TER207 Thermodynamics I

Assoc. Prof. Elif Begüm Elçioğlu

Content of Week-3:
Work, Heat, KE, and PE → 1st Law of Thermodynamics for control masses

Some tables and graphs are taken from Moran et al. Principles of Engineering Thermodynamics, 8th Ed. 1
Concepts from last weeks course

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 Concepts from last weeks course (cont’d)
Projections of the p- 𝝊 –T surface (cont’d)
When solving thermodynamics problems, it is often convenient to sketch a p- 𝝊 and T- 𝝊 diagram.
p- 𝝊 diagram of a pure substance T- 𝝊 diagram of a pure substance

The intervening 2-phase liquid-vapor mixture states can be

distinguished from one another by the quality (x).

Note the appearance of constant T lines Quality. Two-phase liquid-vapor mixture states can be
(isotherms) in p-𝝊 diagram and constant p distinguished from one another by the intensive property,
lines (isobars) in T-𝝊 diagram. quality. 3
 Concepts from last weeks course (cont’d)

An important approximation/approach: For water, we have compressed liquid table.

But what if we need compressed liquid data for a substance and the data is not available?

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Content of Week-3:
Work, Heat, KE, and PE → 1st Law of Thermodynamics for control masses

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Work and Heat
• A process is caused by
energy exchanges of a
system with its
surroundings.
• Energy exchange of a
system can happen either
in the form of heat and/or
work.

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Thermodynamic definition of work
We can infer from this definition
that work is a form of energy that
can be transferred across the
system boundary.

• In order for the work exchange

to happen b/w system and its
surroundings, we do not need a
real force and displacement.

• If we can consider the effect of

a system on its surroundings to
be a weight lifting, this is
enough for consideration of
thermodynamic work.

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Thermodynamic definition of work (cont’d)

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 Thermodynamic definition of work (cont’d)
Example-1: Consider the below piston-cylinder system.
The piston has a weight of 1 kN, and an area of 0.02 m2.
The atmospheric pressure is 100 kPa, and the gas has a volume of 0.2 m3.
The piston moves and the gas expands to 0.5 m3.
Calculate the work done by the gas.

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 Boundary work during the state change of
simple compressible pure substances
Consider the following frictionless piston-cylinder system. The substance inside the cylinder has a pressure
of p, while the piston has an area of A. The atmospheric pressure is Patm.

Due to the simple compressible pure substance, the force acting

on the inner surface of the piston is: F= pA.
To balance the piston (and to have a quasi-equilibrium process) we
need to have the force F’. The sum of the forces acting on the
system should be zero in order the system to be in equilibrium.
pA = F’ + PatmA
Let’s consider the piston to move by dx.
In this case the force acting on the moving boundary is F’ + PatmA.
Thus, the work done by the system is:

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 Boundary work during the state change of
simple compressible pure substances (cont’d)

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 Boundary work during the state change of
simple compressible pure substances (cont’d)

→ Work is not a property.

→ Work is a quantity.

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Example-2: In a piston-cylinder
system, 1 kg of water with 0.5 m3
volume and 100 kPa pressure is
slowly heated at a constant
temperature until its volume is 1 m3.

Calculate the work done by water.

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 Boundary work of simple compressible pure
substances polytropic processes
• In order to calculate the work due to boundary movement during quasi-equilibrium processes of simple
compressible pure substances, we need to know the relation b/w p and V.

• If we know the relation b/w pressure and volume, we can calculate this integral analytically or from the p-V
graph (area under curve).

• Experimental results show that for most of the quasi-equilibrium processes of simple compressible pure
substances, the following relation is applicable within an acceptible error limit:

𝑷∀𝒏 = 𝑪 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕
• The processes that can be defined by this expression is termed polytropic process and n is polytropic exponent.
• The polytropic exponent n depends on the type of process.

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 Boundary work of simple compressible pure
substances polytropic processes (cont’d)
• For example, if the simple compressible pure substance behaves like an ideal gas, considering the
ideal gas equation of state (i.e., p∀ =mRT):

𝑷∀𝒏 = 𝑪 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕

if n=1, the process is isothermal (const. T process)

if n=0, the process is isobaric (const. p process)
if n→∞, the process is isometric (const. ∀ process)

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Boundary work of simple compressible pure
substances polytropic processes (cont’d)

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Boundary work of simple compressible pure
substances polytropic processes (cont’d)
Example-3: 1 kg of nitrogen at 127oC and 500 kPa (ideal
gas) is expanded according to p∀ 1.4=Constant to two
times of its initial volume.
After that it is compressed to its initial volume by a
constant p process.
Finally, it returns to its initial state isometrically (at
constant ∀) by increasing its pressure.
Calculate the work done by nitrogen during this cycle and
show the processes in p-∀ diagram.

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 Heat
• Heat is the energy transfer between a system and its
surroundings due to temperature difference.
• Three different mechanisms of HT is defined:
1- Conduction (iletim)
2- Convection (taşınım)
3- Radiation (ışınım)
• 1- Conduction: HT due to contact of molecules b/w (i)
different regions of the same (solid, liquid or gas) domain or
(ii) domains in direct physical contact
• 2- Convection: HT due to the movement of a fluid, e.g., over
a surface, inside a channel, when the surface temperature is
different than the fluid temperature
• Note that both conduction and convection necessitates the
presence of an environment (ortam) Schematic from: [Link]
• From experiments we know that HT can take place without [Link]/webproj/212_spring_2015/Josh
necessitating the presence of an environment as long as ua_Kunz/josh_kunz/[Link]
there is a temperature difference
• 3- Radiation: HT via electromagnetic waves

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Heat

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Path function
vs.
point function

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 Path function vs. point function
Point function Path function
Independent of the path taken to Dependent on the path taken to
establish a property or value. establish a property or value.
Can be integrated using final and Integrating using final and initial
initial values. values is not enough.
Based on the established state of the Based on how state of the system was
system established

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[Link]
Example-4: Air undergoas a polytropic compression in a
piston-cylinder assembly from p1= 1 bar, T1= 22oC to p2= 5
bars. Employing the ideal gas model with constant specific
heat ratio k, determine the work per unit mass in kJ/kg if
(a) n=1.3 and (b) n=k.

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Introduction to Energy and the First Law of Thermodynamics

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(Cont’d)

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(Cont’d)

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(Cont’d)

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27
(Cont’d)

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(Cont’d)

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 HW-3
Due next week
Do NOT forget to cite to the tables with their number and pages.

1) In a frictionless piston-cylinder system, 10 kg of saturated liquid water is at 400 kPa. The piston
moves and water expands to 0.1 m3 volume. If water is slowly heated until it is saturated vapor,
calculate the work done by water.
2) Determine the state (compressed liquid, saturated vapor, etc.) of the substances given below
and find the indicated properties. Show the states on properly labelled p-v diagrams.
a) Water: p = 10 bar, T = 400oC. Find v, h.
b) R-22: p = 200 kPa and v = 0.092 m3 /kg. Find T, u, h.
c) Ammonia: T = -17.8 oC and v = 0.94 m3 /kg. Find p, h.

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