LAB Activity-2
Topic Equivalence Relations
Objective :
To verify that the relation R in the set L of all lines in a plane, MATERIALS REOUIRED
defined by R= {(7, m) : | |m} is an equivalence relation. 1. A wooden
Pre-requisite Knowledge : board
2. Some
Students must be familiar with types of relations. 3. pieces of metal wires (3)
Iron nails
Method of Construction : 4. White chart
paper
1. Pastea white chart paper on a piece of wooden board with the f 5. Fevistick etc.
help of a fevistick (fig. (1)
2. Then, fix the metal wires Fig. ()
randomly on the wooden board (fig. (i1)).
areinclined
3. Fix the wires in Fig. (i)
sucha manner that some of them are Some are L to each other and
some
(fig. (iii). parallel,
Fig. (ii)
Procedure:
1. Let the metal wires represent the lines ,l, l4 l, in the plane L.
...
2. l is perpendicular to each of the lines l,, I, and l¡ (refer fig. (ii).
3. l, isperpendicular to l; [refer fig (ii)]
4. I,is parallel to l,, l, is parallel to , and is parallel to ls
5. l, l)., (z, I), (U4s l) e R.
Observation : We observe that
1. In figs. (ii) and (iii), every line is parallel to itself.
So the relation R ={, m):1|| m} reflexive. (is/is not)
2.. In fig. (i), we observe that l, || ,
l (paralle/not parallel )
So, (,, l,) e R’ , ) R (ele)
Similarly,
(paralle/not parallel)
So, (lz, l) e R’ 3, ) R. (ele)
and (4, 1s) e R’ (ls,l) R.
(ele)
The relation R symmetric. (is/is not)
3. In figures. (i) and (iii), we observe that
(parallel/not parallel)
,.4) e Rand(,.1) eR
R
(parallelVnot parallel
6)eR, (s4) e R
((,. ) R.
(s/e)
Thus. the relationR transitive. (is/is not)
Eae te relzion Ris reflexive, symmetric and transitive. So, R is an equivalence relation.
Applicaticon :
This sctvyispiable in the understanding oftheconcept of equivalence relation.
chart [Link] demonstrate
Topic
5. 4. 3. paper [Link]
1. Students
Pre-requisite
Knowledge To
Then Name Draw Paste Take draw
as Objective
the the :
approximately, them two shown a a of must
cardboard
white
Construction concept
mutually be graph
as in
chart familiar
X'OX fig. of of
paper of
perpendicular
graduate (i).
dimensions sinx, Graph
and with mirror
on : reflection
YOY it
drawing
the 34 of using
axes as size 40 of
lines cm
rectangular of (about the
Inverse
30
trigonometrical LABActiity-5
by on
cm40 x graph
taking the
x cm the
N white 30
i.) P unit axes approx.
cm
liney of
Fig.()
1 Y
Trigonometrical
sin
on
refer chart approx. =x)
X-axis graphs x
and
fpaper
ig Also
=()]. /32/
64
1·5 using paste 1.
8. 6. 3. 2.
MATERI
REQUIARLSED
times Graph
Paper11. Cardboard
a a Coloured Strings
Measuring
scale. graph
the
unit paper Functions
pens 4.
of scale
Pencil
y-axis, of 9.
suitable Cutter 7.
White Iron
as 5.
shown 10.
size Eraser
[Link] nails
is on
fig white
(i).
6. Mark the points to the nearest approximation
10 T
insin 4 ,sin in the co-ordinate plane.
7. Fix an iron nail at each point and name them as N, N, N3, N
8. Repeat the above process on the other side of x-axis by marking the points as
,sin , Sin Sin
6 2
9. Fix the nails on these points and name them as N;, N, N3,
N. Also fix a nail at O.
10. Join the nails with the help of tight string on both
sides of x-axis to get the graph of sin x from
11. Then, plot the points (1, 1), (2, 2),.... to get 2
12. Draw perpendiculars from the points N,, N,, the graph of line y =x. FiX string on these points.
a
of perpendiculars on both sides of the line y N¡, N, on the line y=x and produce these lines such that the lens
=xis same.
13. Again fix nails at these points and name
14. Similarly, fix nails on the other side of them as P, P, P3, P4
15. Join the nails on both sides of x-axis and name them as P, P,, P%, Pa.
theline y =x by a tight string.
16. This string represents the graph of y=
sinx.
Procedure:
1. Place a mirror on the line y =x
2. The image of the graph of sin x
3. The graph of represents the graph of sinlx.
sinxis the mirror reflection of sin x and vice versa.
Observation :
Name of the point
Image in the Mirror
N
Ng
N3
N4
N
N
N
NA
"The image of the graph of
sin xin y=x is the
graph of
"The image of the graph of
sin x in y =x is the
graph of
Appliacivity
This cation:can be used to plot the
graphs of cos-l x, tan x
LABActivity-6
Trigonometrical Functione
Topic Principal Value of Inverse
Objective sin-xusinga unit circle.
value ofthe function
To explore the principal
Pre-requisite Knowledge MATERIALSREQUIRED
and
inverse trigonometric functions
Students nmust be familiar with 1. Wooden board 2. White
their principal values.
Method of Construction chart papers 3. Rails 4. Glue
dimensions) paste a white chart 5. Metal wire 6. Scale
1, On a wooden board (suitable 7. Needle
paper using glue.
the paper.
2. Draw aunit circle with centre O on
3. Draw two perpendicular lines X'OX and YOY' passing through
these represent the x-axis and
the centre of the circle. Let
J-axis [refer fig ()].
the
4. Mark the points of intersection of the x-axis and y-axis on
circle as P, Q, R and S respectively. [refer fig ()].
Qlo,1)
x0) (1,0)
R P
S(0, -1)
Fig. ()
5. Fix two rails on opposite sides of the wooden board parallel to y-axis.
Also fix a metalwire between the rails,which can be moved parallel to the x-axis [refer fig (i)}:
Q0, 1)
R(-1, 0)
X X
P(1, 0)
S(0, -1)
IV
6. Fix a needle of unit length at the centre of the circle to move freely along the
Procedure : circle. (ng ()}
1. With the positive direction of r-axis. nlace the unit
needle at a random angle, Say O1:
2. [refer
No Shde the metal wire between the rails, such that it meets with the free end of the needle at point N, (say)
fig. (ii)].
Q(0, 1)
R( 1,0)
X P(1, 0) X
S(0, 1)|
IV
Fig. (ii)
3. Name the y-coordinate of thepoint N,as y, . Here y, is the perpendicular distance of the metal wire from -axis
of the unit circle such that y, = sin ,
4. Further rotate the needle anticlockwise at an angle - 0,. Name the point as N, and then find the value of
y-coordinate of N, by sliding the metal wire. (refer fig. (iv)
Q(0, 1)
N,
X' R(-1, 0) P(1, 0) X
S(0, -1
III IV
Y'
Fig. (iv)
5. You will observe that the value of y-coordinate for points N, and N, is same for the different angles,
y= sin, and y, = sin (t , ).
This demonstrates that sin function is not one-one for the angles considered in the first and second guadrants.
(-I + 0.).
6. Now get points Nand N4 by sliding down the metal wire and adjusting the needle at angles - 0, and
refer fig. (v)
This demonsirate that y-coordinates for the points N3 and N, are the same and hence sine function is not one-to
one for the points considered in the third and fourth quadrants. [refer fig. (v)]
X'
X
NA N,
III
IV
7. The y-coordinates of points N andN, are Fig. (v)
the behaviour ofthe however different. Slide the metal wire parallel to x-axis and stu
y-coordinates ofpoints Ns,Ng, Ng and Ng by moving the needle in anti-clockwise directic
starting from to
2 2
We will observe that the y-coordinates of Ns, No, N,
Ng are different [refer fig. (v)]. Hence, sine
function is
one-to-one in the domain -T to and its range lies between-1 and1.
2 2
Q(0, 1)
R(-1, 0) (0, y) N,
X
(0,-y) P(1, 0) X
N,
III S(0, -1)
V
Fig. (v)
8. Keep the needle at any the
arbitrary angle, say 0, lying in the interval and denote the
-coordinatee of
intersecting point NG as y. [refer fig (vii)] 22
Q0, 1)
No
(0. y) sin
X R(0, -1| P(1,0) X
S(0, -1)
Fig. (vii)
Then y =sin 0 or = sin-! yas sine function is one-one and onto in the domain and range
2 2
-1, 1].
So, its inverse sine function exists. The domain of arc sine function is [1, 1] and
range 1 s | '
This range is called the principal value of arc sine function (or sin- function)
Observation: We observe that :
1. For the third and fourth quadrants, sine function is
2. The sine function is non-negative in and quadrants.
3. The domains of sine function on which it is one-one and onto provides for sin-l
function.
4. If0 = sin- y
then y = , where 2 ses
Application:
This activity can also be used to find the principal value of arc cosine function i.e. cos-!.