TER207 Thermodynamics I
Fall 2022-2023
Assoc. Prof. Elif Begüm Elçioğlu
Content of Week-4:
Work, Heat, KE, and PE → 1st Law of Thermodynamics for
control masses
Some tables and graphs are taken from Moran et al. Principles of Engineering Thermodynamics, 8th Ed. 1
2, 1, polytropic,
interpolation, intensive Let’s fill in the blanks in the below sentences (part-1)
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Path,
Let’s fill in the blanks in the below sentences (part-2)
point
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From last week: Thermodynamic definition of work
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From last week: Boundary work of simple compressible pure
substances polytropic processes
• In order to calculate the work due to boundary movement during quasi-equilibrium processes of simple
compressible pure substances, we need to know the relation b/w p and V.
• If we know the relation b/w pressure and volume, we can calculate this integral analytically or from the p-V
graph (area under curve).
• Experimental results show that for most of the quasi-equilibrium processes of simple compressible pure
substances, the following relation is applicable within an acceptible error limit:
𝑷∀𝒏 = 𝑪 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕
• The processes that can be defined by this expression is termed polytropic process and n is polytropic exponent.
• The polytropic exponent n depends on the type of process.
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From last week:
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Content of Week-4:
Energy and the 1st Law of Thermodynamics for control masses
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Example-1: A gas in a piston-cylinder assembly undergoes an
expansion process for which the relationship between pressure
and volume is given as:
PVn=constant.
The initial pressure is 3 bar, the initial volume is 0.1 m3, and the
final volume is 0.2 m3.
Determine the work for the process in kJ, if (a) n=1.5, (b) n=1, (c)
n=0.
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Solution to Example 1(a)
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Solution to Example 1(b)
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Solution to Example 1(c)
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Sign Conventions
Quantity Sign Meaning
Work + (W>0) Work done BY the system
- (W>0) Work done ON the system
Heat + (Q>0) Heat transfer TO the system
- (Q>0) Heat transfer FROM the system
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Example-2: A closed container with a
volume of 2 m3 is filled with 10 kg of water
vapor at 0.5 MPa pressure.
(a) Determine the phase of water.
(b) If water is in 2-phase liquid-vapor
mixture state determine its quality (x).
If it is in superheated vapor state,
determine its temperature.
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Solution to
Example 2
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Example-3: When saturated water vapor in
a closed container is cooled down to 50oC,
2-phase liquid-vapor mixture with x=0.2 is
obtained.
Determine :
(a) The temperature of water at its initial
state and
(b) Its specific volume in its initial state.
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Solution to Example 3
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Your turn!
Determine which of the following P-v diagrams correspond to the processes (a)-(c)
(a) Superheated vapor is cooled down at constant volume until first water droplets are formed
(b) Saturated liquid water is heated at constant pressure until it is saturated vapor
(c) 2 phase liquid-vapor mixture is heated at constant volume until it is saturated vapor
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The Energy Equation
• The only ways the energy of a closed system can be changed are through transfer of energy by …………… and ……………… .
• 1st Law of Thermodynamics: Energy is conserved.
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The Energy Equation
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Important
Aspects
of the
Energy
Balance
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Example-4: Four-tenths kilogram (0.4 kg) of a
certain gas is contained within a piston-
cylinder assembly. The gas undergoes a
process for which the pressure-volume
relationship is given by
pV1.5=Constant.
The initial pressure is 3 bar, the initial volume
is 0.1 m3, and the final volume is 0.2 m3. The
change in specific internal energy of the gas in
the process is u2-u1= -55 kJ/Kg. There are no
significant changes in kinetic and potential
energy.
Determine the net heat transfer for the We will use the energy balance:
process, in kJ.
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Solution
to
Example-4:
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Example-5: Air is contained in a vertical piston-cylinder assembly fitteed with an electrical resistor. The
atmosphere exerts a pressure of 1 bar on top of the piston which has a mass of 45 kg and a face area of 0.09 m2.
Electric current passes through the resistor, and the volume of air slowly increases by 0.045 m3, while its
pressure remains constant. The mass of the air is 0.27 kg, and its specific internal energy increases by 42 kJ/kg.
The air and piston are at rest initially and finally. The piston-cylinder material is a ceramic composite and thus a
good insulator. Friction between the piston and cylinder wall can be ignored and the local gravitational
acceleration is g= 9.81 m/s2.
Determine the heat transfer from the resistor to the air in kJ, for a system consisting of (a) the air alone, (b)
the air and the piston.
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Solution to Example 5a (cont’d)
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Solution to Example 5b (cont’d)
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HW-4
1- A gas undergoes the cycle with the shown p-V 3- A fluid of 500 kg is in a container of 2000 L volume.
diagram. Determine the work for each process. Calculate the density (kg/m3) and specific volume (m3 /kg).
Determine the amount of HT for the process 3-1.
4- Convert the temperature values to the respective units.
(a) 60oC= ………………… K = ……………………… F
(b) 40F= …………………….oC= ……………………..K
(c) 600 K= …………………..F= ………………………..oC
2- Choose which of the following laws/principles mean “When Due 02.11.2022, 13:00.
two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system,
then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other” Submit your homeworks on Mergen, Week 4 HW.
(A) First Law of Thermodynamics
File name: Surname_207_HW3.pdf (PDF format)
(B) Second Law of Thermodynamics
Do NOT forget to cite to the tables with their
(C) Mechanical equivalent of heat
(D) Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics number and pages.
(E) Thermal expansion of solids
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