Operating System II

Chapter 1 - Introducing Linux

 Course structure
➢ This course will be taught for about 12 weeks, and consists of the following
indicative content:
○ Week 1: Introducing Linux
○ Week 2: Installing Linux
○ Week 3: Gnome and its Derivatives and The KDE Plasma Desktop
○ Week 4: Commanding the Shell
○ Week 5: Navigating the Linux File System
○ Week 6: Introducing Linux Applications
○ Week 7: Using Text Editors
○ Week 8: Managing Users and Group
○ Week 9: Permissions Management
○ Weekly Labs: Linux Installations for many distros (Ubuntu, Fedora,
Course assessments and their weights

➢Assignments and attendance (10%)

➢Labs (20%)
➢Mid-term exam (30%)
➢Final exam (40%)
Introduction to Linux

What is Linux?

It’s an Operating
System
What is an operating system?
➢ An operating system is the most important software that runs on a
computer.
➢ It manages the computer's memory and processes, as well as all of
its software and hardware.
➢ It also allows you to communicate with the computer without knowing
how to speak the computer's language.
➢ Operating systems usually come pre-loaded on any computer or other
device you buy . Most people use the operating system that comes with
their devices, but it's possible to upgrade or even change operating
systems.
Common Types operating systems?

➢ The three most common operating systems for personal

computers are:
○ Microsoft Windows,
○ macOS, and
○ Linux.
○ Operating systems for mobile devices
○ Operating systems for Internetworking Devices
Microsoft Windows
➢ Microsoft created the Windows operating system in the mid-1980s.
There have been many different versions of Windows, but the most
recent ones are Windows 10 (released in 2015), Windows
8 (2012), Windows 7 (2009), and Windows Vista (2007). Windows
comes preloaded on most new PCs, which helps to make it
the most popular operating system in the world.
 macOS
➢ macOS (previously called OS X) is a line of operating systems created by
Apple. It comes preloaded on all Macintosh computers, or Macs. Some of
the specific versions include Mojave (released in 2018), High
Sierra (2017), and Sierra (2016).
➢ According to StatCounter Global Stats, macOS users account for less
than 10% of global operating systems—much lower than the percentage of
Windows users (more than 80%). One reason for this is that Apple
computers tend to be more expensive. However, many people do prefer the
look and feel of macOS over Windows.
 Linux
➢ Linux (pronounced LINN-ux) is a family of open-source operating
systems, which means they can be modified and distributed by anyone
around the world. This is different from proprietary software like
Windows, which can only be modified by the company that owns it. The
advantages of Linux are that it is free, and there are many
different distributions—or versions—you can choose from.
➢ According to StatCounter Global Stats, Linux users account for less
than 2% of global operating systems. However, most servers run Linux
because it's relatively easy to customize.
Operating systems for mobile devices
➢ The operating systems we've been talking about so far were designed to
run on desktop and laptop computers.
➢ Mobile devices such as phones, tablet computers, and MP3
players are different from desktop and laptop computers, so they run
operating systems that are designed specifically for mobile devices.
Examples of mobile operating systems include Apple iOS and Google
Android. In the screenshot below, you can see iOS running on an iPad
Operating systems for Internetworking Devices
➢ Cisco IOS (Cisco Internetwork Operating System)
○ Cisco IOS (Internetwork Operating System) is a proprietary operating system that runs
on most Cisco Systems routers and switches.
○ The core function of Cisco IOS is to enable data communications between
network nodes. In addition to routing and switching, Cisco IOS offers additional
services that an administrator can use to improve the performance and security of
network traffic.
➢ Juniper Junos OS
○ Innovatively designed for simplicity, Junos OS is the single operating system that
powers Juniper’s broad portfolio of physical and virtual networking and security
products.
○ Built for reliability, security, and flexibility, it runs some of the world’s most
sophisticated network deployments, giving operators a competitive advantage over
those who run other network operating systems.
Types of Operating Systems

➢ There are two distinct types of operating systems:

○ Desktop operating systems
■ A desktop operating system is intended for use in a small
office/home office (SOHO) with a limited number of users.
○ Network operating systems.
■ A network operating system (NOS) is designed for a corporate
environment serving multiple users with a wide range of needs.
What is Linux?
➢ Just like Windows, iOS, and Mac OS, Linux is an operating system. In
fact, one of the most popular platforms on the planet, Android, is
powered by the Linux operating system.
➢ UNIX-like OS developed originally for home PCs, but now it runs on a
variety of platforms.
➢ The source code for Linux is freely available to everyone.
➢ Linux was created by Linus Torvalds in 1991, and it has been
developed with the help of many programmers across the Internet.
➢ Now it has evolved into a very functional, powerful and usable clone of
Unix which has at least 10 million users worldwide.
It All Started With UNIX
➢ Remember Linux was a Unix-based OS
➢ Unix was developed in 1970 by AT&T Lab (Later known as Bell Lab)
➢ Originated from MULT-ICS 🡪 UNI-XS
○ Versions III, Version V (SVR1, …)
➢ Later the source code of Unix was given to universities including UC
Berkeley
➢ UC Berkeley enhanced the existing version called it Berkeley Software
Distribution Unix
➢ Unix was essentially for workstations
Then Came Linux
➢ Created in 1991 by Linus Torvalds
➢ PC-based operating system
➢ Based on the existing UNIX operating system
➢ Released in 1994 as Version 1
➢ Initially was developed for 80x86 processors (IA32 or i386 architecture
processors)
➢ Today it support various processor
Linux Has Many Distributions
Linux Has Many Distributions
Linux Has Many Distributions
Linux Has Many Distributions
Why Linux
➢ A Linux Distribution has thousands of dollars worth of software for no
cost.
➢ Linux is a complete operating system:
○ stable - the crash of an application is much less likely to bring down
the OS under Linux.
○ Reliable - Linux servers are often up for hundreds of days compared
with the regular reboots required with a Windows system.
○ extremely powerful
➢ Linux provides a complete development environment.
Why Linux
➢ Excellent networking facilities
➢ Ideal environment to run servers such as a web server or an ftp
server.
➢ A wide variety of commercial software is available if not satisfied by
the free software
➢ Easily upgradeable.
➢ Supports multiple processors.
➢ True multi-tasking and multi-user OS.
➢ An excellent window system called X, the equivalent of Windows but
much more flexible.
➢ Full source code is provided for free.
Linux System Architecture
Linux System Architecture
➢ The Linux system excel in many area, ranging from end user concerns
such as stability, speed, ease of use, to serious concerns such as
development and networking.
➢ The Linux system architecture basically consists of the Hardware, Linux
Kernel, System Libraries (Utilities), User Interface and Applications
➢ Hardware - Any device that the Linux system must communicate with
needs driver code inserted inside the kernel code
➢ Linux kernel
○ The base component of the OS. Without it, the OS doesn’t work. The
kernel controls all of the hardware and software on the computer
system, allocating hardware when necessary and executing software
when required.
Linux System Architecture
➢ Linux System Utilities (system libraries)
○ The administrative layer for system level tasks like configuration and
software install. This includes the shell, or command line, processes
that run in the background, and the desktop environment, the interface
the users interacts with.
➢ Linux User Interfaces
○ Linux offers a plethora of graphical desktops you can choose from -
The KDE Plasma and The GNOME Desktop
➢ Linux Applications
○ A type of software that lets you perform a task. Apps include
everything from desktop tools and programming languages to
multiuser business suites. Most Linux distributions offer a central
database to search for and download additional apps.
Linux vs. Microsoft Windows

➢Both offer some of the graphics capabilities and include

some networking capabilities. But Linux networking is
excellent.

➢Linux is multi-user, multi-tasking, but Microsoft Windows

doesn’t support it.
Installation of Linux OS

➢A Linux operating system can be installed on different

machines including

○ local computers

○ local virtual machines (VirtualBox or VMware

workstation)

○ remote machines in the cloud environment (AWS

or Azure)
Installing VirtualBox

➢VirtualBox is an open-source virtualization application that

allows you to create multiple virtual machines where different
operating systems such as Linux, Windows, macOS can be
installed.

➢You can download the VirtualBox package that matches with

your operating system from [Link] and
install it on your computer.
Installing VirtualBox
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