CHAPTER 7: ELECTRICITY &
MAGNETISM
ELECTIRICITY
FORMS OF SOURCES OF ELECTROSTATIC
ENERGY
ENERGY ENERGY CHARGES
Sound energy The Sun Electric charges
Energy means the consist of positive
ability to do work Kinetic energy Geothermal charges and
Electrical energy Water negative charges
Gravitational Biomass
potential energy Fossil fuel
Elastic potential Radioactive
energy The repulsion
The [Link] for substances
among these
energy is joule (J) Light energy Wave charges are called
Nuclear energy Wind electrostatic forces
Heat energy
Chemical energy
Electroscope is
used to detect the
existence of
electric charges on
an object
ELECTRIC CURRENT
❑ Electric current can be defined as the rate of flow of electric charges
through a conductor
4) The relationship
between current,
voltage and resistance
is Ohm's Law
𝑽 = 𝑰𝑹
1) S.I unit for electric CURRENT, 3) The unit for
current is ampere(A) measuring
- measured by VOLTAGE & resistance is ohm
ammeter RESISTANCE (Ω)
2) The voltage is the
potential difference
between two points,
volt(V) - measured by
voltmeter
Flow of Electric Current in a Series Circuit
and Parallel Circuit
ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
SERIES CIRCUIT PARALLEL CIRCUIT
Parallel circuit is separated into several
Series circuit is made up of electrical
different path of electrical circuit and
components that are connected one
each parallel path has electrical
after another where the current flows
components
through in a single path.
Current,Voltage and Resistance in a
Current,Voltage and Resistance in a Parallel Circuit
Series Circuit Current, 𝐼 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2
Current, 𝐼 = 𝐼1 = 𝐼2 Voltage, 𝑉 = 𝑉1 = 𝑉2
Voltage, 𝑉 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 1 1 1
Resistance, = +
Resistance, 𝑅 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 𝑅 𝑅1 𝑅2
ADVANTAGE ADVANTAGE
❖ Energy component in the circuit ❖ Every electrical appliance can be
receives the same amount of switched on or off separately
current
❖ The increase in the number of
❖ Every component is controlled by electrical appliances does not
the same switch affect the function of other
appliances in the same circuit
❖ Increase in voltage supplies more
electric current
DISADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE
❑ When one of the electrical ❑ The voltage for every electrical
appliances is damaged, other appliance cannot be adjusted
electrical appliances cease to because the voltage is the same as
function the source of voltage
❑ Adding more electrical appliances
increases resistance and decreases
the flow of the current
❑ Each electrical appliance cannot be
switched off individually
MAGNETISM
MAGNET ELECTROMAGNET
Properties of magnet
➢ Attracts magnetic
materials
▪ Electromagnet is a type of
➢ Has poles (north pole and
magnet that has
south pole)
temporary magnetic
effect when electric
➢ Like poles repel, unlike
current flows through it
poles attracts
➢ Freely suspended magnet
shows north-south
direction
Magnetic Field Magnetic Field
▪ The area around the ✓ The pattern of the
magnet with magnetic magnetic field depends
force is magnetic field on the conductor used
Characteristics of Magnetic
Field Lines ✓ The direction of the
➢ Begin from north pole to magnetic field is
south pole determined by the
direction of the electric
➢ Closer to another where current
the magnetic field is
stronger ✓ The right hand grip rule
determines the direction
➢ Lines never meet or cross of the magnetic field
Application of Magnets and Electromagnets in Daily Life
[Link] needle of a compass uses a magnet to show the direction of the poles
[Link] cards and debit cards have an electromagnetic strip that stores
information
[Link] magnetic lock on doors uses an electromagnet to lock the doors
automatically