Scalar: a physical quantity that has magnitude only
Vector: a physical quantity that has both magnitude and direction Resultant vector: the single
vector which has the same effect as the original vectors acting together
Distance: the length of path travelled (scalar quantity)
Displacement: a change in position (vector quantity)
Speed: the rate of change of distance (scalar quantity)
Velocity: the rate of change of displacement (vector quantity)
Acceleration: the rate of change of velocity (vector quantity)
Normal force (FN): the force or the component of a force which a surface exerts on an object
with which it is in contact, and which is perpendicular to the surface
Frictional force (Ff): the force that opposes the motion of an object and which acts parallel to the
surface
Static frictional force (fs): the force that opposes the tendency of motion of a stationary object
relative to a surface.
Kinetic frictional force (fk): the force that opposes the motion of a moving object relative to a
surface. Frictional force is proportional to the normal force, is independent of the area of contact,
is independent of the velocity of motion
Newton's first law of motion: a body will remain in its state of rest or motion at constant velocity
unless a non-zero resultant/net force acts on it
Newton's second law of motion: when a resultant/net force acts on an object, the object will
accelerate in the direction of the force at an acceleration directly proportional to the force and
inversely proportional to the mass of the object
Newton's third law of motion: when one body exerts a force on a second body, the second body
exerts a force of equal magnitude in the opposite direction on the first body
Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation: each body in the universe attracts every other body with
a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to
the square of the distance between their centres
Weight: the gravitational force the Earth exerts on any object on or near its surface
Coulomb's law: the magnitude of the electrostatic force exerted by one point charge
(91) on another point charge (02) is directly proportional to the product of the
magnitudes of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance (r)
between them
Electric field a region of space in which an electric charge experiences a force. The
direction of the electric field at a point is the direction that a positive test charge would
move if placed at that point.
Electric field at a point: The electric field at a point is the electrostatic force experienced
per unit positive charge placed at that point.
Faraday's laws when a conductor and magnetic field move relative to each other, an
emf is induced across the ends of the conductor. The induced emf in the conductor is
directly proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux
Ohmic conductor: a conductor that obeys Ohm's law
Ohm a law: the potential difference across a conductor is directly proportional to the
current in the conductor at constant temp
Non-Ohmic conductor: a conductor which does not obey ohm's law.
Internal resistance: resistance of the cell/ battery itself
Power the rate at which electrical energy is converted in an electric circuit and is
measured in watts (W)
Kilowatt hour (kWh): refers to the use of 1 kalowatt of electricity for & hour