Taylor’s University
Engineering Solid Mechanics
Lecture 8
Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress
Prepared by
[Link] Chou Pui
Dr Amares May
Singh
1
Lecture Objective
At the end of this lecture, you should be able to apply
Mohr’s circle approach to determine the principal stresses,
principal planes, maximum shear stress and the
corresponding normal stress.
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Lecture Topics
Stress Transformation Equations
Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stresses
Sign Convention for τ in Mohr’s Circle
Procedure for Drawing Mohr’s Circle
Construction of Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stresses
Stresses on Inclined Element
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Principal Angles
The subscript p indicates that the angle θp defines the
orientation of the principal planes, i.e. the planes on which
the principal stresses act
Two values of the angle 2θp in the range from 0° to 360°
can be obtained. These values differ by 180°, with one
value between 0° and 180°, and the other between 180°
and 360°
Therefore, the angle θp has two values that differ by 90°,
one value between 0 and 90°, and the other between 90°
and 180° Principal stresses occur on mutually perpendicular planes 4
Orientation of Maximum Shear Stress
The angle θs defines the orientation of the planes of
maximum shear stresses
This equation yields two values of the angle θs in the range
from 0° to 180°. These values differ by 90°, with one value
between 0° and 90°, and the other between 90° and 180°
Therefore, the angle θs has two values that differ by 90°
Maximum shear stresses occur on perpendicular planes
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Correlation between θs and θp
Comparing these two equations:
We have,
Applying trigonometric function:
sin 2𝜃𝜃𝑠𝑠 cos 2𝜃𝜃𝑝𝑝
+ =0
cos 2𝜃𝜃𝑠𝑠 sin 2𝜃𝜃𝑝𝑝
Multiplying by the terms in the denominator:
sin 2𝜃𝜃𝑠𝑠 sin 2𝜃𝜃𝑝𝑝 + cos 2𝜃𝜃𝑠𝑠 cos 2𝜃𝜃𝑝𝑝 = 0
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sin 2𝜃𝜃𝑠𝑠 sin 2𝜃𝜃𝑝𝑝 + cos 2𝜃𝜃𝑠𝑠 cos 2𝜃𝜃𝑝𝑝 = 0
which is equivalent to
cos 2𝜃𝜃𝑠𝑠 − 2𝜃𝜃𝑝𝑝 = 0
Therefore
2𝜃𝜃𝑠𝑠 − 2𝜃𝜃𝑝𝑝 = ±90°
and
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Positive Shear Stress
Shear stresses on opposite (and parallel)
(+) faces of an element are equal in magnitude
and opposite in direction
Shear stress acting on a positive face of an
element is positive if it acts in the positive
direction of an axis
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Stress Transformations Equations
If we vary θ from 0° to 360°, we will get all possible values of σx1
and τx1y1 for a given state of stress. It would be useful to
represent σx1 and τx1y1 as a function of θ in graphical form. 9
Squaring both sides of each equation and adding the two equations
together, we have
Define σavg and R:
Substitute both 𝝈𝝈𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 and 𝑹𝑹 to get:
which is the equation for a circle with center C (σavg,0) and radius R.
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Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress
When τ = 0
Center of circle The direction of orientation from Ox
to Oa is the same as CX to CA 11
Radius of circle
Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress
With Mohr’s Circle uniquely defined, the
state of stress at other axes orientations
may be depicted
For the state of stress at an angle θ with
respect to the xy axes, construct a new
diameter X’Y’ at an angle 2θ with respect to
XY
Normal and shear stresses are obtained
from the coordinates X’Y’
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Sign Convention for τ in Mohr’s Circle
Negative τ
Positive τ
Notice that shear stress τ is plotted as positive downward
The reason for doing this is that 2θ is positive counterclockwise, which
agrees with the direction of 2θ used in the derivation of the transformation
equations
Note: θ on the stress element = 2θ in Mohr’s circle 13
Procedure for Drawing Mohr’s Circle
1. Draw a set of coordinate axes with σx1 (positive to the right) and
τx1y1 (positive downward)
2. Locate the center of the circle C at the point having coordinates
σx1 = σavg and τx1y1 = 0
3. Locate point A, representing the stress conditions on the x face of
the element by plotting its coordinates σx1 = σx and τx1y1 = τxy
*Note that point A on the circle corresponds to θ = 0°
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Procedure for Drawing Mohr’s Circle
4. Locate point B, representing the stress conditions on the y face of the
element by plotting its coordinates σx1 = σy and τx1y1 = -τxy
*Note that point B on the circle corresponds to θ = 90°
5. Draw a line from point A to point B, diameter of the circle passing
through point C. Point A and B (representing stresses on planes at
90° to each other) are at opposite ends of the diameter
(and therefore 180° apart on the circle)
6. Using point C as the center, draw Mohr’s circle through points A and B.
This circle has radius R 15
Construction of Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stresses
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Stresses on an Inclined Element
1. On Mohr’s circle, measure an angle 2θ counterclockwise
from radius CA because point A corresponds to θ = 0° and
hence is the reference point from which angles are measured
2. The angle 2θ locates the point D on the circle, which has
coordinates σx1 and τx1y1. Point D represents the stresses on
the x1 face of the inclined element
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Stress on an Inclined Element
3. Point E, which is diametrically opposite point D on the circle,
is located at an angle 2θ + 180° from CA (and 180° from
CD). Thus, point E gives the stress on the y1 face of the
inclined element
4. So as we rotate the x1y1 axes counterclockwise by an angle
θ, the point on Mohr’s circle corresponding to the x1 face
moves counterclockwise through an angle 2θ
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Graphical Illustration of Stress Transformation
(θ+90)
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Explanation
• Principal stresses are stresses that act on a principal surface.
This surface has no shear force components (τx1y1 = 0)
• This can be easily done by rotating A and B to the σx1 axis
• σ1 = stress on x1 surface; σ2 = stress on y1 surface
• The object in reality has to be oriented at angle θp to
experience ZERO shear stress
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Principal Stresses
2θp1
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Explanation
• The same method to calculate principal stresses is used to find
the maximum shear stress
• Point A and B are rotated to the point of maximum τx1y1 value.
This is the maximum shear stress τmax
• Uniform planar stress σs and shear stress τmax will be experienced
by both x1 and y1 surfaces
• The object in reality has to be oriented at an angle θs to
experience maximum shear stress 22
Maximum Shear Stress
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Example 1
At a point on the surface of a hydraulic ram
on a piece of construction equipment, the
material is subjected to biaxial stresses.
Using Mohr’s circle, determine the stresses
acting on an element inclined at an angle
θ=30° counterclockwise. Consider only the
in-plane stresses, and show the results on a
sketch of a properly oriented element.
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Solution:
• List down all the stress components
σx = 90 MPa, σy = 20 MPa
• Calculate σavg and R of the circle
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Solution:
• Construct Mohr’s circle
- setting up the axes for the normal and shear stresses,
with σx1 positive to the right and τx1y1 positive downward
• Point A = stress on the x face of the element (θ = 0), has
coordinates
• Point B = stress on the y face of the element (θ = 90°), has
coordinates
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Solution:
• Construct Mohr’s circle:
The stresses acting on a plane
oriented at an angle θ = 30°
are given by the coordinates of
point D, which is at an angle
2θ = 60° from point A
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*Note that σx’ + σy’ = σx + σy = 110 MPa
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Solution:
• Sketch of the stresses acting on an element oriented at an angle
θ = 30°
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Example 2
Draw Mohr’s Circle of the stress element shown below.
Determine the principal planes, principal stresses and the
maximum shearing stresses.
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Solution:
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Solution:
Coordinates of Points
A: (-80, -25)
B: (50, 25)
C: (-15, 0)
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Solution:
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Solution:
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Solution:
• Sketch the stress element showing principal planes and principal stresses
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Solution:
2θs1
2θs1
θs1
2𝜃𝜃𝑠𝑠𝑠 = − 90° − 21° = −69°
∴ 𝜽𝜽𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 = −𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟓𝟓𝟓 36
Solution:
θ𝑠𝑠𝑠
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Example 3
For the state of plane stress shown,
(a) construct Mohr’s circle, determine
(b) the principal planes,
(c) the principal stresses,
(d) the maximum shearing stress and
the corresponding normal stress 38
Solution:
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Solution:
Coordinates of Points
A: (50, 40)
B: (-10, -40)
C: (20, 0)
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Solution:
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Solution:
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Solution:
• Sketch the stress element showing principal planes and principal stresses
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Solution:
𝟐𝟐𝜽𝜽𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔
𝜽𝜽𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔
𝟐𝟐𝜽𝜽𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 = – (90 – 2𝜃𝜃𝑝𝑝1 ) = – 36.9⁰
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𝜃𝜃𝑠𝑠𝑠 = – 18.45⁰
Solution:
• Sketch the stress element showing maximum shear stress and average normal stresses
θs2 = 71.6°
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