of periods.

• Hal ini kerana had tempoh pendedahan yang berlainan yang

boleh diterima oleh manusia.
This is because they have different exposure periods that are acceptable to humans.
PENGIRAAN INDEKS PENCEMAR UDARA (IPU)
AIR POLLUTANT INDEX (API)CALCULATION
PARAMETER PENCEMAR TEMPOH PURATA
POLLUTANT PARAMETER AVERAGING PERIOD
Sulfur dioksida 1 Jam
Sulphur dioxide 1 hour
Habuk Halus (PM10) 24Jam
Particulate matter(PM10) 24hours
Habuk Halus (PM2.5) 24Jam
Particulate matter(PM2.5) 24hours
8Jam
Ozon 8hours
Ozone 1 Jam
1 hour
Nitrogen Dioksida 1 Jam
Nitrogen dioxide 1 hour
Karbon Monoksida 8Jam
Carbon monoxide 8hours
 PENGIRAAN INDEKS PENCEMAR UDARA (IPU)
AIR POLLUTION INDEX (API) CALCULATION

• Purata kepekatan bagi setiap pencemar mengikut tempoh yang

tertentu ini seterusnya diseragamkan menggunakan formula
matematik khusus bagi menghasilkan satu nilai yang tidak berunit
yang dinamakan sebagai SUB-INDEKS.
The average concentration of each pollutant over a given period is then standardized
using a specific mathematical formula to produce a non-unitary value called SUB-INDEX.
 PENGIRAAN INDEKS PENCEMAR UDARA (IPU)
AIR POLLUTION INDEX (API) CALCULATION

• Setiap pencemar akan menghasilkan sub-indeks tersendiri.

Each pollutant will produce its sub-index.

• Sub-index tertinggi secara relatif akan diambil kira sebagai bacaan

IPU.
The highest relative sub-index will be considered as API reading.
 PENGIRAAN INDEKS PENCEMAR UDARA (IPU)
AIR POLLUTION INDEX (API) CALCULATION

• Lazimnya, bacaan IPU adalah ditentukan oleh kepekatan habuk

halus yang merupakan pencemar dominan pada kebanyakan masa
terutamanya semasa berlakunya jerebu diMalaysia.
Usually, API readings are determined by the concentration of particulate matter that
is the dominant pollutant most of the time especially during haze in Malaysia.
PENENTUAN PENGIRAAN INDEKS PENCEMAR UDARA (IPU)
DETERMINATION OF AIR POLLUTION INDEX (API) CALCULATION

SO2 NO2 CO PM10 O3 PM2.5 Pencemarindividu

(1 hr) (1hr) (8hr) (24hr) (8 hr) (24hr) Individual
pollutants

Indeks Indeks Indeks Indeks Indeks Indeks Indeks individu

(SO2) (NO2) (CO) (PM10) (PM2.5) (Sub-Indeks)
(O3)
Individual Index
(Sub- Index)

IndeksMaksima
MaximumIndex
Bermula Pilihindeks
2017 maksima
Startedon
SelectMax.
2017 Index

IPU
Indekspencemar
API udara
Air PollutantIndex
 FORMULA SUB-INDEKS BAGI SO2 YANG TELAH
DIMODIFIKASI MENGIKUT STANDARD USEPA
Sub-index formula for SO2 that has been modified according to
USEPA standard
API Breakpoint of Concentration Equation for Sub-Index (SI)
𝑥 = SO2 (1h average, unit: ppm)
SI = ( ) × (𝑥 - 0) + 0
50 − 0
0 – 50 0.000 < 𝑥 < 0.035 0.035 −0

SI = ( ) × (𝑥 – 0.036) + 51
100 − 51
51 – 100 0.036 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 0.075
0.075 − 0.036

SI = ( ) × (𝑥 – 0.076) + 101
150 − 101
101 – 150 0.076 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 0.185
0.185 − 0.076

SI = ( ) × (𝑥 – 0.186) + 151
200 − 151
151 – 200 0.186 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 0.304
0.304 − 0.186

SI = ( ) × (𝑥 – 0.305) + 201
300 − 201
201 – 300 0.305 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 0.604
0.604 − 0.305

SI = ( ) × (𝑥 – 0.605) + 301
400 − 301
301 – 400 0.605 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 0.804
0.804 − 0.605

SI = ( ) × (𝑥 – 0.805) + 401
500 −401
401 - 500 0.805 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1.004
1.004 −0.805
 PENGIRAAN SUB-INDEKS SO2
SO2 Sub-Index Calculation

𝑥 = SO2 (1h average, unit: ppm)

SI SO2 = IFS(𝑥<0.036, ((50-0)/(0.035-0)) * (𝑥-0) + 0, 𝑥<0.076, ((100-

51)/(0.075-0.036)) * (𝑥-0.036) + 51, 𝑥<0.186, ((150-101)/(0.185-0.076)) * (𝑥-
0.076) + 101, 𝑥<0.305, ((200-151)/(0.304-0.186)) * (𝑥-0.186) + 151, 𝑥<0.605,
((300-201)/(0.604-0.305)) * (𝑥-0.305) + 201, 𝑥<0.805, ((400-301)/(0.804-
0.605)) * (𝑥-0.605) + 301, 𝑥<1.005, ((500-401)/(1.004-0.805)) * (𝑥-0.805) +
401)

10
 FORMULA SUB-INDEKS BAGI PM10 YANG TELAH
DIMODIFIKASI MENGIKUT STANDARD USEPA
Sub-index formula for PM10 that has been modified according to
USEPA standard
API Breakpoint of Concentration Equation for Sub-Index (SI)
𝑥 = PM10 (24h average, unit: μg/m3)
50 − 0
0 – 50 0 < 𝑥 < 54 SI = × (𝑥 - 0) + 0
54 − 0
100 − 51
51 – 100 55 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 154 SI = × (𝑥 – 55) + 51
154 − 55
150 − 101
101 – 150 155 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 254 SI = × (𝑥 – 155) + 101
254 − 155
200 − 151
151 – 200 255 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 354 SI = × (𝑥 – 255) + 151
354 − 255
300 − 201
201 – 300 355 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 424 SI = × (𝑥 – 355) + 201
424 − 355
400 − 301
301 – 400 425 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 504 SI = × (𝑥 – 425) + 301
504 − 425
500 − 401
401 - 500 505 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 604 SI = × (𝑥 – 505) + 401
604 − 505
 PENGIRAAN SUB-INDEKS PM10
PM10 Sub-Index Calculation

𝑥 = PM10 (24h average, unit: μg/m3)

SI PM10 = IFS(𝑥<55, ((50-0)/(54-0)) * (𝑥-0) + 0, 𝑥<155, ((100-51)/(154-55)) *

(𝑥-55) + 51, 𝑥<255, ((150-101)/(254-155)) * (𝑥-155) + 101, 𝑥<355, ((200-
151)/(354-255)) * (𝑥-255) + 151, 𝑥<425, ((300-201)/(424-355)) * (𝑥-355) +
201, 𝑥<505, ((400-301)/(504-425)) * (𝑥-425) + 301, 𝑥<605, ((500-401)/(604-
505)) * (𝑥-505) + 401)

10
 FORMULA SUB-INDEKS BAGI PM2.5 YANG TELAH
DIMODIFIKASI MENGIKUT STANDARD USEPA
Sub-index formula for PM2.5 that has been modified according to
USEPA standard
API Breakpoint of Concentration Equation for Sub-Index (SI)
𝑥 = PM2.5 (24h average, unit: μg/m3)
50 − 0
0 – 50 0 < 𝑥 < 12.0 SI = × (𝑥 - 0) + 0
12.0 − 0
100 − 51
51 – 100 12.1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 50.4 SI = × (𝑥 – 12.1) + 51
50.4 −12.1
150 − 101
101 – 150 50.5 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 55.4 SI = × (𝑥 – 50.5) + 101
55.4 −50.5
200 − 151
151 – 200 55.5 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 150.4 SI = × (𝑥 – 55.5) + 151
150.4 −55.5
300 − 201
201 – 300 150.5 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 250.4 SI = × (𝑥 – 150.5) + 201
250.4 −150.5
400 − 301
301 – 400 250.5 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 350.4 SI = × (𝑥 – 250.5) + 301
350.4 − 250.5
500 − 401
401 - 500 350.5 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 500.4 SI = × (𝑥 – 350.5) + 401
500.4 −350.5
 PENGIRAAN SUB-INDEKS PM2.5
PM2.5 Sub-Index Calculation

𝑥 = PM2.5 (24h average, unit: μg/m3)

SI PM2.5 = IFS(𝑥<12.1, ((50-0)/(12.0-0)) * (𝑥-0) + 0, 𝑥<50.5, ((100-51)/(50.4-

12.1)) * (𝑥-12.1) + 51, 𝑥<55.5, ((150-101)/(55.4-50.5)) * (𝑥-50.5) + 101,
𝑥<150.5, ((200-151)/(150.4-55.5)) * (𝑥-55.5) + 151, 𝑥<250.5, ((300-
201)/(250.4-150.5)) * (𝑥-150.5) + 201, 𝑥<350.5, ((400-301)/(350.4-250.4)) *
(𝑥-250.5) + 301, 𝑥<500.5, ((500-401)/(500.4-350.5)) * (𝑥-350.5) + 401)

10
 FORMULA SUB-INDEKS BAGI O3 YANG TELAH
DIMODIFIKASI MENGIKUT STANDARD USEPA
Sub-index formula for O3 that has been modified according to
USEPA standard
API Breakpoint of Concentration Equation for Sub-Index (SI)
𝑥 = O3 (8h average, unit: ppm)
SI = ( ) × (𝑥 – 0.000) + 0
50 − 0
0 – 50 0.000 < 𝑥 < 0.059 0.059 − 0.000

SI = ( ) × (𝑥 – 0.060) + 51
100 − 51
51 – 100 0.060 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 0.075
0.075 −0.060

SI = ( ) × (𝑥 – 0.076) + 101
150 − 101
101 – 150 0.076 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 0.095
0.095 −0.076

SI = ( ) × (𝑥 – 0.096) + 151
200 − 151
151 – 200 0.096 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 0.115
0.115 −0.096

SI = ( ) × (𝑥 – 0.116) + 201
300 − 201
201 – 300 0.116 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 0.374
0.374 − 0.116
 FORMULA SUB-INDEKS BAGI O3 YANG TELAH
DIMODIFIKASI MENGIKUT STANDARD USEPA
Sub-index formula for O3 that has been modified according to
USEPA standard
API Breakpoint of Concentration Equation for Sub-Index (SI)
𝑥 = O3 (1h average, unit: ppm)
SI = ( ) × (𝑥 – 0.125) + 101
150 − 101
101 – 150 0.125 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 0.164
0.164 − 0.125

SI = ( ) × (𝑥 – 0.165) + 151
200 − 151
151 – 200 0.165 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 0.204
0.204 − 0.165

SI = ( ) × (𝑥 – 0.205) + 201
300 − 201
201 – 300 0.205 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 0.404
0.404 − 0.205

SI = ( ) × (𝑥 – 0.405) + 301
400 − 301
301 – 400 0.405 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 0.504
0.504 − 0.405

SI = ( ) × (𝑥 – 0.505) + 401
500 −401
401 - 500 0.505 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 0.604
0.604 −0.505
 PENGIRAAN SUB-INDEKS O3
O3 Sub-Index Calculation

𝑥 = O3 (8h average, unit: ppm)

SI O3 (8h) = IFS(𝑥<0.060, ((50-0)/(0.059-0.000)) * (𝑥-0.000) + 0, 𝑥<0.076,

((100-51)/(0.075-0.060)) * (𝑥-0.060) + 51, 𝑥<0.096, ((150-101)/(0.095-
0.076)) * (𝑥-0.076) + 101, 𝑥<0.116, ((200-151)/(0.115-0.096)) * (𝑥-0.096) +
151, 𝑥<0.375, ((300-201)/(0.374-0.116)) * (𝑥-0.116) + 201)

𝑥 = O3 (1h average, unit: ppm)

SI O3 (8h) = IFS(𝑥<0.165, ((150-101)/(0.164-0.125)) * (𝑥-0.125) + 101,

𝑥<0.205, ((200-151)/(0.204-0.165)) * (𝑥-0.165) + 151, 𝑥<0.405, ((300-
201)/(0.404-0.205)) * (𝑥-0.205) + 201, 𝑥<0.505, ((400-301)/(0.504-0.405)) *
(𝑥-0.405) + 301, 𝑥<0.605, ((500-401)/(0.604-0.505)) * (𝑥-0.505) + 401)

10
 FORMULA SUB-INDEKS BAGI NO2 YANG TELAH
DIMODIFIKASI MENGIKUT STANDARD USEPA
Sub-index formula for NO2 that has been modified according to
USEPA standard
API Breakpoint of Concentration Equation for Sub-Index (SI)
𝑥 = NO2 (1h average, unit: ppm)
SI = ( ) × (𝑥 – 0.000) + 0
50 − 0
0 – 50 0.000 < 𝑥 < 0.053 0.053 − 0.000

SI = ( ) × (𝑥 – 0.054) + 51
100 − 51
51 – 100 0.054 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 0.100
0.100 −0.054

SI = ( ) × (𝑥 – 0.101) + 101
150 − 101
101 – 150 0.101 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 0.360
0.360 −0.101

SI = ( ) × (𝑥 – 0.361) + 151
200 − 151
151 – 200 0.361 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 0.649
0.649 −0.361

SI = ( ) × (𝑥 – 0.650) + 201
300 − 201
201 – 300 0.650 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1.249
1.249 − 0.650

SI = ( ) × (𝑥 – 1.250) + 301
400 − 301
301 – 400 1.250 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1.649
1.649 − 1.250

SI = ( ) × (𝑥 – 1.650) + 401
500 −401
401 - 500 1.650 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2.049
2.049 −1.650
 PENGIRAAN SUB-INDEKS NO2
NO2 Sub-Index Calculation

𝑥 = NO2 (1h average, unit: ppm)

SI NO2 = IFS(𝑥<0.54 ((50-0)/(0.053-0.000)) * (𝑥-0.000) + 0, 𝑥<0.101 ((100-

51)/(0.100-0.054)) * (𝑥-0.054) + 51, 𝑥<0.361 ((150-101)/(0.360-0.101)) * (𝑥-
0.101) + 101, 𝑥<0.650 ((200-151)/(0.649-0.361)) * (𝑥-0.361) +151, 𝑥<1.250
((300-201)/(1.249-0.650)) * (𝑥-0.650 + 201, 𝑥<1.650 ((400-301)/(1.649-
1.250)) * (𝑥-1.250) + 301, 𝑥<2.050 ((500-401)/(2.049-1.650)) * (𝑥-1.650) +
401)

10
 FORMULA SUB-INDEKS BAGI CO YANG TELAH
DIMODIFIKASI MENGIKUT STANDARD USEPA
Sub-index formula for CO that has been modified according to
USEPA standard
API Breakpoint of Concentration Equation for Sub-Index (SI)
𝑥 = CO (8h average, unit: ppm)
50 − 0
0 – 50 0 < 𝑥 < 4.4 SI = × (𝑥 - 0) + 0
4.4 − 0
100 − 51
51 – 100 4.5 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 9.4 SI = × (𝑥 – 4.5) + 51
9.4 −4.5
150 − 101
101 – 150 9.5 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 12.4 SI = × (𝑥 – 9.5) + 101
12.4 −9.5
200 − 151
151 – 200 12.5 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 15.4 SI = × (𝑥 – 12.5) + 151
15.4 −12.5
300 − 201
201 – 300 15.5 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 30.4 SI = × (𝑥 – 15.5) + 201
30.4 −15.5
400 − 301
301 – 400 30.5 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 40.4 SI = × (𝑥 – 30.5) + 301
40.4 − 30.5
500 − 401
401 - 500 40.5 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 50.4 SI = × (𝑥 – 40.5) + 401
50.4 − 40.5
 PENGIRAAN SUB-INDEKS CO
CO Sub-Index Calculation

𝑥 = CO (8h average, unit: ppm)

SI CO = IFS(𝑥<4.5 ((50-0)/(4.4-0)) * (𝑥-0) + 0, 𝑥<9.5 ((100-51)/(9.4-4.5)) * (𝑥-

4.5) + 51, 𝑥<12.5 ((150-101)/(12.4-9.5)) * (𝑥-9.5) + 101, 𝑥<15.5 ((200-
151)/(15.4-12.5)) * (𝑥-12.5) + 151, 𝑥<30.5 ((300-201)/(30.4-15.5)) * (𝑥-15.5)
+ 201, 𝑥<40.5 ((400-301)/(40.4-30.5)) * (𝑥-30.5) + 301, 𝑥<50.5 ((500-
401)/(50.4-40.5)) * (𝑥-40.5) + 401)

10
 PENGIRAAN INDEKS PENCEMAR UDARA (IPU)
AIR POLLUTION INDEX (API) CALCULATION

API = MAX (SI SO2 , SI PM10, SI PM2.5, SI O3 (8h), SI O3 (1h), SI NO2, SI CO)

Penunjuk Status Kualiti Udara = IFS(API<51, “Baik/Good”, API<101,

“Sederhana/Moderate”, API<201, “Tidak Sihat/Unhealthy”, API<301, “Sangat
Tidak/Very Unhealty”, API<501, “Merbahaya/Hazardous”)

10
 Tidak Sihat
Unhealthy

Sederhana Sangat Tidak Sihat

Moderate Very Unhealthy

100 200

Baik 50 300 Merbahaya

Good Hazardous

0 500

PETUNJUK STATUS KUALITI UDARA

AIR QUALITY STATUS INDICATION
 INDEKS PENCEMAR UDARA: KESAN KEPADA KESIHATAN
AIR POLLUTANT INDEX: IMPACT ON HEALTH
IPU Status Kesan kepadaKesihatan Nasihat Kesihatan
API Status Health Effect Health Advice
0 – 50 Baik Pencemaran yang rendah tanpa sebarang Tiada sekatan untuk aktiviti luar kepada
Good kesan buruk terhadap kesihatan. orang ramai. Mengekalkan gaya
Low pollution without any bad effecton hidup sihat.
health. No restriction for outdoor activities to the
public. Maintain healthylifestyle.

51 – 100 Sederhana Pencemaran yang sederhana yang tidak Tiada sekatan untuk aktiviti luar
Moderate memberi kesan buruk kepada kesihatan. kepada orang ramai. Mengekalkan gaya
Moderate pollution that does not pose any hidup sihat.
bad effect on health. No restriction for outdoor activities to the
public. Maintain healthylifestyle.

101 –200 Tidak sihat Mengurangkan keadaan kesihatanuntuk Aktiviti luar terhad untuk orang berisiko
(untuk warga tua, wanita hamil, kanak-kanak tinggi
kumpulan dan orang-orang yang mempunyai Limited outdoor activities for the high
yangsensitif) komplikasi jantung dan paru-paru. risk people.
Unhealthy Worsen the health condition for elderly,
(for sensitive pregnant woman, children and people who
group) is with heart and lungcomplications.
10
IPU Status Kesan kepadaKesihatan Nasihat Kesihatan
API Status Health Effect Health Advice
201 –300 Sangattidak Memburukkan keadaan kesihatan dan Orang tua dan orang yang mempunyai
sihat toleransi yang rendah terhadap risiko tinggi dinasihatkan untukberada
Very latihan fizikal kepada orang yang di dalam kediaman dan mengurangkan
Unhealthy mempunyai komplikasi jantung dan aktiviti fizikal. Orang yangmempunyai
paru-paru. Mempengaruhi kesihatan komplikasi kesihatandinasihatkan
awam. supaya berjumpa dengan doktor.
Worsen the health condition andlow Old and high risk people are advised to
tolerance stay indoor and reduce physical activities.
of physical exercises to people withheart People with health complications are
and lung complications. advised to see doctor.
Affect public health.
> 300 Merbahaya Berbahaya kepada orang yang berisiko Orang tua dan orang yang berisiko tinggi
Hazardous tinggi dan kesihatan awam. dilarang untuk aktiviti luar. Orang awam
Hazardous to high risk people andpublic dinasihatkan untuk mengelak daripada
health. melakukan aktiviti luar.
Old and high risk people areprohibited
for outdoor activities. Public areadvised
to prevent from outdoor activities.

> 500 Kecemasan Berbahaya kepada orang yang berisiko Orang awam dinasihatkan untuk
Emergency tinggi dan kesihatan awam. mengikuti arahan dari Majlis
Hazardous to high risk people andpublic Keselamatan Negara dan sentiasa
health. mengikuti pengumuman di media
massa.
Public are advised to follow orders from
National Security Council and always
follow the announcement in mass media.