ST.

GEORGE’S SCHOOL
ALAKNANDA

PROBABILITY
Class 12 - Mathematics

Section A
1. If A and B are two events such that P(A) = 1

2
, P(B) = 1

3
, P( A

B
) =
1

4
then P (A ′ ′
∩ B ) equals [1]

a) 1

12
b) 3

16

c) d)
1 3

4 4

2. The probability that A speaks the truth is 4

5
and that of B speaking the truth is 3

4
. The probability that they [1]
contradict each other in stating the same fact is:

a) 4

5
b) 1

c) 3

20
d) 7

20

3. If A and B are such events that P(A) > 0 and P(B) ≠ 1, then P(A'/B') equals. [1]

a) 1−P(A∪B)

′
b) ′
P ( A ) /P ( B )
′

P(B )

c) 1 − P (A/B) d) 1 − P ( A /B)
′

4. A bag contains 5 red and 3 blue balls. If 3 balls are drawn at random without replacement the the probability that [1]
exactly two of the three balls were red, the first ball being red, is

a) b)
4 15

7 28

c) 5

28
d) 1

5. A box contains 3 orange balls, 3 green balls and 2 blue balls. Three balls are drawn at random from the box [1]
without replacement. The probability of drawing 2 green balls and one blue ball is

a) 1

28
b) 3

28

c) 167

168
d) 2

21

6. A bag contains 5 red and 3 blue balls. If 3 balls are drawn at random without replacement the probability of [1]
getting exactly one red ball is

a) 45

196
b) 15

56

c) d)
15 135

29 392

7. It is given that the probability that A can solve a given problem is 3

5
and the probability that B can solve the [1]
same problem is 2

3
. The probability that at least one of A and B can solve a problem is

a) b)
13 2

15 15

c) 1

15
d) 2

8. Two men hit at a target with probabilities 1

2
and 1

3
, respectively. What is the probability that exactly one of them [1]
hits the target?

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 a) 1

6
b) 1

c) 1

3
d) 2

9. If E and F are independent, then _____ [1]

a) P (E ∩ F) = P (E) P (E|F) b) P (E ∩ F) = P (E) P (F)

c) P (E ∩ F) = P (E) P (F|E) d) P (E ∩ F) =P (E ∪ F)
10. If two events are independent, then [1]

a) None of these b) they must be mutually exclusive

c) they must be mutually exclusive and the d) the sum of their probabilities must be equal
sum of their probabilities must be equal to 1 to 1
both are correct
11. In a certain town, 40% persons have brown hair, 25% have brown eyes, and 15% have both. If a person selected [1]
at random has brown hair, the chance that a person selected at random with brown hair is with brown eyes

a) b)
1 3

3 20

c) 3

8
d) 2

12. A speaks truth in 75% cases and B speaks truth in 80% cases. Probability that they contradict each other in a [1]
statement, is

a) 2

5
b) 13

20

c) d)
7 3

20 5

13. Probability that A speaks truth is 4

5
. A coin is tossed. A reports that a head appears. The probability that actually [1]
there was head is

a) 4

5
b) 2

c) 1

5
d) 1

Section B
14. The probability that a certain person will buy a shirt is 0.2, the probability that he will buy a coat is 0.3 and the [1]
probability that he will buy a shirt given that he buys a coat is 0.4. Find the probability that he will buy both a
shirt and a coat.
15. Find the probability that the sum of the numbers on two dice is 8, given that at least one die does not show five. [1]
16. Let A and B be the events such that P(A) = 1

3
, P(B) = 1

4
and P(A ∩ B) = 1

5
find P(A/B). [1]
17. Two balls are drawn at random with replacement from a box containing 10 black and 8 red balls. Find the [1]
probability that:
i. both balls are red.
ii. first ball is black and second is red.
iii. one of them is black and other is red.
18. A die is tossed thrice. Find the probability of getting an odd number at least once. [1]
19. If E1 and E2 are independent events such that P(E1) = 0.3 and P(E2) = 0.4, find P (E
¯
¯¯¯
1 ∩ E2 ) . [1]

20. Given two independent events A and B such that P (A) = 0.3, P (B) = 0.6. Find P(A or B). [1]
21. Given two independent events A and B such that P (A) = 0.3, P (B) = 0.6. Find P (A and not B). [1]
22. What is Bayes' theorem state? [1]

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23. A die is thrown three times. Events A and B are defined as below: [2]
{A}: 5 on the first and 6 on the second throw.
{B}: 3 or 4 on the third throw.
Find the probability of {B}, given that A has already occurred.
24. Assume that each born child is equally likely to be a boy or a girl. If a family has two children, what is the [2]
conditional probability that both are girls given that at least one is a girl?
25. If P (A) = 0.3, P (B) = 0.6, P ( ) = 0.5, find P (A ∪ B).
B
[2]
A

26. A coin is tossed twice. If the outcome is at most one tail, what is the probability that both head and tail have [2]
appeared?
27. Three friends A, B and C got their photograph clicked. Find the probability that B is standing at the central [2]
position, given that A is standing at the left corner.
28. Two cards are drawn without replacement from a well shuffled pack of 52 cards. Find the probability that one is [2]
a spade and other is a queen of red colour.
29. Three cards are drawn successively, without replacement from a pack of 52 well shuffled cards. [2]
What is the probability that first two cards are kings and the third card drawn is an ace?
30. There are two bags. Bag I contains 1 red and 3 white balls, and Bag II contains 3 red and 5 white balls. A bag is [2]
selected at random and a ball is drawn from it. Find the probability that the ball so drawn is red in colour.
31. The probability of finding a green signal on a busy crossing X is 30%. What is the probability of finding a green [2]
signal on X on two consecutive days out of three?
32. Find the chance of drawing 2 white balls in succession from a bag containing 5 red and 7 white balls, the first [2]
ball drawn is not being replaced.
33. A fair coin and an unbiased die are tossed. Let A be the event, Head appears on the coin and B be the event, 3 [2]
comes on the die. Find whether A and B are independent events or not.
34. Probability that Hameed passes in Mathematics is 2

3
and the probability that he passes in English is 4

9
. If the [2]
probability of passing both courses is 1

4
, what is the probability that Hameed will pass in at least one of these
subjects?
35. A box contains 3 red and 5 blue balls. Two balls are drawn one by one at a time at random without replacement. [2]
Find the probability of getting 1 red and 1 blue ball.
36. The odds against a certain event are 5 to 2 and the odds in favour of another event, independent to the former are [2]
6 to 5. Find the probability that at least one of the events will occur.
37. If A and B are independent events such that P( A) = p, P(B) = 2p and P (Exactly one of A and B occurs) = 5

9
, [2]
find the value of p.
38. The probability that a truck stopped at a roadblock will have faulty brakes or badly worn tires are 0.23 and 0.24, [2]
respectively. Also, the probability is 0.38 that a truck stopped at the roadblock will have faulty brakes or badly
working tires. What is the probability that a truck stopped at this roadblock will have faulty brakes as well as
badly worn tires?
39. There are four boxes, A ,B ,C and D, containing balls. A contains 1 red, 6 white and 3 black balls; B contains 6 [2]
red, 2 white and 2 black balls; C contains 8 red, 1 white and 1 black balls; and D contains 6 white and 4 black
balls. One of the boxes is selected at random and a single ball is drawn from it. If the ball is red, what is the
probability that it was drawn from the box A ?
40. A electric shop has two types of LED bulbs of equal quantity. The probability of an LED bulb lasting more than [2]
100 hours given that it is of Type 1 is 0.7, and given that it is of Type 2 is 0.4. Then find the probability that on
LED bulb chosen uniformly at random lasts more than 100 hours.

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41. A, B, and C are independent witness of an event which is known to have occurred. A speaks the truth three times [2]
out of four, B four times out of five and C five times out of six. What is the probability that the occurrence will
be reported truthfully by majority of three witnesses?
42. A letter is known to have come either from TATA NAGAR or from CALCUTTA. On the envelope, just two [2]
consecutive letter TA are visible. What is the probability that the letter came from TATA NAGAR.
43. If A and B are two events such that 2 P (A) = P (B) = and P ( , find P (A ∪ B) . [3]
5 A 2
) =
13 B 5

44. A pair of dice is thrown. Let E be the event that the sum is greater than or equal to 10 and F be the event 5 [3]
appears on the first-die. Find P (E/F). If F is the event 5 appears on at least one die, find P (E/F).
45. A die is thrown three times. Find P( ) and P( ), if A = 4 appears on the third toss, B = 6 and 5 appear
A

B
B

A
[3]
respectively on first two tosses.
46. Three groups of children contain 3 girls and 1 boy; 2 girls and 2 boys; 1 girl and 3 boys respectively. One child [3]
is selected at random from each group. Find the chance that the three selected comprise one girl and 2 boys.
47. A fair die is rolled. Consider events E = {1,3,5}, F = {2,3} and G = {2,3,4,5} Find P((E ∪ F)|G) and [3]
P((E ∩ F)|G)

48. A bag I contains 3 red and n black balls and another bag II contains 5 red and 12 black balls. A ball is drawn at [3]
random from bag I and transferred to bag II. If the probability of drawing a red ball from bag I, after transfer, is
1/3, then find the value of n.
49. A bag contains 4 white and 5 black balls and another bag contains 3 white and 4 black balls. A ball is taken out [3]
from the first bag and without seeing its colour is put in the second bag. A ball is taken out from the latter. Find
the probability that the ball drawn is white.
50. The bag A contains 8 white and 7 black balls while the bag B contains 5 white and 4 black balls. One ball is [3]
randomly picked up from the bag A and mixed up with the balls in bag B. Then a ball is randomly drawn out
from it. Find the probability that ball drawn is white.
51. An urn contains 10 white and 3 black balls. Another urn contains 3 white and 5 black balls. Two are drawn from [3]
first urn and put into the second urn and then a ball is drawn from the latter. Find the probability that it is a white
ball.
52. An urn contains four tickets with numbers 112, 121, 211, 222 and one ticket is drawn. Let Ai (i = 1, 2, 3) be the [3]

event that ith digit of the number on ticket drawn is 1. Discuss the independence of the events A1 A2, A3.
53. A bag contains 3 white, 3 black and 2 red balls. One by one, three balls are drawn without replacing them. Find [3]
the probability that the third ball is red.
54. Two marbles are drawn successively from a box containing 3 black and 4 white marbles. Find the probability [3]
that both the marbles are black, if the first marble is not replaced before the second draw.
55. Bag I contains 3 white and 4 black balls, while Bag II contains 5 white and 3 black balls. One ball is transferred [3]
at random from Bag I to Bag II and then a ball is drawn at random from Bag II. The ball so drawn is found to be
white. Find the probability that the transferred ball is also white.
56. There are two boxes, namely, box-I and box-II. Box-I contains 3 red and 6 black balls. Box-II contains 5 red and [3]
n black balls. One of the two boxes, out of box-I and box-II is selected at random and a ball is drawn at random.
The ball drawn is found to be red. If the probability that this red ball comes out from box-II is 1/3, find the value
of n.
57. In a bolt factory, three machines, A, B, C, manufacture 25%, 35% and 40% of the total production respectively. [3]
Of their respective outputs, 5%, 4% and 2% are defective. A bolt is drawn at random from the total product and
it is found to be defective. Find the probability that it was manufactured by the machine C.

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58. Three urns contain 6 red, 4 black, 4 red, 6 black, and 5 red, 5 black balls respectively. One of the urns is selected [3]
at random and a ball is drawn from it. If the ball drawn is red, find the probability that it is drawn from the first
urn.
59. A factory has two machines A and B. Past records show that the machine A produced 60% of the items of output [3]
and machine B produced 40% of the items. Further 2% of the items produced by machine A were defective and
1% produced by machine B were defective. If an item is drawn at random, what is the probability that it is
defective?
60. Consider the experiment of tossing a coin. If the coin shows head, toss it again, but if it shows tail, then throw a [5]
die. Find the conditional probability of the event that the die shows a number greater than 4, given that there
is atleast one tail.
61. A bag contains 6 red and 5 blue balls and another bag contains 5 red and 8 blue balls. A ball is drawn from the [5]
first bag and without noticing its colour is put in the second bag. A ball is then drawn from the second bag. Find
the probability that the ball drawn is blue in colour.
62. Let A and B be two independent events. The probability of their simultaneous occurrence is 1

8
and the [5]
probability that neither occurs is 3

8
. Find P(A) and P(B).
63. Bag I contains 4 red and 2 green balls and Bag II contains 3 red and 5 green balls. One ball is transferred at [5]
random from Bag I to Bag II and then a ball is drawn at random from Bag II. The ball so drawn is found to be
green in colour. Find the probability that the transferred ball is also green.
64. P speaks truth in 70% of the cases and Q in 80% of the cases. In what percent of cases are they likely to agree in [5]
stating the same fact? Do you think, when they agree, means both are speaking truth?
65. An insurance company insured 3000 cyclists, 6000 scooter drivers and 9000 car drivers. The probability of an [5]
accident involving a cyclist, a scooter driver and a car driver are 0·3, 0·05 and 0·02 respectively. One of the
insured persons meets with an accident. What is the probability that he is a cyclist?
66. In a factory which manufactures bolts, machines A Band C manufacture respectively 30%, 50% and 20% of the [5]
bolts. Of their outputs, 3%, 4% and 1 % respectively are defective bolts. A bolt is drawn at random from the
product and is found to be defective. Find the probability that this is not manufactured by machine B.
67. A shopkeeper sells three types of flower seeds A1, A2, and A3. They are sold as a mixture where the proportions [5]

are [Link] respectively. The germination rates of the three types of seeds are 45%, 60% and 35%. Calculate the
probability
i. Of a randomly chosen seed to germinate.
ii. that it will not germinate given that the seed is of type A3.

iii. that it is of the type A2 given that a randomly chosen seed does not germinate.

68. There are three identical boxes I, II and III, each containing two coins. In box I, both coins are gold coins, in box [5]
II, both are silver coins and in box III, there is one gold and one silver coin. A person chooses a box at random
and take out a coin. If the coin is of gold, then what is the probability that the other coin in box is also of gold?
69. Coloured balls are distributed in three bags as shown in the following table: [5]

Bag Colour of Balls

Black White Red

I 1 2 3

II 2 4 1

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 III 4 5 3

A bag is selected at random and then two balls are randomly drawn from selected bag. They happen to be black
and red. What is the probability that they come from bag I?
70. There are three coins. One is a two headed coin (having head on both faces), another is a biased coin that comes [5]
up heads 75% of the times and third is also a biased coin that comes up tails 40% of the times. One of the three
coins is chosen at random and tossed and it shows head. What is the probability that it was the two headed coin?
71. There are three urns containing 2 white and 3 black balls, 3 white and 2 black balls, and 4 white and 1 black [5]
balls, respectively. There is an equal probability of each urn being chosen. A ball is drawn at random from the
chosen urn and it is found to be white. Find the probability that the ball drawn was from the second urn.
72. Of the students in a college, it is known that 60% reside in hostel and 40% are day scholars (not residing in [5]
hostel). Previous year results report that 30% of all students who reside in hostel attain. A grade and 20% of day
scholars attain A grade in their annual examination. At the end of year, one student is chosen at random from the
college and he has an A grade, what is the probability that the student is a hostlier?
Section C
73. Read the following text carefully and answer the questions that follow: [4]
Akash and Prakash appeared for first round of an interview for two vacancies. The probability of Nisha’s
selection is 1

3
and that of Ayushi’s selection is 1

2
.

i. Find the probability that both of them are selected. (1)

ii. The probability that none of them is selected. (1)
iii. Find the probability that only one of them is selected.(2)
OR
Find the probability that atleast one of them is selected. (2)
74. Read the following text carefully and answer the questions that follow: [4]
There are two antiaircraft guns, named as A and B. The probabilities that the shell fired from them hits an
airplane are 0.3 and 0.2 respectively. Both of them fired one shell at an airplane at the same time.

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 i. How is Bayes' theorem different from conditional probability? (1)
ii. Write the rule of Total Probability. (1)
iii. What is the probability that the shell fired from exactly one of them hit the plane? (2)
OR
If it is know that the shell fired from exactly one of them hit the plane, then what is the probability that it was
fired from B? (2)
75. Read the following text carefully and answer the questions that follow: [4]
To hire a marketing manager, it's important to find a way to properly assess candidates who can bring radical
changes and has leadership experience.
Ajay, Ramesh and Ravi attend the interview for the post of a marketing manager. Ajay, Ramesh and Ravi
chances of being selected as the manager of a firm are in the ratio 4 : 1 : 2 respectively. The respective
probabilities for them to introduce a radical change in marketing strategy are 0.3, 0.8, and 0.5. If the change does
take place.

i. Find the probability that it is due to the appointment of Ajay (A). (1)
ii. Find the probability that it is due to the appointment of Ramesh (B). (1)
iii. Find the probability that it is due to the appointment of Ravi (C). (2)
OR
Find the probability that it is due to the appointment of Ramesh or Ravi. (2)

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